Hertfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Hertfordshire | |
---|---|
Former County constituency for the House of Commons | |
County | Hertfordshire |
1290–1885 | |
Seats | 1290–1832: Two 1832–1885: Three |
Replaced by | Hertford St Albans Hitchin Watford |
Hertfordshire was a
Elections were held using the
History
The constituency consisted of the historic county of Hertfordshire. (Although Hertfordshire contained two boroughs, Hertford and St Albans, each of which elected two MPs in its own right, these were not excluded from the county constituency, and owning property within the borough could confer a vote at the county election.)
As in other
Except during the period of the
General character of the constituency before the Reform Act
At the time of the
) provided more than 100 votes each though none provided more than 160.Elections were held at a single polling place, Hertford, and voters from the rest of the county had to travel to the county town to exercise their franchise; but in a physically small county like Hertfordshire, with good roads, this was less prohibitively expensive than in some others. (It was normal for voters to expect the candidates for whom they voted to meet their expenses in travelling to the poll, making the cost of a contested election substantial in many counties. Even in Hertfordshire, it was reported that accommodation and entertainment for the voters at the county meeting in September 1774 cost the candidates £4,000; and that was merely a meeting to discuss the candidates and see if consensus could be reached without the need for a contest – the cost of the poll the following month, that in the end could not be averted, was on top of this.)
Contested elections were relatively frequent (there were contests at 13 of the 28 general elections between 1701 and 1831), and were often vigorously fought – the voters valued their independence, and at least from the middle of the 18th century no landed interests had much influence over them, although fifty years earlier the local gentry reckoned to return one of the two MPs without opposition.
The by-election of 1805
Peter Jupp includes in his collection of documents relating to elections round the turn of the 19th century a contemporary account of the Hertfordshire by-election, written by one of the candidates, William Baker, which gives a vivid picture of electioneering in the county at this period. The election was a straight fight between Baker and Hon. Thomas Brand to fill the vacancy left by the death of Hon. Peniston Lamb; Baker had been the county's MP until three years previously, and was backed by Pitt and his government, while Brand had particular support among the religious dissenters.
Baker's campaign took the form of a personal canvass of the voters, by visiting every town and village of any size in the county, if possible on market day: Hertford on the 26th; Ware on the 28th; then Watton; Stevenage; Hitchin and Baldock on the same day; and so through the whole of Hertfordshire in two weeks, over snow-bound roads with even the high road between St Albans and Berkhamsted barely passable in places. He travelled mostly on horseback, his carriage "attending me as it could at intervals by the great roads, and meeting me at the places where I was to sleep". In most of the county he had already pledges of solid support (he records that at Stevenage he had "nothing to do but go round... and thank the voters for their promises already made in my favour to their Rector"), and where possible in each place he was met by the local magnates who joined him in his canvassing to demonstrate their support.
The informality of the election itself seems strange today. After the candidates had made their final speeches at Hertford, the Sheriff took a show of hands and could have ended the proceedings there and then, had the candidates been content; but, Brand demanding the poll that was his right everybody proceeded to the hustings. Voting thus began around one in the afternoon. The poll was continued on the second day, the arrangement being that voting would be from eight o'clock until three, but ended as soon as Brand admitted defeat, some half-an-hour before the agreed deadline. By this time Baker had 1,556 votes and Brand only 1,076, and plainly he felt he had too few supporters unpolled to have any hope of making up the deficit.
The election ended in typically rumbustious fashion. Baker having been declared the victor, his supporters celebrated by chairing their candidate round the town, but
- "Wilshere's coachman... had the insolence to drive his master's carriage full speed through the crowd at the time of chairing, to the risk of the lives of hundreds. Providentially, however, no person was materially injured. Brand made an apology to me afterwards by letter for the outrage, and Wilshere, though not at my desire, has since turned the servant away..."
- Letter of William Baker to his son, 22 February 1805, in Hertfordshire County Records Office, quoted by Jupp, op cit
After the Reform Act
In 1832, the
Abolition
The borough of St Albans was disenfranchised for corruption in 1852 and the borough of Hertford was reduced to single-member representation by the 1867 Reform Act. Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the borough of Hertford ceased to exist, and the county of Hertfordshire was divided into four new single-member constituencies: the Mid or St Albans division of Hertfordshire, the Eastern or Hertford division, the Northern or Hitchin division and the Western or Watford division.
