Hans Berger
Hans Berger | |
---|---|
Electroencephalograms; discovery of the alpha wave rhythm | |
Spouse | Baroness Ursula von Bülow |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Psychiatry |
Hans Berger (21 May 1873 – 1 June 1941) was a German psychiatrist. He is best known as the inventor of electroencephalography (EEG) in 1924, which is a method used for recording the electrical activity of the brain, commonly described in terms of brainwaves, and as the discoverer of the alpha wave rhythm which is a type of brainwave.[1][2] Alpha waves have been eponymously referred to as the "Berger wave."[3]
Biography
Berger was born in Neuses (now part of Coburg), Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Germany.
After attending
On completion of his military service, and obsessed by the idea of how his mind could have carried a signal to his sister, Berger returned to Jena to study medicine with the goal of discovering the physiological basis of "psychic energy."[6] His central theme became "the search for the correlation between objective activity in the brain and subjective psychic phenomena."[7]
After obtaining his medical degree from Jena in 1897, Berger joined the staff of Otto Ludwig Binswanger (1852–1929), who held the chair in psychiatry and neurology at the Jena clinic. Habilitated in 1901, he qualified as a senior university lecturer in 1906 and physician-in-chief in 1912, eventually succeeding Binswanger in 1919.[8] He also collaborated with two famous scientists and physicians, Oskar Vogt (1870–1959) and Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918), in their research on lateralization of brain function. Berger married his technical assistant, Baroness Ursula von Bülow, in 1911 and later served as an army psychiatrist on the Western front during World War I.[9] He was elected Rector of Jena University in 1927.
In 1924, Berger succeeded in recording the first human
In 1938, at the retirement age of 65, Berger was made
After a long period of clinical depression, and suffering from a severe skin infection,[22] Berger committed suicide by hanging on June 1, 1941, in the southern wing of the clinic.
Research
Among his many research interests in neurology, Berger studied brain circulation, psychophysiology, and brain temperature. One of his early experiments on the brain involved a gentleman with a cranial defect that left part of the brain exposed. The gentleman allowed Berger to insert a liquid-filled rubber tube through the hole in his skull. A latex cap sealed the opening, creating a pressure gauge. At the other end of the rubber tube was a pen that recorded the pressure fluctuations on paper wrapped around a rotating drum. Berger noticed that the pen recorded waves that would change when he asked his conscious participant to perform different cognitive tasks. He also observed changes when the participant experienced changes in emotions or sensory stimulation. Berger followed this work with his most significant contribution to modern science.[23] British physician, Richard Caton (1842-1926), had previously described electrical potentials recorded from the exposed cortices of dogs and nonhuman apes. Berger's patient gave him the opportunity to apply Caton's technique to a human. The result was the first demonstration of human electroencephalography (EEG). In 1924, Berger made the first EEG recording of human brain activity and called it Elektrenkephalogramm.
Using the EEG, he was also the first to describe the different waves or rhythms that were present in the normal and abnormal brain, such as the alpha wave rhythm (7.812 to 13.28 Hz), also known as "Berger's wave"; and its suppression (substitution by the faster beta waves) when the subject opens the eyes (the so-called alpha blockade). He also studied and described for the first time the nature of EEG alterations in brain diseases such as epilepsy.
His method involved inserting
The EEG has been a useful tool in modern medical and psychological practices by allowing clinicians to describe and diagnose various conditions and diseases. If an individual goes to get an EEG, the doctor will look at the waveform patterns to determine how different stimuli affect the brain. These waveform patterns are called
Hans-Berger-Preis
Hans-Berger-Preis is awarded triennially by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Klinische Neurophysiologie (German Society of Clinical Neurophysiology) for long-standing, extensive academic work in theoretical or clinical neurophysiology.[25]
See also
Sources
Notes
- PMID 16334737.
- ^ Berger's invention has been described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology." David Millet (2002), "The Origins of EEG" International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN)
- S2CID 212405109.
- ^ Dean Radin (2006), Entangled Minds, 21.
- ^ Hans Berger (1940), Psyche, 6.
- ^ Radin (2006), Entangled Minds, 21.
- ^ Hans Berger bio
- ^ S2CID 35348899.
- ^ Hans Berger bio Answers.com
- PMID 12486257.
- ^ Millet (2002), "The Origins of EEG" (ISHN).
- ^ "[...] the medical and scientific establishments met him with incredulity and overwhelming skepticism when they did not ignore him altogether." Millet (2002), The Origins of EEG (ISHN).
- ^ W. Grey Walter (1953), The Living Brain, page no. required
- ^ Hans Berger bio Encyclopedia.com
- ^ "Dr. Hans Berger" Online document of the Dept of Neurology, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago. Niedermeyer, Ernst and Lopes da Silva, Fernando (2005). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields.
- PMID 16334737.
- ^ That Berger was a member of the SS has yet to be double-checked for this article. The German-language source provided is: Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945, 41
- ^ Quoted in R. Douglas Fields (2009), The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia, 150 Google Books
- ^ Fields (2009), The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia, 150-151 Google Books
- ^ The exact German quotation is as follows: "Als ihn 1941 Karl Astel bat, erneut am EGOG Jena tätig zu werden, teilte Berger mit: 'Ich bin sehr gerne bereit, wieder als Beisitzer beim Erbgesundheitsobergericht in Jena mitzuwirken und danke Ihnen dafür.' Ein Einsatz Bergers erfolgte nicht mehr, da er sich am 1. Juni 1941 im „Zustand tiefster Depressionen" das Leben nahm." In Hoßfeld, John, Lemuth, and Stutz (2003), "Kämpferische Wissenschaft" - Studien zur Universität Jena im Nationalsozialismus, 414. Google Books
- S2CID 22181086.
