Iron Maiden
Iron Maiden | |
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Background information | |
Origin | London, England |
Genres | Heavy metal[1] |
Discography | Iron Maiden discography |
Years active | 1975–present |
Labels | |
Members | |
Past members |
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Website | ironmaiden |
Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. Although fluid in the early years of the band, the line-up for most of the band's history has consisted of Harris, lead vocalist Bruce Dickinson, drummer Nicko McBrain, and guitarists Dave Murray, Adrian Smith and Janick Gers. As pioneers of the new wave of British heavy metal movement, Iron Maiden released a series of UK and US Platinum and Gold albums, including 1980's debut album, 1981's Killers, and 1982's The Number of the Beast – its first album with Bruce Dickinson, who in 1981 replaced Paul Di'Anno as lead singer. The addition of Dickinson was a turning point in their career, establishing them as one of heavy metal's most important bands.[2] The Number of the Beast is among the most popular heavy metal albums of all time, having sold almost 20 million copies worldwide.[3]
After some turbulence in the 1990s, the return of lead vocalist Bruce Dickinson and guitarist Adrian Smith in 1999 saw the band undergo a resurgence in popularity, with a series of new albums and highly successful tours.[4] Their three most recent albums — The Final Frontier (2010), The Book of Souls (2015), and Senjutsu (2021) — have all reached No. 1 in more than 25 countries.[5][6][7] Iron Maiden have sold over 130 million copies of their albums worldwide and have obtained over 600 certifications. The band is considered to be one of the most influential and revered rock bands of all time.[8]
The band and its members have received multiple industry awards, including the
The band have released 41 albums, including 17 studio albums, 13 live albums, four EPs and seven compilations. They have also released 47 singles and 20 video albums, and two video games. Iron Maiden's lyrics cover such topics as history, literature, war, mythology, society and religion.[25][26] As of October 2019[update], the band have played some 2,500 live shows. For over 40 years the band have featured their signature mascot, "Eddie", on the covers of almost all of their releases.[27]
History
Early years (1975–1978)
Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day, 25 December 1975, by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler. Harris attributed the band's name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas, as the title reminded him of the iron maiden torture device.[29] They originally used the name Ash Mountain, but most of the band members preferred the name Iron Maiden. After months of rehearsal, Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976,[30] before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland, Stratford.[31] The original line-up was short-lived, with vocalist Paul Day being the first to go as, according to Harris, he lacked "energy or charisma on stage".[32] He was replaced by Dennis Wilcock, a Kiss fan who used makeup and fake blood during live performances.[32] Wilcock's friend, guitarist Dave Murray, was invited to join, much to the dismay of the band's guitarists Dave Sullivan and Terry Rance.[33] Their frustration led Harris to temporarily disband Iron Maiden in 1976,[33] though the group reformed soon after with Murray as the sole guitarist. Harris and Murray remain the band's longest-serving members and have performed on all of their releases.
Iron Maiden recruited another guitarist in 1977, Bob Sawyer, who was sacked for embarrassing the band on stage by pretending to play guitar with his teeth.[34] Tension ensued again, causing a rift between Murray and Wilcock, who convinced Harris to fire Murray,[35] as well as original drummer Ron Matthews.[30] A new line-up was put together, including future Cutting Crew member Tony Moore on keyboards, Terry Wapram on guitar and drummer Barry Purkis (better known today as Thunderstick). After a single gig with the band in January 1978, Moore was asked to leave as Harris decided keyboards did not suit the band's sound.[36] Dave Murray rejoined in late March 1978, and when Terry Wapram disapproved he was sacked. A few weeks later, Dennis Wilcock decided to leave Iron Maiden to form his own band, V1, with Wapram, and drummer Barry Purkis also left. Doug Sampson was at Dennis' and Thunderstick's last gig, and joined the band afterwards.
