Hitopadesha
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hitopadesha_manuscript_pages_Nepalese_manuscript_1800_CE.jpg/190px-Hitopadesha_manuscript_pages_Nepalese_manuscript_1800_CE.jpg)
Maxim on learning
Learning to a man is a name superior to beauty;
learning is better than hidden treasure.
Learning is a companion on a journey to a strange country,
learning is strength inexhaustible.
Learning is the source of renown
and the fountain of victory in the senate.
Learning is a superior sight,
learning is a livelihood;
a man without learning is as a beast of the field.
—Hitopadesa
Translator: Charles Wilkins[1]
Hitopadesha (
Little is known about its origin. The surviving text is believed to be from the 12th-century, but was probably composed by Narayana between 800 and 950 CE.[3] The oldest manuscript found in Nepal has been dated to the 14th century, and its content and style has been traced to the ancient Sanskrit treatises called the Panchatantra from much earlier.[2]: ix–xiv [4]
The author and his sources
The authorship of the Hitopadesa has been contested. 19th-century Indologists attributed the text to
Narayana says that the purpose of creating the work is to encourage proficiency in Sanskrit expression (samskrita-uktishu) and knowledge of wise behaviour (niti-vidyam). This is done through the telling of moral stories in which birds, beasts and humans interact. Interest is maintained through the device of enclosed narratives in which a story is interrupted by an illustrative tale before resuming. The style is elaborate and there are frequent pithy verse interludes to illustrate the points made by the various speakers.[5] On account of these, which provide by far the greater part of the text, the work has been described as an anthology of (sometimes contradictory) verses from widespread sources relating to statecraft.[6]
The Hitopadesha is quite similar to the ancient Sanskrit classic, the Panchatantra, another collection of fables with morals. Both have an identical frame story, although the Hitopadesha differs by having only four divisions to the ancient text's five. According to Ludwik Sternbach's critical edition of the text, the Panchatantra is the primary source of some 75% of the Hitopadesha's content, while a third of its verses can be traced to the Panchatantra. In his own introductory verses, Narayana acknowledges that he is indebted to the Panchatantra and 'another work'. The latter is unknown but may possibly be the
Contents
Compassion
As your life to you is dear,
So is his to every creature.
The good have compassion for all,
By comparison and analogy with their own nature.
—Hitopadesa Book 1 [2]: 20
The Hitopadesha is organized into four books, with a preface section called Prastavika. The opening verse expresses reverence to the Hindu god
Book 1 Mitralabha: How to gain a friend
The Book 1 is introduced with the statement that wise and sincere friends may be poor or destitute, but it is they who may help one achieve successes in life. The book recommends that the good find good friends, they are like a vessel in which one deposits both joys and sorrows of life, and it is not words that define a friend but their behavior and actions.[9][2]: 13–17
Fable | Title[8] | Topics |
1.1 | The pigeons, the crow, the mouse, the tortoise and the deer | |
1.2 | The traveller and the tiger | |
1.3 | The deer, the jackal and the crow | |
1.4 | The blind jackal, the cat and the birds | |
1.5 | The history of Hiranyaka the mouse | |
1.6 | The old man and his young wife | |
1.7 | The huntsman, the deer, the boar, the serpent and the jackal | |
1.8 | The rajah's son and the merchant's wife | |
1.9 | The jackal and the elephant |
Book 2 Suhrdbheda: How to lose a friend
The Book 2 is introduced with the statement that great friendships can be destroyed by the cruel and envious beings who envy such friendship. The book states that misinformation creates wedge between friends, as does a focus on disagreements, rash action without due investigation and a lack of communication.[10][2]: 75–84
Fable | Title[8] | Topics |
2.1 | The bull, the two jackals and the lion | |
2.2 | The ape and the wedge | |
2.3 | The thief, the ass and the dog | |
2.4 | The lion, the mouse and the cat | |
2.5 | The poor woman and the bell | |
2.6 | The adventures of Kanadarpaketu | |
2.7 | The farmer's wife and her two gallants | |
2.8 | The crow, the golden chain and the black serpent | |
2.9 | The lion and the rabbit | |
2.10 | The partridges and the sea |
Book 3 Vigraha: War
The third book presents a series of fables wherein war is described as a consequence of greed, criticism of others, wicked people and their ideologies, cruel and ungrateful leader, lack of restraint, lack of preparation, poor fortifications, weak military, weak diplomacy, and poor counsel.[11]
Fable | Title[8] | Topics |
3.1 | The geese and the peacocks | |
3.2 | The birds and the monkeys | |
3.3 | The ass dressed in a tiger's skin | |
3.4 | The elephants and the rabbits | |
3.5 | The goose and the crow | |
3.6 | The Varttaka and the crow | |
3.7 | The wheelwright and his wife | |
3.8 | The blue jackal | |
3.9 | The man who sacrificed his own son | |
3.10 | The barber who killed a beggar |
Book 4 Sandhi: Peace
