Ice worm
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Ice worm | |
---|---|
Mesenchytraeus solifugus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Annelida |
Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
Clade: | Sedentaria |
Class: | Clitellata |
Order: | Tubificida |
Family: | Enchytraeidae |
Genus: | Mesenchytraeus Eisen, 1878[1] |
Type species | |
Mesenchytraeus primaevus Eisen, 1878
| |
Species | |
Ice worms (also written as ice-worms or iceworms, or also called glacial or glacier worms) are
They were discovered in a wide range of environments, which include level snowfields, steep avalanche cones, crevasse walls, glacial rivers and pools, and hard glacier ice. These organisms are unique in that they can simply move between tightly packed ice crystals. They utilize setae, which are small bristles found on the outside of their bodies, to grip the ice and pull themselves along.
The genus contains 77 species, including the North American glacier ice worm (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) and the Yosemite snow worm (Mesenchytraeus gelidus).[6][7][8]
Ice worms eat snow algae and bacteria.[9] They live at zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), but if temperatures dip even slightly below that, according to a Washington State University researcher, the worms die.[10]
History
In North America, the first ice worms species were discovered in 1887 in Alaska, on the Muir Glacier. These glacier ice worms can be found on glaciers in Alaska, Washington, Oregon and British Columbia. They have not been found in other glaciated regions of the world.[citation needed]
Description
The specific name solifugus for the North American species,
It is not known how ice worms tunnel through the ice. Some scientists believe they travel through microscopic fissures in ice sheets, while others believe they secrete some chemical which can melt ice by lowering its freezing point, like an antifreeze. They feed on snow algae.[9]
Species
The genus contains 77 species. They are the following:[6][7][11]
- Mesenchytraeus affinis Michaelsen, 1901
- Mesenchytraeus altus Welch, 1917
- Mesenchytraeus americanus Bell, 1942
- Mesenchytraeus anisodiverticulus Shen, Chen & Xie, 2012
- Mesenchytraeus antaeus Rota & Brinkhurst, 2000
- Mesenchytraeus arcticus Bell, 1962
- Mesenchytraeus argentatus Nurminen, 1973b
- Mesenchytraeus armatus (Levinsen, 1884)
- Mesenchytraeus armatus armatus (Levinsen, 1884)
- Mesenchytraeus armatus kananaskis Dash, 1970
- Mesenchytraeus asiaticus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus atriaphorus Altman, 1936
- Mesenchytraeus beringensis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus beumeri (Michaelsen, 1886b)
- Mesenchytraeus bungei Michaelsen, 1901
- Mesenchytraeus cejkai Cernosvitov, 1937d
- Mesenchytraeus celticus Southern, 1909
- Mesenchytraeus chaunus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus chromophorus Altman, 1936
- Mesenchytraeus crenobius Timm, 1994
- Mesenchytraeus diplobulbosus Bell, 1949
- Mesenchytraeus diverticulatus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus eastwoodi Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus eltoni Stephenson, 1925
- Mesenchytraeus falciformis Eisen, 1878
- Mesenchytraeus flavidus Michaelsen, 1887
- Mesenchytraeus flavus (Levinsen, 1884)
- Mesenchytraeus fontinalis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fontinalis fontinalis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fontinalis gracilis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus franciscanus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fuscus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fuscus fuscus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fuscus inermis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus gaudens Cognetti, 1903a
- Mesenchytraeus gelidus Welch, 1916
- Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus Xie, 2012
- Mesenchytraeus glandulosus (Levinsen, 1884)
- Mesenchytraeus grandis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus grebnitzkyi Michaelsen, 1901
- Mesenchytraeus groenlandicus Nielsen & Christensen, 1959
- Mesenchytraeus hamiltoni Healy, 1996b
- Mesenchytraeus harrimani Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus hydrius Welch, 1919a
- Mesenchytraeus johanseni Welch, 1919b
- Mesenchytraeus kincaidi Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus kontrimavichusi Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus konyamensis Michaelsen, 1916
- Mesenchytraeus kuehnelti Dózsa-Farkas, 1991a
- Mesenchytraeus kuril Healy & Timm, 2000
- Mesenchytraeus lusitanicus Collado, Martínez-Ansemil, and Giani, 1993
- Mesenchytraeus macnabi Bell, 1942
- Mesenchytraeus maculatus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus magnus Altman, 1936
- Mesenchytraeus melanocephalus Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
- Mesenchytraeus minimus Altman, 1936
- Mesenchytraeus mirabilis Eisen, 1878
- Mesenchytraeus monochaetus Bretscher, 1900
- Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus Shen, Chen & Xie, 2012
- Mesenchytraeus monothecatus Bell, 1945
- Mesenchytraeus multispinus (Grube, 1851)
- Mesenchytraeus nanus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus obscurus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus ogloblini Černosvitov, 1928b
- Mesenchytraeus orcae Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus pedatus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus pelicensis Issel, 1905c
- Mesenchytraeus penicillus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus primaevus Eisen, 1878
- Mesenchytraeus rhithralis Healy & Fend, 2002
- Mesenchytraeus sanguineus Nielsen & Christensen, 1959
- Mesenchytraeus setchelli Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus solifugus (Emery, 1898)
- Mesenchytraeus solifugus solifugus(Emery, 1898)
- Mesenchytraeus solifugus rainierensisWelch, 1916
- Mesenchytraeus straminicolus Rota, 1995
- Mesenchytraeus sveni Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
- Mesenchytraeus svetae Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus tetrapodus Timm, 1978
- Mesenchytraeus torbeni Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
- Mesenchytraeus tundrus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus unalaskae Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus variabilis Cejka, 1914
- Mesenchytraeus vegae Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus viivi Timm, 1978
- Mesenchytraeus vshivkovae Timm, 1994
Mesenchytraeus franzi is a
See also
References
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- ISBN 9780470455197.
- S2CID 84290342.
- S2CID 30143253.
- S2CID 22139929.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b c Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2012). "An updated checklist of currently accepted species of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida)". VTI Agriculture and Forestry Research. 357: 67–87.
- ^ a b c Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2015). "Checklist of taxa of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): an update" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 87 (2): 149–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
- S2CID 84234028.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b "Ice Worms (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) and Their Habitats on North Cascade Glaciers-North Cascade Glacier Climate Project". North Cascade Glacier Climate Project. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ Greenfieldboyce, Nell (July 13, 2021). "It's Summer, And That Means The Mysterious Return Of Glacier Ice Worms". NPR. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- S2CID 84234028.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - S2CID 86642220.
External links
- Seattle Times Article on Iceworms Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine