East India
East India
Eastern India / The East | ||
---|---|---|
States and territories | ||
Largest city | Kolkata | |
Most populous cities (2011) | Bihar:
Jharkhand:
Odisha:
| |
Area | ||
• Total | 418,323 km2 (161,515 sq mi) | |
Population | ||
• Total | 226,925,195 | |
• Density | 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi) | |
Official languages |
Eastern India is a
and West Bengal[4] and also the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[5]The states of
The region was ruled by several empires, including
.History
During the Neolithic period, agriculture started in South Asia. Neolithic settlements have been found in
The region was the historical centre of the
After the
Islamic invasions in the 13th century resulted in the collapse of Hindu kings and most Buddhists, especially in
With the arrival of the Europeans in the 17th century, outposts were established in Odisha Coast and Bengal. The European traders established their trade centres in the ports of
India's independence movement had strong roots in East India. The feudal land system, established through the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was unpopular among the peasant cultivators and the numerous agricultural labourers found all over Bihar and Bengal (Khetmazdoors). The Indian Rebellion of 1857 started in
The Partition also had its roots in undivided Eastern India. The
The 1950s saw industrial progress in East India. These were cut short with the conflict in neighbouring
Education
Bihar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna
- Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna
- Bhagalpur College of Engineering
- Birla Institute of Technology, Patna
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur
- Chanakya National Law University, Patna
- Chandragupt Institute of Management, Patna
- Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Katihar Engineering College
- Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur
- Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology
- Nalanda University
- National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur
- National Institute of Technology, Patna
- Patna Medical College and Hospital
- Patna University
- Purnea University
- Vidya Vihar Institute of Technology, Purnia
Jharkhand
- Al Kabir Polytechnic, Jamshedpur
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Deoghar
- Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University, Dhanbad
- Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi
- Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
- Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri, Dhanbad, AKA BIT Sindri
- Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi
- Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, AKA IIM Ranchi
- Indian School of Mines University
- Karim City College, Jamshedpur
- Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur
- National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur
- National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology, Ranchi
- Patliputra Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad
- Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital, Dumka
- Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences Ranchi
- Sido Kanhu Murmu University Dumka
- Vinoba Bhave University Hazaribagh
- Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS), Ranchi
- XLRI - Xavier School of Management, Jamshedpur
Odisha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar
- Army Air Defence College, Gopalpur, Brahmapur
- Berhampur
- Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela
- Central University of Odisha, Koraput
- Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar
- College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar
- Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar
- Dhenkanal
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Indian Institutes of Management, Sambalpur
- Berhampur
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Bhubaneswar
- Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar
- International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, AKA KIIT University, Bhubaneswar
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar
- National Institute of Fashion Technology, Bhubaneswar
- Berhampur
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar
- National Institutes of Technology, Rourkela
- National Law University Odisha
- North Orissa University, Baripada
- Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar
- Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital Baripada
- Ravenshaw University, Cuttack
- Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar
- Sambalpur University, Sambalpur
- Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar
- Sri Sri University, Cuttack
- Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack
- Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
- Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Burla
- Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
- Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar
West Bengal
- Adamas University, Kolkata
- Aliah University, Kolkata
- Amity University, Kolkata
- Asansol Engineering College, Asansol
- Calcutta National Medical College
- Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology Serampore
- Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore
- Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia
- Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata
- Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, formerly Bengal Engineering and Science University
- Indian Institute of Management Calcutta
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, Kolkata
- Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
- Jadavpur University
- Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College
- JIS University, Kolkata
- Kalyani Government Engineering College
- Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
- Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
- Narula Institute of Technology, Kolkata
- National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
- Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital
- Presidency University, Kolkata
- Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata
- Sidho Kanho Birsha University Purulia
- University of Burdwan
- University of Calcutta
- University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata
- University of Gour Banga, Malda
- University of Kalyani
- University of North Bengal, Siliguri
- Vidyasagar University
- Visva-Bharati University, Bolpur
- West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata
Urban areas
There were many ancient cities established in Eastern India. Prominent among them were
.West Bengal
West Bengal is the hub of industry and economic activities in Eastern India and it is also the home to the tallest skylines located in this region and are also one of the tallest buildings in the country. It is also the home of history of rising India.
