Hurricane Cristobal

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This article is about the 2014 hurricane. For other tropical cyclones of the same name, see
Tropical Storm Cristobal
.

Hurricane Cristobal
U.S. East Coast on August 28
Meteorological history
FormedAugust 23, 2014
ExtratropicalAugust 29, 2014
DissipatedSeptember 2, 2014
Category 1 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds85 mph (140 km/h)
Lowest pressure965 mbar (hPa); 28.50 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities7
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedPuerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos Islands, East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, Iceland
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2014 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Cristobal was a moderately strong

Category 1 hurricane. A colder environment transitioned Cristobal into an extratropical cyclone
on August 29, but it retained much of its strength as it sped across the northern Atlantic and struck Iceland on September 1.

Before its classification as a tropical cyclone, the disturbance that would become Cristobal dropped heavy rain over Puerto Rico, locally reaching 13.21 in (336 mm). Widespread flooding and scattered landslides affected the territory, with 19 large rivers exceeding minor

Turks and Caicos. The hurricane generated strong surf and dangerous rip currents along the U.S. East Coast, killing two swimmers in Maryland and New Jersey and leading to many lifeguard rescues. Later, the extratropical remnants of Cristobal buffeted Iceland with heavy rain and gusty winds, causing flooding around the capital city of Reykjavík
.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Cristobal originated from a westward-tracking

UTC on August 24, while located just north of Mayaguana in the Bahamas,[1] but its structure was vertically tilted and suboptimally broad.[3][4]

Weak steering currents kept Cristobal's forward motion slow and erratic,

Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[10][11] In particular, its cloud pattern became much more symmetric, and some cloud tops cooled to –70 °C (–95 °F).[11] Around the same time, Cristobal accelerated toward the northeast as it became embedded within the mid-latitude westerlies ahead of an advancing shortwave trough.[1]

An area of relatively warm cloud tops at the center of a central dense overcast gave way to an eye feature evident on visible satellite imagery on August 28.[12][13] Rapidly gaining latitude, Cristobal reached its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h), roughly 490 mi (790 km) due south of Halifax, Nova Scotia.[1] Shortly thereafter, the hurricane began to degrade as it moved over significantly colder waters and began to encounter further dry air, signalling the beginning of its transition to an extratropical cyclone.[14] Cristobal's circulation soon began to interact with a frontal boundary, and deep convection became distanced well to the north of the center.[15] Consequently, the hurricane lost its tropical identity by 12:00 UTC on August 29, just north of 44°N.[1] Baroclinic processes preserved much of the extratropical cyclone's intensity,[14] allowing it to maintain hurricane-force winds until August 30. Speeding generally northeastward, the storm slowly weakened over the northern Atlantic, making landfall on Iceland on September 1. Cristobal merged with another storm system north of the country by the next day.[1]

Impact

Antilles

Satellite image of the pre-Cristobal disturbance over Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on August 22

As Cristobal's parent wave moved over Puerto Rico, it engaged with an abnormally moist air mass to produce torrential rain totaling more than 10 in (250 mm).

Saint Croix.[16]

The island of Hispaniola also received damaging rainfall from the slow-moving storm.[1] La Romana, Dominican Republic, recorded 5.04 in (128 mm) of rain in 24 hours on August 23 and 24, the result being destructive flooding.[20] The floods isolated 23 towns from the outside world and damaged or destroyed more than 800 dwellings, especially in eastern and northeastern parts of the nation. Just over 4,100 individuals were forced to evacuate their homes.[21] In Santo Domingo Province, three people required rescue from their car after trying to cross the swollen Isabela River.[22] Two people were killed in the Dominican Republic,[1] one of them after attempting to drive across a flooded river in the Hato Mayor Province.[23] In neighboring Haiti, flooding totally destroyed four homes and heavily damaged 28 others, with a total of about 640 families left temporarily homeless.[24] At least two people in the country were swept away by rushing waters,[20][25] and many others sustained injuries.[26]

Shortly after the storm's genesis,

tropical storm warnings were issued for the central and southeastern Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. The advisories were discontinued by August 25. Heavy rain fell over the region, reaching 10.9 in (280 mm) on the island of Providenciales, where one person drowned in the ensuing floods.[1] Floodwaters on North Caicos ran 5 ft (1.5 m) deep, blocking access to some communities.[27] Governor Peter Beckingham reported "extensive damage to peoples' property and possessions" throughout the overseas territory.[26]

Elsewhere

A tropical storm watch was issued for Bermuda on August 25, and ultimately discontinued about three days later.[1] Two cruise ships left Bermuda early to avoid the storm, and another two postponed their scheduled stops there.[28][29] The threat of the storm, combined with a lack of passengers due to cruise ship diversions, resulted in the suspension of ferry service.[29] Cristobal ultimately passed well to the northwest of the island, producing breezy conditions and heightened surf.[30]

The offshore hurricane lashed the

Sandy Hook, New Jersey; a wave reportedly knocked him down in shallow water before a rip current pulled the inexperienced swimmer farther out.[35] Dangerous swimming conditions extended north to New England beaches,[36] leading to numerous lifeguard rescues.[37]