Members of Parliament
MPs 1290–1640
MPs 1640–1653
Year | First member | First party | Second member | Second party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 1640 | Arthur Capel | Royalist
|
Sir William Lytton | |||
November 1640 | Sir William Lytton | Parliamentarian
| ||||
August 1641 | Sir Thomas Dacres | Parliamentarian
| ||||
December 1648 | Dacres and Lytton excluded in Pride's Purge – both seats vacant | |||||
1653
|
Henry Lawrence | William Reeve |
MPs 1654–1658
First Protectorate Parliament: representation increased to 5 members | ||||||
Year | First member | Second member | Third member | Fourth member | Fifth member | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1654 | Henry Lawrence | Sir Richard Lucy, Bt | John Wittewrong | The Earl of Salisbury | Thomas Nicholl | |
1656 | Sir John Gore | Rowland Lytton |
MPs 1659–1832
MPs 1832–1885
Election | First member | First party | Second member | Second party | Third member | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1832 | Sir John Sebright, Bt | Nicolson Calvert | Viscount Grimston | Tory[8] | |||||
1834 | Conservative[8] | ||||||||
1835 | Abel Smith, senior | Conservative[8] | Rowland Alston | ||||||
1841 | Hon. Granville Ryder | Conservative[8] | |||||||
1846 by-election | Thomas Plumer Halsey | Conservative | |||||||
1847 | Sir Henry Meux, Bt | Conservative | Thomas Brand[12] | ||||||
1852 | Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Bt
|
Conservative | |||||||
1854 by-election | Abel Smith, junior
|
Conservative | |||||||
1857 | Christopher William Puller | ||||||||
1859 | Abel Smith, junior
|
Conservative | Liberal | ||||||
1864 by-election | Henry Surtees | Conservative | |||||||
1865 | Hon. Henry Cowper
|
Liberal | |||||||
1866 by-election | Abel Smith, junior
|
Conservative | |||||||
1868 | Henry Brand | Liberal | |||||||
1874 | Frederick Halsey
|
Conservative | |||||||
1885 | Constituency abolished |
Election results
Elections in the 1830s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whig | John Sebright | Unopposed | |||
Whig | Nicolson Calvert | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | c. 4,000 | ||||
Whig hold | |||||
Whig hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whig | John Sebright | Unopposed | |||
Whig | Nicolson Calvert | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | c. 4,000 | ||||
Whig hold | |||||
Whig hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whig | John Sebright | 2,154 | 25.7 | ||
Whig | Nicolson Calvert | 2,141 | 25.6 | ||
Tory | James Grimston | 2,074 | 24.8 | ||
Whig | Rowland Alston | 2,007 | 24.0 | ||
Turnout | 3,845 | 90.6 | |||
Registered electors | 4,245 | ||||
Majority | 67 | 0.8 | |||
Whig hold | |||||
Whig hold | |||||
Majority | 67 | 0.8 | |||
Tory win (new seat) |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whig | Rowland Alston | Unopposed | |||
Conservative | James Grimston | Unopposed | |||
Conservative | Abel Smith, Sr. | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 4,520 | ||||
Whig hold | |||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Conservative gain from Whig |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whig | Rowland Alston | Unopposed | |||
Conservative | James Grimston | Unopposed | |||
Conservative | Abel Smith, Sr. | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 5,137 | ||||
Whig hold | |||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Conservative hold |
Elections in the 1840s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | James Grimston | 2,585 | 27.5 | N/A | |
Conservative | Granville Ryder | 2,552 | 27.2 | N/A | |
Conservative | Abel Smith, Sr. | 2,525 | 26.9 | N/A | |
Whig | Rowland Alston | 1,732 | 18.4 | N/A | |
Majority | 793 | 8.5 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 3,845 | 71.1 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 5,409 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing | N/A | |||
Conservative hold | Swing | N/A | |||
Conservative gain from Whig | Swing | N/A |
Grimston succeeded to the peerage, becoming 2nd Earl of Verulam and causing a by-election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Thomas Plumer Halsey | Unopposed | |||
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Thomas Plumer Halsey | Unopposed | |||
Conservative | Henry Meux | Unopposed | |||
Whig | Thomas Brand | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 5,591 | ||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Whig gain from Conservative |
Elections in the 1850s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Thomas Plumer Halsey | 2,225 | 17.9 | N/A | |
Conservative | Henry Meux | 2,219 | 17.8 | N/A | |
Conservative | Edward Bulwer-Lytton | 2,190 | 17.6 | N/A | |
Whig | Thomas Trevor | 2,043 | 16.4 | N/A | |
Whig | Christopher William Puller | 1,890 | 15.2 | N/A | |
Whig | George Jacob Bosanquet [19] | 1,868 | 15.0 | N/A | |
Majority | 147 | 1.2 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 4,145 (est) | 71.7 (est) | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 5,779 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing | N/A | |||
Conservative hold | Swing | N/A | |||
Conservative gain from Whig | Swing | N/A |
Halsey's death caused a by-election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Abel Smith jnr.