The
North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as Jorasanko, Maniktala, Ultadanga, Shyambazar, Shobhabazar, Bagbazar, Cossipore, Sinthee etc. The north suburban areas like Dum Dum, Baranagar, Belgharia, Sodepur, Khardaha, New Barrackpore, Madhyamgram, Barrackpore, Barasat etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).[26]: 65–66
Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It contains
South Kolkata includes many posh neighbourhoods such as
Asansol is the district headquarters of Paschim Bardhaman District in West Bengal. It is the second largest city in West Bengal after Kolkata and the 39th largest urban agglomeration in India. According to a 2010 report prepared by the International Institute for Environment and Development, a UK-based policy research non-governmental think tank, Asansol is ranked 11th among Indian cities. and 42nd in the world in its list of 100 fastest-growing cities. As per the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission, Asansol has been listed as a Y-category city for calculation of HRA (House Rent Allowance) for public servants. It is one of the three non-Z category cities in West Bengal apart from Kolkata, which belong to the X category making it a tier-II city.
Durgapur is by far the most industrialised city in Eastern India and the second planned city in India. It started with the first prime minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru. His dream of transforming the backward agricultural country into an industrially advanced nation was picked up in West Bengal by then Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy. At the earlier stages for the selection of a proper site for a new industrial township. Modernist American architect Joseph Allen Stein, invited to head the newly formed Department of Architecture and Planning at the Bengal Engineering College in Calcutta, plunged into a major project as soon as he reached India in 1952 – the designing of Durgapur city with Benjamin Polk, another American architect already living in Calcutta. Thereafter it was the task of local leaders such as Ananda Gopal Mukherjee and bureaucrats such as K.K. Sen to get Durgapur going.
Bihar
Bihar has
as important urban areas.Patna is the capital of the Bihar, its most populous city and the second most populous city in Eastern India. It is the administrative, industrial and educational centre of the state. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta and Pala.
Pataliputra was a seat of learning and fine arts.
The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide. It is the second largest city of Eastern India.
In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (after Delhi) for ease of starting a business. As of 2004–2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at ₹ 63,063.[31] Using fi gures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest-growing city in the world and 5th fastest-growing city in India by the City Mayors' Foundation. Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010. The city is also home to many tutorials and coaching institutes who prepare students for various entrance exams. IIT NIT NIFT AIIMS and other leading educational institutions are running successfully in Patna. City is also developing excellent road infrastructure to boom its economy. Ganga expressway and elevated corridors are under some of the ongoing projects in the city. A world class museum is also on its way to completion. The old museum of the city will be replaced by one of the biggest mall in east India. Patna Metro rail corporations is also going to start soon by 2021. It would be the second metro railway in Eastern India after Kolkata and the third in North India after Delhi and Lucknow.
IT parks are also developing in and around the city.
Patna recorded a per capita of Rs 63,063. The per capita level for 2007 was higher than Bangalore or Hyderabad, which are both leading centres for global software development.
The Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain pilgrim centres of Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Gaya, Bodhgaya, and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna is also a sacred city for Sikhs as the last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born here.
Odisha
Bhubaneswar is the capital of the Odisha. Other Important Cities are Cuttack, Brahmapur, Rourkela, Paradeep, Jajpur, Bhadrak, Balasore, Sambalpur and Puri. The Capital city has a long history of over 2000 years starting with Chedi dynasty (around the 2nd century BCE) who had Sisupalgarh near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Historically, Bhubaneswar has been known by different names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, Ekamra Kanan, Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (city of temples) or the temple city of India. The largest city of Odisha, Bhubaneswar today is a center of economic and religious importance in the region. With the
The Government has fostered growth in this sphere by the development of IT Parks such as Infocity 1 and the new Infocity 2. The Info City was conceived as a five star park, under the Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create high quality infrastructure facilities for setting up Information Technology related industries.
The Eastern India, particularly Odisha and Jharkhand, have rich mineral resources which resulted in
Languages
Odia is the dominant language of Odisha. Odia is the only major classical language in east India and sixth Indian language to be considered as a classical language in the basis of being old and not borrowed from other languages.[38][39] [40] [41] [42]According to Indian National Mission for Manuscripts, after Sanskrit, Odia has the second-highest number of manuscripts. As per records there are around 2.13 lakhs ancient manuscript in Odia. In the list Bengali is in 9th position with 15412 ancient manuscripts.[44]
The Indo-Aryan languages spoken in this region descend from the Magadhi Prakrit, which was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha. Odia emerged as a distinct language from Odra Prakrit while Maithili emerged around the 9th century CE.
Many of the minority Tribal languages of East India belong to the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family and Dravidian language family. Major representatives of Autro-Asiatic language include the Mundari, Santali, and Ho. Dravidian languages include Kurukh, Kui and Pengo.