Harris, Murray and Sampson spent the summer and autumn of 1978 rehearsing while they searched for a singer to complete the band's new line-up.[37] A chance meeting at the Red Lion, a pub in Leytonstone, in November 1978 evolved into a successful audition for vocalist Paul Di'Anno.[38] Steve Harris said, "There's sort of a quality in Paul's voice, a raspiness in his voice, or whatever you want to call it, that just gave it this great edge".[39] At this time, Murray would typically act as their sole guitarist, with Harris commenting, "Davey was so good he could do a lot of it on his own. The plan was always to get a second guitarist in, but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult".[40]
Record contract and early releases (1978–1981)
On New Year's Eve, 1978, Iron Maiden recorded a four-song demo at Spaceward Studios in Cambridge.[41] Hoping the recording would help them secure more gigs,[41] the band gave a copy to Neal Kay, who, at the time, was managing a heavy metal club called "Bandwagon Heavy Metal Soundhouse".[42] After hearing the tape, Kay began playing the demo regularly at the Bandwagon, and one of the songs, "Prowler", eventually went to No. 1 in the Soundhouse charts, which were published weekly in Sounds magazine.[43] A copy was also acquired by Rod Smallwood, who soon became the band's manager.[44] As Iron Maiden's popularity increased, they released the demo on their own record label as The Soundhouse Tapes, named after the club.[45] Featuring only three tracks (one song, "Strange World", was excluded as the band were unsatisfied with its production),[46] all 5,000 copies sold out within weeks.[43]
In December 1979, the band secured a major record deal with EMI[47] and asked Dave Murray's childhood friend, Adrian Smith of Urchin, to join the group as their second guitarist.[48] Busy with his own band, Smith declined and Dennis Stratton was hired instead.[49] Shortly after, Doug Sampson left due to health issues and was replaced by ex-Samson drummer Clive Burr at Stratton's suggestion on 26 December 1979.[50] Iron Maiden's first appearance on an EMI album was on the Metal for Muthas compilation (released on 15 February 1980) with two early versions of "Sanctuary" and "Wrathchild".[51] The release led to a tour including several other bands linked with the new wave of British heavy metal movement.[52]
Iron Maiden released their self-titled album in 1980, which debuted at No. 4 in the UK Albums Chart.[53] In addition to the title track, the album included other early favourites such as "Running Free", "Transylvania", "Phantom of the Opera" and "Sanctuary" – which was not on the original UK release, but appeared on the US version and subsequent remasters. The band embarked on a headline tour of the UK, before opening for Kiss on their 1980 Unmasked Tour's European leg as well as supporting Judas Priest on select dates. After the Kiss tour, Dennis Stratton was dismissed from the band as a result of creative and personal differences,[54] and was replaced by Smith in October 1980. In December, the band played at the Rainbow Theatre in London, where their first live video was filmed. Live at the Rainbow was released in May 1981, and "Iron Maiden" and "Wrathchild" from this video received heavy rotation on MTV during its first hours on the air as the first metal videos ever.[55][56][57]
In 1981, Iron Maiden released their second studio album,
Success (1981–1985)
By 1981, Paul Di'Anno was demonstrating increasingly erratic behaviour, particularly due to his drug usage,[30] about which Di'Anno comments, "It wasn't just that I was snorting a bit of coke, though; I was just going for it non-stop, 24 hours a day, every day ... the band had commitments piling up that went on for months, years, and I just couldn't see my way to the end of it. I knew I'd never last the whole tour. It was too much".[65] Di'Anno was dismissed following the Killer World Tour,[66] and the band had already selected his replacement.[67] After a meeting with Rod Smallwood at the Reading Festival,[68] Bruce Dickinson, formerly of Samson, auditioned for Iron Maiden in September 1981 and was immediately hired.[67] The following month, Dickinson went out on the road with the band on a small headlining tour in Italy and a one-off show at the Rainbow Theatre in the UK.[66] For the last show, and in anticipation of their forthcoming album, the band played "Children of the Damned" and "22 Acacia Avenue", introducing fans to their new material.[69]
In 1982, Iron Maiden released their third studio album,
In December 1982, drummer Clive Burr was fired from the band and replaced by Nicko McBrain, who previously played for Trust.[79] Although Harris said the dismissal took place because his live performances were affected by offstage activities,[80] Burr later claimed he was unfairly ousted from the band.[81] The band then recorded the first of three consecutive albums at Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas.[82] In 1983, they released their fourth studio album, Piece of Mind, which reached the No. 3 spot in the UK[83] and No. 14 on the Billboard 200.[63] Piece of Mind features the singles "The Trooper" and "Flight of Icarus", the latter being one of the band's few songs to gain substantial airplay in the US.[84] Iron Maiden played 147 concerts in Europe and North America as a part of the World Piece Tour. This was also their first major North America tour as headliners, selling out Madison Square Garden with a crowd of 20,000.[56][85]
After the success of Piece of Mind and its supporting tour, the band released their fifth studio album,
The tour was physically gruelling for the band, who demanded six months off when it ended (although this was later reduced to four months).
