Human voice
The human voice consists of
Generally speaking, the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts; the lungs, the vocal folds within the
The vocal folds, in combination with the
Voice types and the folds (cords) themselves
Adult men and women typically have different sizes of vocal fold; reflecting the male-female differences in larynx size. Adult male voices are usually lower-pitched and have larger folds. The male vocal folds (which would be measured vertically in the opposite diagram), are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length.[10] The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm in length.
The folds are within the
The difference in vocal folds size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices. Additionally,
Voice modulation in spoken language
Human spoken language makes use of the ability of almost all people in a given society to dynamically modulate certain parameters of the laryngeal voice source in a consistent manner. The most important communicative, or phonetic, parameters are the voice pitch (determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds) and the degree of separation of the vocal folds, referred to as vocal fold adduction (coming together) or abduction (separating).[11]
The ability to vary the ab/adduction of the vocal folds quickly has a strong genetic component, since vocal fold adduction has a life-preserving function in keeping food from passing into the lungs, in addition to the covering action of the epiglottis. Consequently, the muscles that control this action are among the fastest in the body.[11] Children can learn to use this action consistently during speech at an early age, as they learn to speak the difference between utterances such as "apa" (having an abductory-adductory gesture for the p) as "aba" (having no abductory-adductory gesture).[11] They can learn to do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them.
If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough, the vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called
An adductory gesture is also identified by the change in voice spectral energy it produces. Thus, a speech sound having an adductory gesture may be referred to as a "glottal stop" even if the vocal fold vibrations do not entirely stop.[12]
Other aspects of the voice, such as variations in the regularity of vibration, are also used for communication, and are important for the trained voice user to master, but are more rarely used in the formal phonetic code of a spoken language.
Physiology and vocal timbre
The sound of each individual's voice is thought to be entirely unique[13] not only because of the actual shape and size of an individual's vocal cords but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body, especially the vocal tract, and the manner in which the speech sounds are habitually formed and articulated. (It is this latter aspect of the sound of the voice that can be mimicked by skilled performers.) Humans have vocal folds that can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of chest and neck, the position of the tongue, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body, and an individual's size and bone structure can affect somewhat the sound produced by an individual.
Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as
Vocal registration
Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the human voice. A register in the human voice is a particular series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the
- A particular part of the vocal range such as the upper, middle, or lower registers.
- A resonance area such as chest voice or head voice.
- A phonatory process.
- A certain vocal timbre.
- A region of the voice that is defined or delimited by vocal breaks.
- A subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
In linguistics, a register language is a language that combines tone and vowel phonation into a single phonological system.
Within
Vocal resonation
Vocal resonation is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air. Various terms related to the resonation process include amplification, enrichment, enlargement, improvement, intensification, and prolongation; although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them. The main point to be drawn from these terms by a singer or speaker is that the result of resonation is, or should be, to make a better sound.[20] There are seven areas that may be listed as possible vocal resonators. In sequence from the lowest within the body to the highest, these areas are the chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx itself, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the sinuses.[21]
Influences of the human voice
The twelve-tone musical scale, upon which a large portion of all music (western popular music in particular) is based, may have its roots in the sound of the human voice during the course of evolution, according to a study published by the New Scientist. Analysis of recorded speech samples found peaks in acoustic energy that mirrored the distances between notes in the twelve-tone scale.[22]
Voice disorders
There are many
Vocal cord nodules and polyps
See also
- Accent (dialect)
- Acoustic phonetics
- Belt (music)
- Histology of the Vocal Folds
- Intelligibility (communication)
- List of voice actors
- Lombard effect
- Manner of articulation
- Paralanguage: nonverbal voice cues in communication
- Phonation
- Phonetics
- Puberphonia
- Speaker recognition
- Speaker verification
- Speech synthesis
- Vocal rest
- Vocal warm up
- Vocology
- Voice analysis
- Voice change in boys
- Voice disorders
- Voice frequency
- Voice organ
- Voicing (music), a representation of a chord
- Voice pedagogy
- consonants)
- Voice risk analysis
- Voice synthesis
- Voice therapy
- Voice vote
- World Voice Day
References
- ^ "About the voice". Lionsvoiceclinic.umn.edu. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ISBN 0-262-69250-3, 978-0-262-69250-2
- ISBN 978-0-13-717893-3.
- ^ Titze, I. R. (2006). The Myoelatic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation, Iowa City:National Center for Voice and Speech, 2006.
- ISBN 978-3-319-28047-9.
- (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- S2CID 23498388.
- PMID 4638039.
- PMID 8132903.
- ISBN 0-87414-123-0
- ^ a b c "Breath-Stream Dynamics". Rothenberg.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ a b "Rothenberg, M. The glottal volume velocity waveform during loose and tight voiced glottal adjustments, Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 22–28 August 1971 ed. by A. Rigault and R. Charbonneau, published in 1972 by Mouton, The Hague – Paris" (PDF). Rothenberg.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Is Every Human Voice and Fingerprint Really Unique?". The Conversation. 11 August 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-8258-0055-9.
- ^ Sundberg, Johan, The Acoustics of the Singing Voice, Scientific American Mar 77, p82
- ^ E. J. Hunter, J. G. Svec, and I. R. Titze. Comparison of the Produced and Perceived Voice Range Profiles in Untrained and Trained Classical Singers. J. Voice 2005.
- ISSN 0001-4966.
- ^ Large, John (February–March 1972). "Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers". The NATS Bulletin. 28: 30–35.
- S2CID 29954321.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-56593-940-0.
- ISBN 978-1-86156-196-1.
- ^ Farley, Peter. "Musical roots may lie in human voice". New Scientist. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Fine Tuning Your Voice". stayhealthymn.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
- ^ "The Voice - Casting, Contestants, Auditions, Voting and Winners". The Voice 2020 Season 18. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Clark A. Rosen-Deborah Anderson-Thomas Murry (June 1998). "Evaluating Hoarseness: Keeping Your Patient's Voice Healthy". aafp.org. 57 (11): 2775. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
Further reading
- Howard, D.M., and Murphy, D.T.M. (2009). Voice Science, Acoustics, and Recording Voice science acoustics and recording, San Diego: Plural Press.
- Titze, I. R. (2008). The human instrument. Sci. Am. 298 (1):94–101. The Human Instrument
- Thurman, Leon & Welch, ed., Graham (2000), Bodymind & voice: Foundations of voice education (revised ed.), Collegeville, Minnesota: The VoiceCare Network et al., ISBN 0-87414-123-0
External links
- Free Voice analyzer and Biometrics displaying software from University College London (archived 24 September 2006)
- The Head Voice and Other Problems, 1917, by D. A. Clippinger, from Project Gutenberg
- The Voice Foundation's official website
- The Anatomy of Singing Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- David Harper, vocal coach: A passion for the voice that never wanes – Opera article (archived 11 September 2009)
- Irish Voice festival official website
- How the voice works – The Voice Works Like a Car (video on YouTube)
- Voice acoustics: an introduction from the University of New South Wales.
- Speak and Choke 1, by Karl S. Kruszelnicki, ABC Science, News in Science, 2002.