Hishikawa Moronobu

Hishikawa Moronobu (Japanese: 菱川 師宣; 1618 – 25 July 1694)^[1] was a Japanese artist known for popularizing the ukiyo-e genre of woodblock prints and paintings in the late 17th century.^[2] He consolidated the works of scattered Japanese art styles and forged the early development of ukiyo-e.^[3]

Early life

Born in Hoda at the distant end of

The earliest known illustration of Moronobu that can be dated comes from his work titled One Hundred Warrior Poets from 1672, although earlier works are yet possible to surface.^[3] By the mid-1670s Moronobu had already become the most important ukiyo-e printmaker, a position he maintained until his death.^[5] He produced more than 100 sets of illustrations, perhaps as many as 150, with around 20 being of an erotic nature.^[3] Though it is difficult to attribute to him many unsigned examples (for example, the scholar Kiyoshi Shibui established, in 1926, a basis for crediting some of the designs previously given to Moronobu as the work of Sugumura Jihei). Very few of Moronobu's single-sheet prints have survived, and most, if not all, are unsigned.

Moronobu was not the "founder" of ukiyo-e, as some early scholars surmised. Instead, he made an assimilation of inchoate ukiyo-e designs by previous artists, a consolidation of genre and early ukiyo-e painting and prints. It was Moronobu who created the first truly mature form of ukiyo-e, in a style of great strength and presence that would set the standards for generations of artists who followed. Moronobu's mastery of line has often been cited in assessments of his oeuvre, as well as the interactive arrangement of figures, which seem always to serve a dramatic function not usually seen in the work of his predecessors.^{[citation needed]}

Some of Moronobu's prints are found with hand coloring, but this specimen is a sumizuri-e (ja:墨摺絵) (print with black pigment only) in its original, uncolored state. There is something almost elemental in Moronobu's line work and figure placements in black and white, which most often was diminished into more decorative effects when colors were applied by hand. The black and gray lines and solid areas contrast boldly with the white paper to produce a range of tonal values, with emphasis on the shape and movement of the lines and the "positive" values of the white spaces. As in many other designs by Moronobu, the artist was inventive in his use of curvilinear forms juxtaposed against straight diagonals.^{[citation needed]}

Groupings of 12 images had been common for centuries in court and genre paintings. Among the more famous surviving early specimens were the painted single sheets by the master

In 1685, the ukiyo-e book Kokon Bushidō ezukushi (古今武士道絵つくし, "Images of Bushidō Through the Ages") by Moronobu was published.^[7] It features heroic popular tales of samurai warriors with simple descriptions per artwork.^[7] The title includes the word bushido and it was meant for children which shows that it had spread among the general population.^[7]

Despite his popularity with ukiyo-e prints, his illustrations found in collaborations with other artists and in printed books are kicked off his career. In some cases Moronobu would take the images and subjects from other prints and illustrations made in Kyoto but would replace the images with his own illustrations to make it his own. A common subject Moronobu worked with was the depiction of women in their daily lives. He did this right up until the end of the 19th century, or in other words, the end of the Edo period. An example would be his contribution of illustrations for Hyankunin isshu zōsanshō (One Hundred Poets with Portraits and Commentaries). This publication produced an argument on whether it was designed for women or not.^[8] Moronobu's illustrations can also be found in The Pictorial Survey, drafted by Ochikochi Dōin. The images depicted include long military processions and travelers of all ages and stations.^[9] As he continued to do prints the subjects, scenes, colors, composition, and even his line work changed with adaptation of techniques and the audience that was interested in the current activities displayed.^[10]

As a famous ukiyo-e he drew, there is a beautiful figure in return. This painting was completed around the 17th century, depicting a beautiful woman wearing a kimono turning around. It was adopted as a stamp design around 1948 and became popular.^[11]

Moronobu's work is held in numerous museum collections around the world, and in the Library of Congress.^[12]

Gallery

• 
  Lobby of a brothel from Yoshiwara no tei series, ca. 1680.
• 
  Shunga, early 1680s, private collection.
• 
  Ayame no Sikku, between 1650 and 1700, Brooklyn Museum.
• 
  Women dressmaking and artisans at work, between 1675 and 1695, Brooklyn Museum.
• 
  Gardens and Pavilions of Pleasure, late 17th century, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.
• 
  Book cover of Kokon Bushido Ezukushi (Bushido Through The Ages) (1685)
• 
  Two beauties (ink and color on silk)

References