Experimentation (1986–1989)
Returning from their time off, the band added different musical elements to their 1986 studio album,
During the following tour, the band headlined the Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park on 20 August 1988, playing to the largest crowd in the festival's history (107,000).[112] The tour concluded with several headline shows in the UK in November and December 1988, with the concerts at the NEC Arena, Birmingham, recorded for a live video, entitled Maiden England. The video debuted at top spots of worldwide music videos charts.[113] In May, the group set out on a supporting tour, which saw them perform 103 shows to well over two million people worldwide over seven months.[114] To recreate the album's keyboards onstage throughout the tour, the group recruited Michael Kenney, Steve Harris' bass technician; Kenney has served as the band's live keyboard player ever since, also performing on the band's four following albums.[115]
Upheaval (1989–1994)
During a break in 1989, guitarist Adrian Smith released a solo album with his band
Iron Maiden then began work on a new studio record. During the pre-production stages, Adrian Smith left the band due to differences with Steve Harris regarding the direction the band should be taking. Smith disagreed with the "stripped down" style they were leaning towards.
After another break, the band recorded their next studio album, Fear of the Dark, which was released in 1992. The title track became a regular part of the band's concert setlists. Achieving their third No. 1 on the UK albums chart and No. 12 on the Billboard 200,[63][124] the release also included the No. 2 single "Be Quick or Be Dead", the No. 21 single "From Here to Eternity", and the softer "Wasting Love".[125] The album featured the first songwriting by Gers, and no collaboration between Harris and Dickinson on songs. The extensive worldwide tour that followed included their first-ever Latin American leg, although Christian organisations prevented Iron Maiden from performing in Chile and accused them of being "emissaries of satanic propaganda",[126] and headlining the Monsters of Rock festivals in seven European countries.[127] Iron Maiden's second performance at Donington Park, for a sold-out audience of 75,000,[128][129] was filmed for the audio and video release Live at Donington and featured a guest appearance by Adrian Smith, who joined the band to perform "Running Free".[129] The tour also saw conflicts between Bruce Dickinson and rest of the band.[56][130]
In 1993, Dickinson left the band to pursue his solo career, but agreed to remain for a farewell tour and two live albums (later re-released in one package).[131] The first, A Real Live One, was released in March 1993 and featured songs from 1986 to 1992, and the second, A Real Dead One, was released after Dickinson left the band and featured songs from 1980 to 1984. The tour did not go well, with Steve Harris claiming Dickinson would only perform properly for high-profile shows, and that at several concerts, he would only mumble into the microphone.[132] Dickinson denied he was under-performing, saying it was impossible to "make like Mr. Happy Face if the vibe wasn't right", and that news of his exit from the band had prevented any chance of a good atmosphere during the tour.[133] Bruce Dickinson played his farewell show with Iron Maiden on 28 August 1993. The show was filmed, broadcast by the BBC and released on video under the name Raising Hell.[134]
Difficulties (1994–1999)
In 1994, the title track from Fear of the Dark album received a Grammy Awards nomination for "Best Metal Performance", a first for Iron Maiden.[135] The band listened to hundreds of tapes sent in by vocalists before convincing Blaze Bayley, formerly of the band Wolfsbane, who had supported Iron Maiden in 1990, to audition for them.[136] Harris' preferred choice from the outset,[137] Bayley had a different vocal style from his predecessor and ultimately received a mixed reception among fans.[138]
After a three-year hiatus – a record for the band at the time – Iron Maiden released their next studio album, The X Factor. The band had their lowest chart position since 1981 for an album in the UK (debuting at No. 8), although it went on to win "Album of the Year" awards in France, Spain and Germany.[139] The record included the 11-minute epic "Sign of the Cross", the band's longest song since "Rime of the Ancient Mariner", as well as the singles "Man on the Edge" (based on the film Falling Down)[140] and "Lord of the Flies", based on the novel of the same name.[141] The release is notable for its "dark" tone, inspired by Steve Harris' divorce.[142] The band toured for the rest of 1995 and 1996, playing their first shows in Israel and South Africa as well as Malta, Bulgaria and Romania in Europe, before concluding in the Americas. The biggest show of the whole tour was a headline appearance for 60,000 people at the Monsters of Rock festival in São Paulo, Brazil.The X Factor sold 1.3 million copies, the lowest sales result since 1981.[143] After the tour, Iron Maiden released a compilation album, Best of the Beast. The band's first compilation, it included a new single, "Virus", in which the lyrics attack critics who had recently written off the band.[144]