The fables in Book 4 state that it is always better to seek peace with seven types of people: the truthful, the virtuous, the just, the strong, the victorious, those with many brothers, and the self-destructing worthless.[12] Peace can be achieved, states Hitopadesha, if one examines one's own behavior and one's own seeking as much as that of the opponent, pays attention to the counsel of one's good friends, treats the opponent with respect and understanding that is in tune with the opponent's character, forms one or more of sixteen types of treaties, reciprocal assistance and cooperative ventures between the two sides thereby enabling the pursuit of truth.[13][2]: 227–230
Fable | Title[8] | Topics |
4.1 | The geese and the peacocks: part 2 | |
4.2 | The tortoise and the two geese | |
4.3 | The three fishes | |
4.4 | The merchant and his artful wife | |
4.5 | The boobies and weasel | |
4.6 | The mouse and the hermit | |
4.7 | The booby and the crab | |
4.8 | The Brahmin who broke the pots and pans | |
4.9 | The two giants | |
4.10 | The Brahmin and his goat | |
4.11 | The camel, the crow, the tiger and the jackal | |
4.12 | The old serpent and the frogs | |
4.13 | The Brahmin and his weasel |
Closing
The text ends with the following,
May peace forever yield happiness to all the victorious possessors of the earth,
May just men forever be free from adversity, and the fame of those who do good long flourish,
May prudence, like a glorious sun shine continually on your breasts,
May the earth, with all her vast possessions, long remain for your enjoyment.— Hitopadesa, Translator: Charles Wilkins[14]
Translations
By the early 20th-century, translations of the Hitopadesha into the following Indian languages were known:[2]: ix–xi
- Eastern states of India: Bangla, Odiya
- Western states: Gujarati
- Central states: Marathi
- Northern states: Hindi, Newari, Urdu
- Southern states: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu
The text has also been widely translated under different titles into Asian languages such as Burmese, Khmer, Thai, Malay, Persian, Sinhala, as well as into Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Spanish and Russian.[2]: ix–xi
The Hitopadesha was also a favourite among the scholars of the
Much earlier,
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- Panchatantra
- List of Panchatantra Stories
References
- ^ Charles Wilkins (1886), Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs, London: George Routledge & Sons, page 27
- ^ ISBN 978-0-140-45522-9.
- ISBN 978-1-139-57684-0.
- ^ Panchatantra: INDIAN LITERATURE, Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ K. Ayyappa Paniker, Indian Narratology, New Delhi, 2003, pp.78-83
- ^ Judit Törzök, Friendly Advice by Nārāyana and King Vikrama's Adventures, New York University 2007, pp25ff
- ^ Charles Wilkins (1886), Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs, London: George Routledge & Sons, page 17
- ^ a b c d e Charles Wilkins (1886), Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs, London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 15-16
- ^ Charles Wilkins (1886), Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs, London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 29, 96-98
- ^ Charles Wilkins (1886), Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs, London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 99, 150-167
- ^ Friedrich Max Müller (1865). The Second, Third and Fourth Books of the Hitopadesa. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. pp. 60–109.
- ^ Friedrich Max Müller (1865). The Second, Third and Fourth Books of the Hitopadesa. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. pp. 110–151.
- ^ Charles Wilkins (1886), Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs, London: George Routledge & Sons, page 227-263, 271-276
- ^ Charles Wilkins (1886), Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs, London: George Routledge & Sons, page 277
- ^ Sir Edwin Arnold (1893), The Book of Good Counsels...: From the Sanskrit of "Hitopadesa.", London: W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, page x
- C. R. Lanman (1908), "Notes on the Externals of Indian Books", The Panchatantra: a collection of ancient Hindu tales in the recension, called Panchakhyanaka, and dated 1199 A.D., of the Jaina Monk, Purnabhadra; critically edited in the original Sanskrit, by Johannes Hertel, Harvard Oriental Series, pp. xxii, xxxv
- ^ Charles Johnston (November 29, 1925), "In India Too There Lived An Uncle Remus: Ancient Tales of the Panchatantra Now Appear in English", The New York Times, p. BR2
- ^ Hitopadesa translated by E. Arnold on the Net
Further reading
- Max Müller (1884), Book I, Books II,III,IV (alt)
- Lakshmīnarayaṇa Ṣarman (1830), Hitopadesha by Vishnusarma, English translation with Sanskrit and Bengali versions, Harvard University archives
- Edwin Arnold (1861), Hitopadesa: The Book of Good Counsels, Columbia University archives
Book of Good Counsels public domain audiobook at LibriVox
- Judit Törzsök (2007), “Friendly Advice” and “King Víkrama’s Adventures”, New York University, facing translation as part of the Clay Sanskrit Library series. (The translation of the Hitopadesha is "Friendly Advice", the first part of the book)