Putumayo River
Putumayo River Río Içá | |
---|---|
Andes Mountains | |
• location | East of Pasto, Colombia |
• coordinates | 1°07′23″N 77°03′22″W / 1.123°N 77.056°W |
• elevation | 3,000 m (9,800 ft) |
Amazonas state, Brazil | |
• average | (Period: 1979–2015)8,519.9 m3/s (300,880 cu ft/s)[2] (Period: 1973–1990)8,760 m3/s (309,000 cu ft/s)[3] |
Discharge | |
• location | Tarapaca, Colombia (320 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 108,362 km2 (41,839 sq mi) |
• average | (Period: 1991–2020)7,588 m3/s (268,000 cu ft/s)[5] (Period: 1979–1993)7,034.6 m3/s (248,420 cu ft/s)[4] |
• minimum | 2,054 m3/s (72,500 cu ft/s)[4] |
• maximum | 12,522 m3/s (442,200 cu ft/s)[4] |
Discharge | |
• location | Puerto Leguízamo, Colombia (1,578 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 20,616 km2 (7,960 sq mi) |
• average | (Period: 1988–2011)1,859 m3/s (65,600 cu ft/s)[6] |
Discharge | |
• location | Puerto Asís, Colombia (1,890 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 6,410 km2 (2,470 sq mi) |
• average | (Period: 1988–2011)821 m3/s (29,000 cu ft/s)[6] |
Discharge | |
• location | Puente Texas, Colombia (Basin size: 3,544 km2 (1,368 sq mi) |
• average | (Period: 1988– 2011)496 m3/s (17,500 cu ft/s)[6] |
• minimum | 138 m3/s (4,900 cu ft/s)[7] |
• maximum | 2,705 m3/s (95,500 cu ft/s)[7] |
Basin features | |
Progression | Amazon → Atlantic Ocean |
River system | Solimões |
Tributaries | |
• left | Juanambu, Caucayá, Penella, Cara Paraná, Igara Paraná, Quebrada Mutún, Pupuña, Alegría, Igarapé Cauíra |
• right | San Juan, Orito, Guamués, Cohembi, San Miguel, Güeppi, Campuya, Ere, Algodón, Yaguas, Cotuhé, Puretê, Paraná de Jacurapa |
The Putumayo River or Içá River (Spanish: Río Putumayo, Portuguese: Rio Içá) is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, southwest of and parallel to the Japurá River.[8][9]
Course
The Putumayo River forms part of
Tributaries
List of the major tributaries of the Içá–Putumayo (from the mouth upwards):[12]
Left tributary | Right tributary | Length (km) | Basin size (km2) | Average discharge (m3/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Putumayo | ||||
Içá (Putumayo) | 2,004.6 | 120,545 | 8,519.9 | |
Igarapé União | 634.2 | 35.8 | ||
Quebrara Federico | 529.5 | 35.1 | ||
Parana de Jacurapa | 352 | 1,714.6 | 105.3 | |
Puretê | 322 | 4,246.7 | 249.9 | |
Igarapé Cauíra | 1,459.7 | 94.3 | ||
Igarapé São Cristovão | 406.4 | 22.1 | ||
Cotuhé | 335 | 6,508.8 | 391.4 | |
Yaguas | 474.9 | 10,863 | 683.2 | |
Alegría | 731.5 | 49.4 | ||
Rio del Porveir | 291.5 | 19.7 | ||
Pupuña | 2,402.1 | 168.1 | ||
Quebrada Mutún | 100 | 1,046.5 | 58.7 | |
Igara Paraná | 440 | 12,945 | 810 | |
Algodón | 749.8 | 8,268 | 454 | |
Buri Buri | 983.4 | 46.3 | ||
Esperanza | 557 | 24.6 | ||
Sabaloyaco | 1,324 | 54.9 | ||
Ere | 167 | 1,623.4 | 77 | |
Middle Putumayo | ||||
Cara-Paraná | 260 | 7,265.9 | 486.6 | |
Campuya | 370 | 4,422.2 | 292.2 | |
Curilla | 496.3 | 38.8 | ||
Penella (Peneya) | 894.3 | 51.1 | ||
Chicorero (Caucayá) | 1,720.9 | 97.5 | ||
Quebrada La Paya | 572.3 | 33.2 | ||
Güeppi | 145 | 1,325.5 | 91.4 | |
San Miguel | 295 | 5,628.5 | 488.8 | |
Juanambu | 811.1 | 71.3 | ||
Cohembi | 543.7 | 45.1 | ||
Upper Putumayo | ||||
Guamués | 140 | 2,164.6 | 254.8 | |
Acae (Cocaya) | 283.5 | 21.8 | ||
Orito | 980.7 | 64.4 | ||
San Juan | 918.6 | 62.6 | ||
Guineo | 312.5 | 24.6 |
History
Exploration
In the late 19th century, the Içá was navigated by the French explorer
Rubber boom era
During the
In response to Hardenburg's exposé, the British government sent the consul Roger Casement (who had previously publicized Belgian atrocities in the rubber business of the Congo Free State) to investigate the matter; between 1910 and 1911, Casement subsequently wrote a series of condemnatory reports criticizing the atrocities of the PAC, for which he received a knighthood.[14]
Casement's reports later formed much of the basis for the 1987 book Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man by the anthropologist Michael Taussig, which analyzed how the acts of terror committed by British capitalists along the Putumayo River in Colombia had created a distinct "space of death."
Modern-day
Today, the river is a major transport route. Almost the entire length of the river is navigated by boats.[10]
On March 1, 2008,
In November 2019, scientists from the
References
- ^ Perú: Anuario de Estadistícas Ambientales 2022 (PDF). 2022.
- ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). meioambiente.am.gov.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ISBN 2-7011-1532-9.
- ^ a b c "Amazon Basin-Station: São Paulo de Olivença".
- ISBN 978-958-5489-12-7.
- ^ a b c ESTUDIOS DE FASE II PARA LA NAVEGABILIDAD DEL RÍO PUTUMAYO (PEÑASORÁ – PTO. ASÍS – PTO. LEGUÍZAMO – PTO. ALEGRÍA). 2016.
- ^ a b "3.2 Recursos hídricos".
- ^ ISBN 92-5-000780-9. Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2014.
- ^ "Informações do Rio Içá" (in Portuguese). Brasilia, Brazil: Brazilian Ministry of Transport. 2014. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2015-01-10.
- ^ a b "Putumayo River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-10.
- ^ Sears, Robin; Marín, César, Northern South America: northwestern Brazil, southern Colombia, and northern Peru (NT0163), WWF: World Wildlife Fund, retrieved 2017-03-26
- ^ "Putumayo".
- ISBN 9780307278241.
- ^ Fintan O'Toole, "The Multiple Hero", The New Republic, 2 August 2012, accessed 23 October 2014
- ^ Abatido ‘Raúl Reyes’
- ^ "Protecting One of the Amazon's Last Free-Flowing Rivers". Field Museum of Natural History. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Vriesendorp, Corine (9 March 2011). "Rapid Inventories". Field Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
External links
- Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. .
- Hardenburg, W.E. 1913. The Putumayo: The Devil's Paradise—Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and An Account of The Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein. London: T. Fisher Unwin. https://archive.org/details/putumayodevilspa00hardrich
- "Safeguarding the Putumayo-Iça River Basin". IW:Learn. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.