Intermittent water supply
A piped
A continuous supply is not practical in all situations.[3] In the short term, an IWS may have some benefits.[12] These may include addressing demand with a limited supply in a more economical manner.[13] An intermittent supply may be temporary (e.g., when water reserves are low) or permanent (e.g., where the piped system cannot sustain a continuous supply).[6] Associated factors resulting from an intermittent supply include water extraction by users at the same time, resulting in low pressure and a possible higher peak demand.[14]
Prevalence
A large share of water supply systems around the world are intermittent; in other words, intermittent water supply is a norm.[15][16] About 1.3 billion people have a piped supply that is intermittent, including large populations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.[1][14] This does not include those who do not get piped water at all, about 2.7 billion people.[1] Countries with intermittent supply in some areas and continuous supply in others include India[17] and South Africa.[18] In India, various cities are at various stages of constructing 24/7 supply systems, such as Chandigarh,[19] Delhi,[20] Shimla,[21] and Coimbatore.[22] In Cambodia, Phnom Penh increased coverage from 25% to 85% and duration from 10 to 24 hours a day between 1993 and 2004.[23]
Storage
Installation of storage and pumps at residences may offset the intermittency of the water supply.[6] Roof tanks are a common feature in countries where the water supply is intermittent.[24] In Jordan, most houses have one or more ground or roof tanks. An intermittent supply can be supplemented with other non-piped sources such as packaged drinking and cooking water bought from local shops or delivered to the house.[25]
See also
References
- Bibliography
- Kumpel, Emily (2013), "Water Quality and Quantity in Intermittent and Continuous Piped Water Supplies in Hubli-Dharwad, India" (PDF), Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, p. 1
(Open access) - Taylor, David Donald James (2018), "Tools for Managing Intermittent Water Supplies", Thesis (Thesis), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, OCLC 1057268826(Free to read)
- Citations
- ^ S2CID 253616080.(Open access)
- ^ Taylor 2018, p. 25, 32.
- ^ (Free to read)
- S2CID 194318870.(Free to read)
- ^ Kumpel 2013, p. 1. cited to : van den Berg, C. and A. Danilenko (2011). The IBNET Water Supply and Sanitation Performance Blue Book: The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities Databook. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-78040-706-7 – via Google Books.(Limited pages accessible, free registration required for complete access.)
- ISSN 0012-9976 – via eScholarship, University of California.(Open access)
- ^ Kumpel 2013, p. 7. To our knowledge, no systems have been intentionally designed to provide intermittent supply ... the system became limited by excessive leakages and/or unchecked network expansion.
- ISBN 978-92-9254-555-0.(Free to read)
The primary cause of intermittent water supply is the extension of distribution systems beyond their hydraulic capacity to provide service to more customers.
- doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/498. pp. 3.(Free to read)
- S2CID 206568606.
- ^ Irving, Tyler (9 July 2019). "U of T researcher proposes new model to analyze world's 'intermittent' water systems". University of Toronto News. Retrieved 5 January 2023. (Open access)
- S2CID 250394031.(Open access)
- ^ S2CID 213294175.
- ^ Mohan, S; Abhijith, GR (22 February 2021). Hayward, Keith (ed.). "Intermittent water supply interventions for India's cities". The Source. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- S2CID 116175326– via JSTOR.
- ^ Vairavamoorthy, Kala (22 February 2021). Hayward, Keith (ed.). "Closing the SDG access gap – the challenge of intermittent supply". The Source. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- S2CID 234071186.
- ^ "24x7 water supply in Chandigarh: MoU signed with French loaning agency". Hindustan Times. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Delhi divided into three zones for 24X7 water supply project". Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Shimla to get 24X7 water supply by 2025". The Tribune India. 8 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Raj, Aravind (2 January 2023). "Coimbatore: 24x7 water supply project to drag on till '25". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Seetharam, K. E.; Bridges, Geoffrey (2005). "Helping India Achieve 24x7 Water Supply Service by 2010" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Water Sector Technical Note # 1.
- ISSN 2043-9083.
- S2CID 153670339.
Further reading
- Carpenter, Alfred (1875). "The Fever At Croydon; And Intermittent Water-Supply As A Cause Of Typhoid". The British Medical Journal. 2 (777): 632–635. PMID 20748024.(Open access)