Hygrophorus

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This article is about the genus of fungi. For the method of finishing wood, see Wood finishing § Basic wood finishing procedure.

Hygrophorus
Hygrophorus eburneus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Hygrophorus
Fr. (1836)
Type species
Bull.
) Fr. (1838)
Synonyms

Hygrophorus is a

edible
and are sometimes offered for sale in local markets.

Taxonomy

History

Hygrophorus was first published in 1836 by Swedish

Hygrocybe pratensis
) is, however, a synonym of Hygrocybe (or Cuphophyllus).

Current status

Recent

monophyletic (and hence natural) genus. Only a few species, however, have been sequenced to date.[7]

Description

Fruit bodies of Hygrophorus species are all

basidiospores.[8]

Habitat and distribution

Species of Hygrophorus are

ectomycorrhizal, most forming associations with trees (both broadleaf and conifer) and hence typically found in woodlands. Many appear to be host specific, Hygrophorus cossus, for example, occurring with oak and H. speciosus with larch.[2][9]

Species are distributed worldwide, from the tropics to the sub-polar regions. Around 100 have been described to date.[10]

As food

Fruit bodies of a few species are considered edible and are collected and consumed locally (sometimes sold in markets) in Spain and eastern Europe, China and Bhutan, and Central America .[11]

Literature

No comprehensive monograph of the genus has yet been published. In Europe, however, species of Hygrophorus have been illustrated and described in an Italian guide by Candusso (1997).[9] European species have also been covered, more briefly, in descriptive French keys by Bon (1990).[12] Dutch species were illustrated and described by Arnolds (1990).[8] No equivalent modern guides have been published for North America, the most recent being by Hesler & Smith (1963).[2] There is, however, a guide to Californian species by Largent (1985).[13] In Australia, Hygrophorus species have been illustrated and described by Young (2005)[14] and in New Zealand by Horak (1990).[15]

Hygrophorus paupertinus Sm. & Hesl. has a strong, penetrating fecal-like odor. Chemical analysis shows that three odoriferous compounds; 1-octen-3-ol, indole and 3-chloroindole are emitted from sporocarps. Indole and 3-chloroindole have fecal-like odors. This is the first identification of 3-chloroindole from a terrestrial organism.[16]

Species

Main article: List of Hygrophorus species

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: A Handbook of the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 799.
  2. ^ a b c Hesler LR, Smith AH (1963). North American species of Hygrophorus. University of Tennessee Press. p. 416.
  3. ^ "Camarophyllus (Fr.) P. Kumm". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  4. ^ "Camarophyllus (Fr.) P. Kumm". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  5. ^ "Limacium (Fr. ex Rabenh.) P. Kumm". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  6. ^ "Limacium (Fr. ex Rabenh.) P. Kumm". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  7. PMID 17486974. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  8. ^
    ISBN 90-6191-971-1
    .
  9. ^ a b Candusso M. (1997). Fungi Europaei 6: Hygrophorus s.l.. Alassio, Italy: Libreria Basso. p. 784.
  10. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  11. ISBN 92-5-105157-7
    .
  12. ^ Bon M. (1990). Flore mycologique d'Europe 1: Les Hygrophores (in French). Amiens Cedex: CRDP de Picardie. p. 99.
  13. ISBN 0-916422-54-2
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-643-09195-5
    .
  15. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1990.10412313.[permanent dead link
    ]
  16. PMID 21148987
    .
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