|
2,205 | 50.6 | −2.7 | |
Whig | Christopher William Puller | 2,151 | 49.4 | +2.8 | |
Majority | 54 | 1.2 | 0.0 | ||
Turnout | 4,356 | 75.7 | +4.0 | ||
Registered electors | 5,752 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing | −2.8 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Henry Meux | Unopposed | |||
Conservative | Edward Bulwer-Lytton | Unopposed | |||
Whig | Christopher William Puller | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 6,061 | ||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Whig gain from Conservative |
Bulwer-Lytton was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies, requiring a by-election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Edward Bulwer-Lytton | Unopposed | |||
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Abel Smith jnr.
|
Unopposed | |||
Conservative | Edward Bulwer-Lytton | Unopposed | |||
Liberal | Christopher William Giles-Puller | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 6,190 | ||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Liberal hold |
Elections in the 1860s
Puller's death caused a by-election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Henry Surtees | 2,274 | 52.9 | N/A | |
Liberal | Henry Cowper | 2,026 | 47.1 | N/A | |
Majority | 248 | 5.8 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 4,300 | 74.9 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 5,742 | ||||
Conservative gain from Liberal | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Henry Cowper | 2,537 | 25.5 | N/A | |
Conservative | Edward Bulwer-Lytton | 2,485 | 25.0 | N/A | |
Conservative | Henry Surtees | 2,478 | 24.9 | N/A | |
Conservative | Abel Smith
|
2,447 | 24.6 | N/A | |
Majority | 52 | 0.5 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 5,007 (est) | 80.4 (est) | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 6,228 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | N/A | |||
Conservative hold | Swing | N/A | |||
Conservative hold | Swing | N/A |
Bulwer-Lytton was elevated to the peerage, becoming Lord Lytton and causing a by-election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Abel Smith
|
Unopposed | |||
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Henry Cowper | 3,693 | 26.2 | +13.4 | |
Liberal | Henry Brand | 3,625 | 25.8 | +13.0 | |
Conservative | Abel Smith
|
3,396 | 24.1 | −0.5 | |
Conservative | Henry Surtees | 3,356 | 23.9 | −1.0 | |
Majority | 229 | 1.7 | +1.2 | ||
Turnout | 7,035 (est) | 74.7 (est) | −5.7 | ||
Registered electors | 9,423 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | +3.6 | |||
Liberal gain from Conservative | Swing | +3.5 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing | −6.9 |
Elections in the 1870s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Frederick Halsey | 4,499 | 30.1 | +6.2 | |
Conservative | Abel Smith
|
4,498 | 30.1 | +6.0 | |
Liberal | Henry Cowper | 2,974 | 19.9 | −6.3 | |
Liberal | Henry Brand | 2,964 | 19.8 | −6.0 | |
Majority | 1,524 | 10.2 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 7,468 (est) | 76.1 (est) | +1.4 | ||
Registered electors | 9,809 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing | +3.1 | |||
Conservative gain from Liberal | Swing | +3.0 | |||
Liberal hold | Swing | −6.2 |
Elections in the 1880s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Henry Cowper | Unopposed | |||
Conservative | Frederick Halsey | Unopposed | |||
Conservative | Abel Smith
|
Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 10,050 | ||||
Liberal hold | |||||
Conservative hold | |||||
Conservative hold |
References
Notes
- ISBN 0-900178-26-4.
- ^ Andrews, William Frampton (1903). Memorial brasses in Hertfordshire churches. Harvard University. Ware : G. Price; London : E. Stock.
- ^ a b c d e f "LEE, Sir Walter (c.1350–1395), of Albury, Herts". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "History of Parliament". Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "History of Parliament". Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Parliament". Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ Knighted 1616|| created The Viscount Falkland (in the Peerage of Scotland), November 1620
- ^ ISBN 0-900178-13-2.
- ^ a b "The Latest Intelligence". Newcastle Journal. 17 January 1835. p. 2. Retrieved 10 May 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. p. 15.
- ISBN 978-1-107-04005-2.
- ^ Later adopted the surname Trevor
- ^ "London Daily News". 29 July 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 4 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "The Hertfordshire Election". Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser. 24 July 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 4 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Bucks Chronicle and Bucks Gazette". 20 May 1854. p. 4. Retrieved 4 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Nominations". Morning Chronicle. 1 April 1857. p. 6. Retrieved 4 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b Fisher, David R. "Hertfordshire". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
- ^ "To the Electors of the County of Hertford". Hertford Mercury and Reformer. 3 July 1852. p. 1. Retrieved 4 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
- John Cannon, Parliamentary Representation 1832 – England and Wales (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973)
- Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) [1]
- F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
- Peter Jupp, British and Irish Elections 1784–1831 (Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1973)
- Lewis Namier & John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754–1790 (London: HMSO, 1964)
- J E Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
- J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Reform 1640–1832 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)
- Robert Walcott, English Politics in the Early Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956)
- British History Online – Parliamentary papers
- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 3)