Hypobranchial gland
The hypobranchial gland is a
Anatomy and function
- Gastropods
The hypobranchial gland is found in many
Glands with similar functions are present in the Nuculidae, Solenomyidae, Monia, Patellacea, and Loritcata.[5]
In the Haliotidae, this gland has two lobes in the roof of the mantle cavity with the left larger than the right. It is deeply ridged and secretes mucus.[5] The purpose of the mucus is to trap, collect, and excrete sediment that collects as water flows over the gills of these organisms.[5]
- Aculifera
In the aculifera the hypobranchial glands are referred to as "mucus tracts" and occupy a posterior position in the body.
Bacterial community
In a study done on individuals from the species
Toxins
Some extracts from the hypobranchial gland have shown some toxic effects on human granulosa cells, cells inside the ovaries. These extracts can affect the hormone production of the reproductive system. As for all toxins, the effect is dependent on the dose and length of exposure to these extracts.[7]
Human use
Tyrian purple
There have been studies on some species within the family Muricidae, because in those species this gland secretes the precursor to the historically important natural dye, Tyrian purple.This dye has potential origins in history as early as 2000 BC in some areas of Europe and Asia. Due to the expensive process of dying fabrics with the hypobranchial glands of mollusks, fabrics dyed Tyrian purple were considered a symbol of wealth and royalty throughout much of history. It is synthesized from the dye precursor 6-6 dibromoindigo.[8]
Medical applications
There are some potential medical applications for the hypobranchial glands of mollusks ranging from anti-inflammatories, to anti-bacterials, to cancer.[9] Some of these uses were found by analyzing traditional medicine and therapeutic techniques from a variety of different cultures. In Ancient Greece, extracts from this gland were used as laxatives and diuretics with the potential for some side effects including increases in sweat and saliva productions.[9]
Anti-bacterial Uses
- MeOH (Methanol) inhibited marine biofilm growth[9]
- DCM (Dichloromethane) inhibited marine biofilm growth[9]
- (CH₃)₂CO (Acetone) inhibited marine biofilm growth[9]
Other extracts from the hemolymph of these mollusks have been shown to inhibit the growth of human pathogens.[9]
Anti-inflammatory uses
- In lab cell lines and various animal models, extracts from the hypobranchial gland have shown a variety of muscle relaxing properties including the ability to act as a neuromuscular block, an anticonvulsant, a pain killer, and a sedative.[9]
Cancer treatments
- Chloroform extracts can inhibit the growth of lymphoma (cancer of the lung), reproductive system cancers, and colon cancer.[9]
- A pigment in Tyrian purple, 6-dibromoindirubin, may slow the spread of a variety of cancers including lung, stomach, colon, abdominal, and leukaemia cancers.[9]
- Extracts from the glands of Hexaplex trunculus showed possible adhesion inhibition of cervical and glioblastoma cells, which can decrease the frequency of tumor formation.[10]
References
- ^ Fretter & Graham, 1962, p. 88
- ^ Nair, J.R., D. Pillai, S.M. Joseph, P. Gomathi, P.V. Senan & P.M. Sherief (2011). "Cephalopod research and bioactive substances" (PDF). Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 40(1): 13–27.
- ^ Pontarotti, 2010, p.260
- ^ S2CID 44609586.
- ^ S2CID 44609586.
- ^ PMID 26488885.
- PMID 26295242.
- S2CID 1250423.
- ^ PMID 26295242.
- S2CID 41072897.
Literature cited
- Fretter, V. & Graham, A. 1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs. 1st ed. London: The Ray Society, 755 pp.
- Westley, C., Lewis, M. C. and Benkendorff, K. 2010. Histomorphology of the hypobranchial gland in Dicanthais orbita (Gmelin, 1791) (Neogastropoda: Muricidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 76(2): 186–195.
- The hypobranchial gland from the purple snail Plicopurpura pansa (Gould, 1853) (Prosobranchia: Murididae). Journal of Shellfish Research, August 1, 2006 [1]
- Pontarotti, P. 2010. Evolutionary Biology: Concepts, Molecular and Morphological Evolution [2]. Springer, 363 pp.