In southern Iceland, the extratropical remnants of Cristobal produced gusty winds and heavy rainfall, leading to extensive flooding in the capital city of Reykjavík. The fire department there responded to 37 calls for flooded buildings.[38] Reykjavík Airport and Keflavík International Airport recorded wind gusts to 58 mph (93 km/h) and 62 mph (100 km/h), respectively.[39][40] The adverse conditions impeded aerial surveillance of the ongoing volcanic eruptions at Bárðarbunga.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Richard J. Pasch (February 11, 2015). "Hurricane Cristobal Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  2. ^ Jack L. Beven II (August 23, 2014). "Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  3. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (August 24, 2014). "Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 4". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  4. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (August 24, 2014). "Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 5". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  5. ^ Richard J. Pasch (August 24, 2014). "Tropical Storm Cristobal Discussion Number 6". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  6. ^ Daniel P. Brown (August 25, 2014). "Tropical Storm Cristobal Discussion Number 7". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  7. ^ Richard J. Pasch (August 25, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 10". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  8. ^ Michael J. Brennan (August 26, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 13". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  9. ^ Lixion A. Avila (August 27, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 15". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  10. ^ Richard J. Pasch (August 27, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Public Advisory Number 18". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  11. ^ a b Richard J. Pasch (August 27, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 18". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  12. ^ Daniel P. Brown (August 28, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 20". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  13. ^ Daniel P. Brown (August 28, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 21". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  14. ^ a b Eric S. Blake (August 29, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 23". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  15. ^ Daniel P. Brown (August 29, 2014). "Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 24". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  16. ^ a b c Gary S. Votaw. "Flooding and Tropical Wave – August 21-24, 2014" (PDF). National Weather Service San Juan, Puerto Rico. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  17. ^ National Climatic Data Center (August 2014). "August 2014 Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF). Storm Data. 56 (8). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 388–389. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  18. ^ a b "Mejoran las condiciones del tiempo". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). August 24, 2014. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  19. ^ "Alerta de inundaciones en Puerto Rico por el paso de una onda tropical". El Nacional (in Spanish). August 22, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  20. ^ a b European Commission Humanitarian Aid department (August 22, 2014). "Bahamas - Tropical Cyclone CRISTOBAL (ECHO Daily Flash 22 August)". ReliefWeb. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  21. ^ Agence France-Presse (August 24, 2014). "One missing, 4,000 displaced by storm in Dominican Republic". ReliefWeb. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  22. ^ EFE (August 24, 2014). "At least 3,603 displaced by flooding in D.R." Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  23. ^ "Trayectoria de la tormenta Cristóbal por el Caribe, hoy 25 de agosto de 2014". starMedia (in Spanish). Associated Press. August 25, 2014. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  24. ^ "Cristobal Strengthens Into A Hurricane, Kills Four People In Haiti And Dominican Republic". Fox News Latino. August 26, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  25. ^ "Cristóbal se fortalece en el Caribe; se convertiría en huracán". El Economista (in Spanish). August 25, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  26. ^ a b "Caribbean Begins Recovery Efforts After Tropical Storm Cristobal". The Caribbean Journal. August 26, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  27. ^ "Hurricane Cristobal a threat to East Coast from afar". CBS News. August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  28. ^ "St George's ferry service to be suspended from tomorrow". The Royal Gazette. August 25, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  29. ^ a b "Hurricane Cristobal gaining stength [sic], will pass by Island today". The Royal Gazette. August 28, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  30. ^ "Cristobal's winds stayed below hurricane force". The Royal Gazette. August 29, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  31. ^ Holly Henry; Gabriella Deluca; Marissa Jasek (August 26, 2014). "Strong rip currents, red flags at the Virginia Beach Oceanfront and Outer Banks". WTKR 3. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  32. ^ "Long Island swim ban lifted in time for holiday weekend". WABC 7. August 29, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  33. ^ a b Scott Dance (August 28, 2014). "Swimming restrictions in place in Ocean City as Cristobal stirs up seas, drowning Va. teen". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  34. ^ "18-year-old Manassas man, Jose Maudiel Hernandez, drowns after getting caught in a rip current in Ocean City". ABC 7 News. Associated Press. August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  35. ^ Sergio Bichao (August 28, 2014). "Teen drowns in NJ shore rip current". The Delaware News Journal. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  36. ^ Angie Angers (August 28, 2014). "Rip currents force lifeguards to make numerous rescues". WPRI 12. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  37. ^ "Lifeguards rescue swimmers from rip currents". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. August 29, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  38. ^ "Ísland í auga stormsins" (in Icelandic). Vísir.is. September 1, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  39. ^ "Weather History for BIRK". Weather Underground. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  40. ^ "Weather History for BIKF". Weather Underground. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  41. ^ "At Iceland volcano, a white plume rises from the lava fountains". EarthSky. September 2, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2015.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Cristobal (2014).
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