Imperial and Royal

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with
Imperial-Royal
.
The medium Imperial and Royal coat of arms of Austria-Hungary (as of 1915)
Transleithania, in green), with Bosnia as a common condominium

The phrase Imperial and Royal (

Habsburgs in a broader historical perspective. Some modern authors restrict its use to the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
from 1867 to 1918.

During that period, it indicated that the Habsburg monarch reigned simultaneously as the Kaiser (Emperor of Austria) and as the König (King of Hungary), while the two territories were joined in a real union (akin to a two-state federation in this instance). The acts of the common government, which was responsible only for the Imperial & Royal ("I&R") Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the I&R Ministry of War and the I&R Ministry of Finance (financing only the two other ministries), were carried out in the name of "His Imperial and Royal Majesty", and the central governmental bodies had their names prefixed with k. u. k.

Symbolic employment of und or u.

Before 1867, the territories under the control of the

Habsburg monarch in Vienna used kaiserlich und königlich[1][2][3][4] or the hyphenated kaiserlich-königlich interchangeably. Neither of the spellings defined a hierarchy among the Habsburg dynastic kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and other bodies politic. The Habsburg monarchs ruled the kingdoms of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia as their Kings. The title Emperor applied to their role as heads of the conglomerate of the mostly German states called the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. The same title, Emperor, came to identify their role as rulers of the newly named Austrian Empire
that the Habsburgs attributed so from 11 August 1804.

The name "Imperial-Royal Army" was used from 1745, as "Royal" referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, which was not part of the

Habsburg rule.[5]

After the

Transleithania
).

In official documents, the abbreviation used provides information on the lands targeted:

  • k.k. or k.-k., meaning "imperial (Austria) – royal (Bohemia)", pertains to the Austrian Empire before 1867 and to the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918
  • k.u.k., meaning "imperial (Austria) and royal (Hungary)", pertains to the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918

Other uses

The ubiquity of this phrase in all administrative matters made it a synonym for the Habsburg administration, sometimes referred to as the "k. u. k. monarchy" in

Slovenian
.

The abbreviation k.k. gave rise to the noun Kakania (spelling out the letter K [kah] twice as well as reminiscent of caca in the Central European languages). It was intended to describe the Habsburg Monarchy as a state of mind, bureaucratic and with a highly stratified formal society. A discussion of Kakania became a highlight of the first volume of Robert Musil's novel The Man Without Qualities (1930).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Typically abbreviated as k. u. k., k. und k., k. & k. in German (the und is always spoken unabbreviated), cs. és k. (császári és királyi) in Hungarian, c. a k. (císařský a královský) in Czech, C. i K. (Cesarski i Królewski) in Polish, c. in k. (cesarski in kraljevski) in Slovenian, c. i kr. (carski i kraljevski) in Croatian, ц. и кр. (царски и краљевски) in Serbian, and I.R. (Imperiale Regio) in Italian

References

  1. ^ Franz Christoph von Scheyb, Heinrich Jasomirgott eine Lobschrift auf ihre kaiserliche und königliche Majestäten... Vienna, 1756.
  2. ^ Renatus Karl von Senkenberg and Karl Christian von Senkenberg, An Ihro Kaiserliche und Königliche Majestät allerunterthänigster Gegenbericht [...] unter dem 30. Mai 1796 eingegebenen Bericht. Giessen, 1797.
  3. ^ Ignaz Franz von Mosel, Geschichte der Kaiserliche und Königliche Hofbibliothek zu Wien. Vienna, 1835.
  4. ^ [s.n.], Historische Märsche und sonstige Compositionen für das kaiserliche und königliche Heer. Instrumentirt für vollständige Militär-Musik. Vom k. u. k. Reichs-Kriegs-Ministerium autorisierte Ausgabe. Vienna, 1845.
  5. ^ József Zachar, Habsburg uralom, állandó hadsereg és magyarság, 1683-1792[permanent dead link], Zrínyi kiadó, Budapest, 2004, p. 104
  6. ^ The given year 1889 could be a typing error; 1869 would be appropriate.
  7. Otto's encyclopedia (published during 1888-1909), subject 'King', online in Czech Archived 2008-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
    .
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