Haydamak

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Haydamaky.

Camp of haidamakas (1899)

The haidamakas, also haidamaky or haidamaks (sg.haidamaka;

Ukrainian Cossack paramilitary outfits composed of commoners (peasants, craftsmen), and impoverished noblemen in the eastern part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were formed in reaction to the Commonwealth's actions that were directed to reconstitute its orders[clarification needed] on territory of right-bank Ukraine,[1] which was secured following ratification of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with the Tsardom of Russia
in 1710.

Etymology and terminology

Etymology

Further information: List of Ukrainian words of Turkic origin

The word haydamak has two related meanings: either 'Ukrainian insurgent against the Poles in the 18th century', or '

brigand'.[2] The role played by haydamaks in the anti-Polish Ukrainian revolts of the 18th-century led by Maksym Zalizniak and Ivan Honta led to the first meaning.[2]

The word has been adopted into Ukrainian from the

onomatopoeic stem used to spur someone on: 'hayda!'.[2] Depending on the local context, it was understood to mean 'driving someone or something away', and later 'to chase, to pursue'.[2] In the infinitive Turkish verbs have the ending -mak or -mek.[3] The ending -ak(a) however also exists in Ukrainian, in words with meanings somewhat related to each other, such as huljáka, 'crouser' (crouse = brisk, livelyl, confident), pyjak(a), 'drunkard', rozbyšaka, 'brigand', and that might have led to the initial meaning of 'to chase, to pursue' evolving to mean 'chaser, pursuer', and finally 'insurgent'.[2] In different other languages the meaning of 'brigand' given to hajdamak(a) took shape in accordance to the way their enemies saw the hajdamaks.[2]

In Ottoman Turkish, haydamak used to mean "a cattle-lifter, marauder",[2] and in modern Turkish it means "to attack, raid, drive cattle".[3]

Older Ukrainian terms

Other more ancient

exonyms of the same haidamaks include levenetz and deineka.[4] Equivalents of haidamaka include opryshok in Ukrainian Galicia.[clarification needed
]

In other languages

The Romanian word haidamac means 'strong, sometimes no-good man'.[5]

The words hajduk used in Central Europe and the Balkans has a similar meaning.[2]

Historical connotations

Haidamaka
hang a Jew by his heels. Ukrainian folk art, 19th century

Because of the massacres of

epic poem by Taras Shevchenko
, treats its subjects both sympathetically and critically.

History

The haidamak movement consisted mostly of local free

Cossacks (not members of any host) and peasantry (kozaky and holota), and rebels. [citation needed
]

Haidamaks waged war mainly against the Polish nobility and collaborationists in right-bank Ukraine, though the movement was not limited to the right bank only, and they participated in Zaporozhian raids on the Cossack szlachta in left-bank Ukraine as well. The latter raids occasionally deteriorated to common robbery and murder, for example in the so-called Matsapura case in the Left Bank in 1734.[6][7]

Opposition to the

Koliyivschyna
in 1768.

The first uprising came in the war for control of the

Kiev, spreading to Podolia and Volhynia. After Augustus III gained the throne of Poland-Lithuania in 1734, the Russian military suppressed the insurrection. Small raids by haidamakas against Polish nobility continued in the following years under the leadership of Hnat Holy.[8]

In 1750 another uprising occurred as the haidamakas continued to receive popular sympathy. Based in the lands of the

Kiev Palatinate, generating a near-complete rebellion by Right-Bank Ukraine. Although they captured a number of towns and areas, they were eventually crushed[by whom?
] due to lack of organization.

In 1768, led by

Koliyivschyna
article for more details.

The last flare-up of the Haydamak violence occurred in 1830s, during the Ustym Karmaliuk rebellion. This final chapter of Haydamaka history was unique in large part due to the support the rebellion enjoyed not only among the peasantry, but also among the Poles and the Jews marginalized and rendered destitute by the Russian Empire.

Cultural depictions of haidamaky

  • Haidamaky
    (1841).

See also

References

  1. ^ Haidamaka movement (ГАЙДАМАЦЬКИЙ РУХ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Németh, Michał (2005). "Remarks on the etymology of Hung. hajdú 'herdsman' and Tkc. haydamak 'brigand'". pl:Studia Turcologica Cracoviensia (10). Krakow: Jagiellonian University: 297-309 [304]. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  3. ^
    JSTOR 3020262
    . Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  4. ^ Я. Шульгин, «Очерк Колиивщины» (Киев, 1890)
  5. ^ "Dexonline". Dexonline.ro. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  6. ^ Oles Buzina. "Людоед Мацапура – "Чикатило" XVIII столетия (фото)". Segodnya.ua. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  7. ^ A horror story from the Cossack Hetmanate: The crimes and execution of Pavlo Matsapura’s gang that inspired an 18th-century word for villain
  8. ^ Holy, Hnat

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haidamakas.

Articles in the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine of the

Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
:

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