Hemerochory
Hemerochory (Ancient Greek ἥμερος, hemeros: 'tame, ennobled, cultivated, cultivated' and Greek χωρίς choris: separate, isolated), or anthropochory,
Hemerochory is one of the main propagation mechanisms of a plant. Hemerochoric plants can both increase and decrease the biodiversity of a habitat.[4]
Categorisation
Hemerochoric plants are classified according to the manner of introduction into, for example:
- Ethelochory: the conscious introduction by seed or young plants.
- Speirochoria: the unintentional introduction by contaminated seed. Examples are the true cornflower.
- Agochory: the introduction by unintentional transport with, among other things, ships, trains and cars. These plants are common in port areas, roadsides, stations and railways.[5]
Division
Chronologically the hemerochoric plants are divided in:
- discovery of America).
- Neophytes: plants that were introduced later.
Related terms
Anthropochory is often used synonymously but does not mean exactly the same. Anthropochory is the spread by humans. The spread through
The term
History
Hemerochorous spread of plants through human cultural activity very likely already happened in the
In the last 400 to 500 years the spread has expanded through trade and military campaigns, through explorers and
Some ornamental plants also came to Europe because they promised a lucrative business. This applies, for example, to the
Forms
Agochory
Agochoric plants are those that are spread through accidental transport. Unlike speirochoric plants, they are usually not sown on human-prepared soil. On land, agochoric plants used to be common in harbors, at
However, mainly
Australia was the first country to introduce a ballast water policy back in 1990 and is now the most determined to address this problem. Ships were asked not to take in ballast water in shallow and polluted bays and not to refuel with ballast water during the night, since then many
Ethelochory
Ethelochory is intentional transportation of plants or seeds to different regions for agricultural and gardening purposes.
Many of the old cultivated plants have spread around the world, primarily through emigrants from Europe. Grown for at least 4,000 years, wheat was introduced to America in the 16th century and Australia in the 19th century. Orange, lemons, apricots and peaches were originally native to China. They probably came via the Silk Road as early as the
From the 16th century, ornamental plants were grown more and more. Species native to Europe were first introduced as
Speirochory
Some plants were unintentionally introduced in this process; this unwanted hemerochory as a seed companion is called speirochory. Since every seed also contains seeds of the herbs of the field from which it comes, their competitors, the "weeds", were also sold through the trade in the seeds of the useful plant. The real chamomile is one of the plants that were unintentionally spread as a companion to seeds.[11]
Speirochoric plants are sown on human-prepared soil and are competitors of the
In spite of this, Cuscuta campestris, which is classified as a problematic weed in Australia, was accidentally imported into the country together with basil seeds in 1981, 1988 and 1990.
See also
- Assisted colonization
- Escaped plant
- Volunteer plant
References
- ^ Botanical Nerd Word: Anthropochory Toronto Botanical Garden. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Wandering Ecologies: Anthropochory as a Method of Restoration; Seed Dispersal in the Urban Landscape by Brittany Johnston. University of Technology Sydney. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species p.261, edited by Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Helmut Zwölfer
- ^ Harshberger, John William: The vegetation of the New Jersey pine-barrens, an ecologic investigation, Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Company, 1869-1929
- ^ Tim Low: Feral Future. The Untold Story of Australia's Exotic Invaders , p. 73
- ^ Krystyna M. Urbanska: Populationsbiologie der Pflanzen. G. Fischer, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-437-20481-5.
- ^ Mutualistic Interactions between Flowering Plants and Animals edited by Palatty Allesh Sinu, KR Shivanna, 2016
- ^ Management of an invasive marine species: defining and testing the effectiveness of ballast-water management options using management strategy evaluation by Piers K. Dunstan and Nicholas J. Bax
- ^ Significance of Seeds : Ecological Adaptation and Dispersal Strategies by Education Department
- ^ Plant Ecology p.545. By Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Erwin Beck, Klaus Müller-Hohenstein. 2005.
- ^ Distribution of Alien Plants by Speirochory in Agrocenosis of Tomsk Oblast Russian Journal of Biological Invasions volume, S. I. Mikhailova, T. V. Ebel & A. L. Ebel. 14 January 2020