In 1998, Iron Maiden released Virtual XI, whose chart scores were the band's lowest to date.[145][146] The album peaked at No. 16 in the UK, the band's lowest for a new studio record.[147] At the same time, Steve Harris assisted in remastering the band's entire discography, up to and including Live at Donington.[148] Bayley's tenure in Iron Maiden ended in January 1999 when he was asked to leave during a band meeting.[149] The dismissal took place due to issues Bayley had experienced with his voice during the Virtual XI World Tour,[150] although Janick Gers said this was partly the band's fault for forcing him to perform songs pitched outside the natural range of his voice.[151]
Reunion and renewed success (1999–2005)
The band entered into talks with Dickinson, who agreed to rejoin during a meeting in Brighton in January 1999,
Not satisfied with the results from Harris' Barnyard Studios, located on his property in Essex,
The reunion world tour that followed had over 100 dates (including 31 shows of the 1999 tour), and culminated on 19 January 2001 in a show at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil, where Iron Maiden played to an audience of over 250,000.[160] While the performance was being produced for a CD and DVD release in March 2002, under the name Rock in Rio,[161] the band took a year off from touring, although they played three consecutive shows at Brixton Academy to raise funds for former drummer Clive Burr, who had recently announced that he had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.[162] The band performed two further concerts for Burr's MS Trust Fund charity in 2005,[163] and 2007,[164] before his death in 2013.[165] During the 2000–2002 tour, Iron Maiden played 91 shows for over two million people in 33 countries.[166] In addition to their touring success, the band were nominated twice for the annual Grammy Awards[167] and received the International Achievement Award at the 2001 Ivor Novello Awards.[168]
Following their summer 2003
During the
Continued success and expanded tours (2005–2014)
At the end of 2005, Iron Maiden began work on A Matter of Life and Death, their fourteenth studio album, which was released in autumn 2006. War and religion are recurring themes in the lyrics and the cover artwork.[181] The release was a critical and commercial success, marking the band's first top ten on the Billboard 200 and debuting at number one in the album charts of 13 countries.[182][56] The supporting tour saw mixed critical reception,[183] but included the band's first performance in Dubai at the Dubai Desert Rock Festival for 25,000 people,[184] followed by a concert in Bangalore Palace Grounds, the first of any heavy metal band in India.[185][184] The band then played a string of European dates, including an appearance at Download Festival, their fourth headline performance at Donington Park,[186] to approximately 80,000 people.[187]
On 5 September 2007, the band announced their
On 20 January 2009, the band announced they were planning to release a full-length documentary film in select cinemas on 21 April 2009. Entitled Iron Maiden: Flight 666, it documented the first part of the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour (between February and March 2008).[200] Flight 666 was co-produced by Banger Productions and was distributed in cinemas by Arts Alliance Media and EMI, with D&E Entertainment sub-distributing in the US.[201] The film went on to have a Blu-ray, DVD, and CD release in May and June,[198] topping the music DVD charts in 25 countries.[197] In most of them the release went Gold, Platinum or Multi-Platinum.[56]
The band had begun composing new material and booked studio time in early 2010 with Kevin Shirley producing,[202] and The Final Frontier was announced on 4 March and featured three singles "The Final Frontier", "El Dorado" and "Coming Home", as well as epic, progressive opuses "Isle of Avalon", "The Talisman" and "When The Wild Wind Blows".[203] The album, the band's fifteenth, was released on 16 August[204] to critical acclaim.[205] It was also the band's greatest commercial success to that point, reaching No. 1 in twenty-eight countries worldwide,[206] including a debut at No. 4 on Billboard 200.
