Inigo Campioni
Inigo Campioni | |
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![]() Inigo Campioni in 1940. | |
Life Member of the Senate | |
In office 1939–1944 | |
Monarch | Victor Emmanuel III |
Personal details | |
Born | Viareggio, Tuscany, Kingdom of Italy | 14 November 1878
Died | 24 May 1944 Parma, Italian Social Republic | (aged 65)
Resting place | Bari, Italy |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Kingdom of Italy |
Branch/service | Regia Marina ("Royal Navy") |
Years of service | 1896–1944 |
Rank | Ammiraglio di squadra (Squadron admiral) |
Commands |
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Battles/wars |
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Admiral_Inigo_Campioni.jpg)
Inigo Campioni (14 November 1878 – 24 May 1944) was an
Birth and early career
Campioni was born in
Campioni participated in the
World War I
World War I began in 1914, and Italy entered the war on the side of Allies in May 1915. Early in the war, Campioni served aboard the battleships Conte di Cavour and Andrea Doria. He was promoted to capitano di corvetta corvette captain in 1916 and became commanding officer of the destroyer Ardito, which under his command escorted numerous convoys to the Adriatic Sea and served with distinction in a naval engagement in the northern Adriatic in September 1917. For the latter action, Campioni received the Bronze Medal of Military Valor. In December 1918, just after the conclusion of the war, he received the War Merit Cross.[3]
Interwar years
After World War I, Campioni was promoted to capitano di fregata (
Campioni achieved
Campioni was promoted to ammiraglio di squadra (squadron admiral) in 1936 and in 1938 he assumed the post of Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy. Held in high regard as the most promising officer in the Regia Marina,[1] he became commander of the 1st Naval Squadron — the Italian main battlefleet — on 15 August 1939 with the battleship Giulio Cesare as his flagship. In 1939 he also became a Senator of the Kingdom of Italy.[3]
World War II
Mediterranean campaign
On 15 July 1941, Campioni was appointed governor of the
Dodecanese campaign
Campioni was at his headquarters on the island of
Imprisonment and execution
The Germans placed Campioni in a
As a result of Campioni's stance, an Italian Social Republic
The Italian Social Republic offered Campioni a pardon on the condition that he recognize it as Italy's legitimate government, but he rejected the pardon and he and Mascherpa were executed by a firing squad composed of youths aged 17 and 18 in the city square at Parma on 24 May 1944.[3][6][7] The Italian Republic posthumously awarded Campioni the Gold Medal of Military Valor in November 1947.[1] He is buried in the military cemetery at Bari, Italy.[4]
Awards and honours
Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy
Commander of the Military Order of Savoy (12 January 1942)[8]
Gold Medal of Military Valor (posthumous)
- "As governor and commander of the Armed Forces of the Italian Aegean islands found himself, in the crucial period of the armistice, at the head of one of the most difficult, distant, and vulnerable areas. Having fallen into the hands of the enemy following the occupation of his command headquarters, he repeatedly refused to collaborate with them or in any case to join an illegal government. Tried and condemned by an extraordinary tribunal for having carried out the orders received from the legitimate authorities and for having kept faith with his soldier's oath, he maintained a proud and firm demeanor, refusing to sign the request for mercy and to give even formal membership to the Italian Social Republic, up to the supreme sacrifice of life. He fell while commanding the firing squad himself, after having declared that 'one must know how to offer one's life to one's country at any moment, because there is nothing higher and more sacred than the homeland.' Aegean-Northern Italy, 1941–1944. "
- —9 November 1947[8]
Bronze Medal of Military Valor
War Merit Cross (for valor)
War Merit Cross (two awards)
Maurician Medal (10 lustrums of service)
Cross for Length of Military Service (Gold Cross for 40 years)
Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912
Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Austrian War 1915–1918 (four years of campaign)
Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy 1848–1918
Allied Victory Medal
See also
- Battle of the Mediterranean
- Battle of Calabria
- Battle of Taranto
- Operation White
- Battle of Cape Spartivento
- Dodecanese Campaign
- Admirals' Trial
Notes
- ^ a b c d e "Headlines: Error Page". www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ Stewart, p. 57
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Inigo Campioni - Marina Militare". www.marina.difesa.it (in Italian). Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ a b Stewart, p. 58.
- ^ F. W. Deakin, Storia della Repubblica di Salò, Turin, Einaudi, 1968, p. 678 (in Italian).
- ^ "1944: Admiral Inigo Campioni". 24 May 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-84832-115-1.
- ^ a b Quirinale website: decoration details (in Italian)
References
- Marina Militare: Inigo CAMPIONI, Ammiraglio di Squadra, Medaglia d'oro al Valor Militare alla
- ABC-CLIO SCHOOLS History and the Headlines: Vanzo, John P., and Gordon E. Hogg, "Campioni, Inigo (1878–1944)"
- Stewart, Walter. Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2009. ISBN 978-0-7864-3809-9.