Climate
The region lies in the humid-subtropical zone, and experiences hot summers from March to June, the monsoon from July to October and mild winters from November to February. The interior states have a drier climate and slightly more extreme climate, especially during the winters and summers, but the whole region receives heavy, sustained rainfall during the monsoon months. Snowfall occurs in the extreme northern regions of West Bengal and Daringbadi in Odisha.
Religion and cuisine
About 80% of the population of East India is
Among tribals of the region Hinduism is the dominant religion. Some tribals also follow their indigenous religions (Sarana). There are several places of pilgrimage for
Bihar Sharif is an important pilgrimage centre for some Muslims nearby and from other places.
In Bihar Village Harinagar Bajrang Bali temple is famous for Hindu people.[citation needed]
In Bihar,
Cuisine
West Bengal
Bengali food has inherited a large number of influences, both foreign and pan-Indian, arising from a historical and strong trade links with many parts of the world. Bengal fell under the sway of various Turkic rulers from the early thirteenth century onwards, and was then governed by the British for two centuries (1757–1947).
Odisha
Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries if not millennia. The kitchen of the
-
A traditional Bengali fish meal – Rice with Macher Jhol (Literally translated to "Fish's gravy")
-
Green jackfruit and potato curry, Kolkata
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KamalabhogRoshogolla from West Bengal
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Bikali Kar Rasagola from Odisha
-
Chhena Podafrom Odisha
-
Rasmalai, a sweet dish popular in Odisha and West Bengal
-
Chhena Gajafrom Odisha
-
Khaja, a sweet dish popular in Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal
-
Chandrakanti sweet from Odisha
Bihar
Bihari cuisine is eaten mainly in Bihar, as well as regions where Bihari people have settled namely, Jharkhand, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bangladesh, Nepal, Mauritius, South Africa, Fiji, some cities of Pakistan, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Jamaica and the Caribbean. Bihari cuisine includes Bhojpuri cuisine, Maithil cuisine and Magahi cuisine.
Dance
There are many folk dances in east India, with the best-known being
Jhijhiya is a cultural dance from the Mithila region.[49] Jhijhiya is mostly performed at time of Dusshera, in dedication to Durga Bhairavi, the goddess of victory.[50] While performing jhijhiya, women put lanterns made of clay on their head and they balance it while they dance.[51]
Jhumair is a folk dance in Chota Nagpur Plateau region of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal. It is performed during harvest season and festivals accompanied by musical instrument such as Madal, Dhol, Bansuri, Nagara, Dhak and Shehnai.
Domkach is folk dance in the state of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. It performed during marriage in the house of Bride and groom.
Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as from the broader Indian dance tradition. Dance forms of Bihar are another expression of rich traditions and ethnic identity. There are several folk dance forms that can keep one enthralled, such as dhobi nach, jhumarnach, manjhi, gondnach, jitiyanach, more morni, dom-domin, bhuiababa, rah baba, kathghorwa nach, jat jatin, launda nach, bamar nach, jharni, jhijhia, natua nach, bidapad nach, sohrai nach and gond nach.
Music
Part of a series on the |
Culture of Bengal |
---|
History |
Cuisine |
Rabindra Sangeet, also known as Tagore Songs, are songs written and composed by Rabindranath Tagore. They have distinctive characteristics in the music of Bengal, popular in India and Bangladesh.[54] "Sangeet" means music, "Rabindra Sangeet" means Songs of Rabindra.
Rabindra Sangeet used Indian classical music and traditional folk music as sources.[citation needed][55] Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs.[citation needed]
Rabindranath Tagore was a towering figure in Indian music. Writing in Bengali, he created a library of over 2,000 songs now known by Bengalis as rabindra sangeet whose form is primarily influenced by Hindustani classical, sub-classicals, Karnatic, western, bauls, bhatiyali and different folk songs of India. Many singers in West Bengal and Bangladesh base their entire careers on the singing of Tagore musical masterpieces. The national anthem of India and national anthem of Bangladesh are Rabindra Sangeets.
West Bengal's capital Kolkata is also the cultural capital of India.[56]
Panchali is a form of narrative folk songs of the Indian state of West Bengal. The word Panchali probably originates from panchal or panchalika, meaning puppet. According to another school of that, Panchali originates from the word panch, which means five in Bengali language, referring to the five elements of this genre: song, music, extempore versifying, poetic contests, and dance.