- ^ Radin (2006). Entangled Minds, 23.
- ISBN 9781946885456.
- S2CID 143066989.
- ^ Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Klinische Neurophysiologie - DKGN (Deutsche EEG-Gesellschaft). Preise und Preisträger;
Erläuterungen zu Ehrungen und Preisen, Further information about honours and awards
11. W. Grey Walter (1953), The Living Brain, p. 30
- Primary sources
- Berger, Hans (1940). Psyche. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
- —. Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527–570.
- Secondary sources
- Fields, R. Douglas (2009). The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-9141-5
- Klee, Ernst (2005). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-596-16048-0
- Hoßfeld Uwe, John Jürgen, Lemuth Oliver, Stutz Rüdiger (2003). "Kämpferische Wissenschaft" - Studien zur Universität Jena im Nationalsozialismus., Köln: Böhlau Verlag Gmbh. ISBN 3-412-04102-5.
- Niedermeyer, Ernst and Lopes da Silva, Fernando (2005). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (5th Edition). ISBN 0-7817-5126-8
- Radin, Dean (2006). Entangled Minds. New York: Paraview Pocket Books. ISBN 1-4165-1677-8
- Walter, W. Grey (1953). The Living Brain. New York: Norton.
Online
- Andreae, H. (1967), "To the great psychiatrist, Professor Hans Berger, an exemplary physician and genial researcher. In the 25th year of remembrance (1873-1941)", Deutsches Medizinisches Journal, vol. 18, no. 3 (published Feb 5, 1967), pp. 83–4, PMID 4876739
- Blakemore, Colin (1977), Mechanics of the Mind, London: Cambridge University Press, pp. 49–51.
- Cortez, P.; Crotez-Sărmăşanu, M. L. (1976), "Hans Berger (1873-1941)", Revista de medicină internă, neurologie, psihiatrie, neurochirurgie, dermato-venerologie. Neurologie, psihiatrie, neurochirurgie, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 304–5, PMID 799341
- Fischgold, H. (1962), "Hans Berger and his time", Actualités Neurophysiologiques, vol. 4, pp. 197–221, PMID 14072351
- Fischgold, H. (1967), "Hans Berger and his time", Beiträge zur Neurochirurgie, vol. 14, pp. 7–11, PMID 4873369
- Gerhard, U-J; Schönberg, A.; Blanz, B. (2005), "Hans Berger and the Legend of the Nobel Prize", Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, vol. 73, no. 3 (published Mar 2005), pp. 156–60, S2CID 260134191
- Gloor, P. (1969), "The Work of Hans Berger", Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 27, no. 7 (published Sep 1969), p. 649, PMID 4187257
- Gloor, P. (1969), "Hans Berger and the discovery of the electroencephalogram", Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, pp. Suppl 28:1–36, PMID 4188910
- Haas, L. F. (2003), "Hans Berger (1873–1941), Richard Caton (1842–1926), and electroencephalography", Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 74, no. 1 (published Jan 2003), p. 9, PMID 12486257
- Karbowski, K. (2002), "Hans Berger (1873-1941)", Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 249, no. 8 (published Aug 2002), pp. 1130–1, S2CID 32730261
- Klapetek, J. (1969), "Reminiscence of Hans Berger", Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., vol. 94, no. 41 (published Oct 10, 1969), pp. 2123–6, PMID 4898295
- Kolle, K. (1970), "40 years of Electroencephalography (EEG). In memoriam Hans Berger", Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950), vol. 112, no. 5 (published Apr 10, 1970), pp. 712–3, PMID 4939408
- Millett, D. (2001), "Hans Berger: From Psychic Energy to the EEG", Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 522–42, S2CID 30664678
- Schulte, W. (1959), "Hans Berger: a biography of the discoverer of the electroencephalogram", Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950), vol. 101, no. 22 (published May 29, 1959), pp. 977–80, PMID 13674375
- Tudor, Mario; Tudor, Lorainne; Tudor, Katarina Ivana (2005), "Hans Berger (1873-1941): the history of electroencephalography", Acta Medica Croatica, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 307–13, PMID 16334737
- Walsa, R. (1991), "Hans Berger (1873-1941)", Orvosi Hetilap, vol. 132, no. 42 (published Oct 20, 1991), pp. 2327–30, PMID 1945370
- Wieczorek, V. (1991), "In memory of Hans Berger. Inventor of the human electroencephalogram", Der Nervenarzt, vol. 62, no. 8 (published Aug 1991), pp. 457–9, PMID 1944707
- Wiedemann, H. R. (1994), "Hans Berger (1873-1941)", European Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 153, no. 10 (published Oct 1994), p. 705, S2CID 35348899
Further reading
- Schulte, B.P.M. (1970), "Berger, Hans", ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
External links
- Hans Berger bio at Encyclopedia.com
- Hans Berger at Who Named It.com