Music of Odisha
Like Hindustani and Carnatic systems, Odissi music is a separate system of Indian classical music and is having all the essential as well as potential ingredients of Indian Classical form. But it has not come to limelight due to apathy from the time of British rule in Odisha, want of its proper study, revival, propagation, etc. Despite the fact, the traditional music form could be saved and maintained in its pristine form. Thanks to the musicians particularly of Jaga Akhadas of Puri district, who could develop and maintain the music. The music movement of Odisha, however, took a different turn after independence.
Like other aspects of her culture, music of the sacred land (Odisha) is charming, colourful, variegated encompassing various types. The existing musical tradition of Odisha, the cumulative experience of the last two thousand five hundred years if not more, can broadly be grouped under five categories such as: (1) Tribal Music, (2) Folk Music, (3) Light Music, (4) Light-Classical Music, (5) Classical Music, which need a short elucidations for better understanding the subject in all India context.
The tribal music as the title signifies is confined to the tribals living mainly in the hilly and jungle regions and sparsely in the coastal belt of Odisha. Odisha has the third largest concentration of tribes constituting about one fourth of the total population. They are distributed over 62 tribal communities.
Odisha is the treasure house of Folk Songs which are sung on different festivals and specific occasions in their own enjoyment. Folk music in general is the expression of the ethos and mores of the folk communities. Of the bewildering variety of folk music of Odisha, mention may be made of Geeta, Balipuja Geeta, Kela Keluni Geeta, Dalkhai Geeta, Kendra Geeta, Jaiphula Geeta, Ghumura Geeta, Ghoda Nacha and Danda Nacha Geeta, Gopal Ugala and Osa-Parva-Geeta etc.
Bhajan, Janan, Oriya songs based on ragas, Rangila Chaupadi etc. are grouped under Light classical music, which forms an important segment of Oriya music. Sri Geetagovinda, Anirjukta Pravadha, Divya Manusi Prabandha, Chautisa, Chhanda, Chaupadi (now known as Odissi), Champu, Malasri, Sariman, nVyanjani, Chaturang, Tribhang, Kuduka Geeta, Laxana and Swaramalika are the various sub-forms, which individually or collectively constitute the traditional Odissi music. These sub-forms of the traditional Odissi music, can be categorised under the classical music of Odisha.
Sports
The
In Jharkhand
The most popular sports in Jharkhand is Hockey and Archery. The capital City of Ranchi is also called the sports capital of India due to its highly developed sports infrastructure. Many famous players such as
In West Bengal
The most popular sports in Kolkata are
The
The Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB) is the governing body for cricket in West Bengal. Its headquarters is in the Eden Gardens stadium. It organises different types of cricket tournaments in West Bengal.
Cricket Association of Bengal is affiliated to the Board of control for cricket in India is the parent body or governing the game of Cricket in Bengal, and involved in conducting the game of cricket in Bengal. The Cricket Association of Bengal promotes and develops Cricket by conducting various League Tournaments, tournaments for the age group Under-13, Under-16, and Under-19 and Under-21 categories. CAB also conducts National and International Tournaments.
In Odisha
The most popular sports in Odisha are cricket and hockey.
Cricket
The
Hockey
The popularity of field hockey in Odisha is also very high. Many national players in hockey are from Odisha.[citation needed] Lazarus Barla, Prabodh Tirkey, Dilip Tirkey, Ignace Tirkey, Jyoti Sunita Kullu, Subhadra Pradhan, Birendra Lakra and Anupa Barla are the few names who brought the fame to Indian hockey in International level. Premier Hockey League (PHL) was the league competition for field hockey clubs in the top divisions of the Indian hockey system. There were seven teams in the PHL and in East India the only team was the Orissa Steelers who won Premier Hockey League 2007. Odisha has a franchise in Hockey India League (HIL)[92] named Kalinga Lancers owned by Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation and MCL.[93] Odisha got its first Indian Super League (ISL) club Odisha FC, based in Bhubaneswar, which was formed in 2019 after being shifted from Delhi. Its home ground is the 15,000 seater Kalinga Stadium.[94] Bhubaneswar is referred to as the "Sports Capital of India".[95] 2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cup were held at Kalinga Stadium and Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium respectively.[citation needed]
Ports
See also
- Eastern States Agency, colonial office of the Bengal Presidency of British India, created by merging the Chhattisgarh States – and Orissa States agencies in 1933, to which the Bengal States Agency was added in 1936; included part of Burma
- North India
- Northeast India
- South India
- West India
- Central India
- Administrative divisions of India
- Eastern South Asia
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External links
- Eastern India travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Media related to East India at Wikimedia Commons