The album's
On 15 February, the band announced their third retrospective Maiden England World Tour 2012–14, which was based around the video of the same name.[215] The tour commenced in North America in the summer of 2012 and was followed by further dates in 2013 and 2014, and included the band's fifth headline performance at Donington Park with 100,000 fans in attendance.[216][211][217] Iron Maiden closed the tour in July 2014 at Sonisphere Festival, Knebworth, having undertaken 100 shows in 32 countries before an estimated audience of more than 2.7 million people.[218][219][56]
Latest albums and tours (2015–present)
The band's 2015 album, The Book of Souls, was released on 4 September.[220] The band's first original studio album not to be issued by EMI outside North America, following Parlophone's acquisition by Warner Music Group in 2013,[221] it was a critical and commercial success, becoming the band's fifth UK No. 1 album[222] and hit No. 4 on Billboard 200 in the US. The new release reached the number one position in the album charts of 43 countries.[223] The new record was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios in late summer 2014;[224] its closing song, "Empire of the Clouds", penned by Dickinson, surpassed "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" (from 1984's Powerslave) as Iron Maiden's longest song, at 18 minutes in length.[220]
In February 2016, the band embarked on The Book of Souls World Tour, with shows in 35 countries across six continents, including their first performances in China, El Salvador, and Lithuania. It was the band's biggest album tour since 1996.[225] In total, Iron Maiden played 117 shows on six continents for well over two and a half million people.[226][56] The band then launched the Legacy of the Beast World Tour in Europe in 2018,[227] with North and South American shows following in 2019.[228] The tour was received very positively by fans and critics.[229]
The COVID-19 pandemic forced rescheduling of nearly one million tickets from 2020, first to 2021, and then to 2022.[56][230] In October 2020, the band announced they would release a live album from the Legacy of the Beast World Tour called Nights of the Dead, Legacy of the Beast: Live in Mexico City. The double concert album was recorded during three sold-out concerts in Mexico City's Palacio de los Deportes for a combined audience of over 70,000 people.[231]
On 15 July 2021, Iron Maiden released a video for their first song in six years, "
Eventually Legacy of the Beast Tour 2018/2019/2022 spanned 140 shows and became the longest tour with Bruce Dickinson on vocals since the Somewhere on Tour in the '80s. During the 3-year period (excluding the pandemic hiatus) Iron Maiden selling out multiple headline stadiums, major arenas and festival performances across Europe and North, South and Central America. The musicians performed to well over 3.5 million fans worldwide and the tour was considered both the fans and journalists as their most elaborate and successful to date. Iron Maiden headlined Brazilian Rock in Rio Festival twice and constantly performed before auditories of 50,000 and 100,000 people.[239][240]
On 6 October 2022, the band announced their next tour will be called The Future Past World Tour.[241] The theme of the tour will be a combination of Senjutsu and the underperformed 1986 album Somewhere in Time. According to Steve Harris, the band plans to perform songs which have not been played live for 35 years or even at all before, in addition to tracks from "Senjutsu" and other albums.[241] On 1 February 2023, the band received their second nomination for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[242][243]
On 28 May 2023, the band started their 25th global tour, The Future Past World Tour with a concert in Ljubljana. For the first time in history, the repertoire of performances included the song "
In mid-October, shows planned for 2024 were announced. Already at the pre-sale stage, a second concert at the Estadio Nacional in Santiago was added.[250] In a short period of time, over 100,000 tickets were sold for both concerts combined, setting another record in the history of the band.[251] The first concert in Bogota in 13 years at the El Campin stadium was sold out at the pre-sale stage in 20 minutes. The band broke all previous records of ticket sales for Colombian concerts by a foreign artist, set by icons such as The Rolling Stones, Madonna, The Weekend, Ed Sheeran and Coldplay.[252] The first of two concerts at the Allianz Parque stadium in São Paulo was sold out in two minutes, the band set a sales record for a group representing heavy rock.[253]
Image and legacy
Iron Maiden have received multiple nominations, honours and awards including
In January 2023 Iron Maiden were honoured by Royal Mail UK with dedicated postal stamps and cards. Other British bands honoured with a unique range of stamps include the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, Pink Floyd, Queen.[23][24] Iron Maiden have sold over 130 million copies of their albums worldwide,[273][274][275][24][276][277][278][279][280][281] despite little radio or television support.[282] According to many sources all audio-visual catalogue of the band have sold in over 200 million copies worldwide, including regular albums, singles, compilations, and videos.[283][284][285][286][287] Their third studio album, The Number of the Beast, is among the most popular heavy metal albums of all time and the most commercially successful release of the band, having sold almost 20 million copies worldwide.[288][289][290][291][292][293][294][295][296][78] As of 2022 their releases have been certified silver, gold and platinum around 600 times worldwide.[297] In July 2022 Pollstar published the list of Top 150 Touring Artists recapitating the data of headlining soloed shows in North America between 1981 and 2021. Iron Maiden scored position 35 with around 9.2 mln tickets sold during this period.[298]
In 1979/1980, visual artist Derek Riggs created the macabre mascot named Eddie The Head. Since then, Eddie has been an integral part of the stage and media image of the group.[299] Originally a papier-mâché mask which would squirt fake blood during their live shows,[300] the character featured on the band's debut album cover, also done by Derek Riggs.[301] Eddie was painted exclusively by Riggs until 1992, at which point the band began using artwork from other artists, including Melvyn Grant.[124] In 2023, a special version of the board game Monopoly dedicated to the British band was released worldwide.[302][303][304][305]
A large puppet version of Eddie has appeared many times during carnival celebrations in
At the beginning of January 2021, at a general audience in
Influence on other artists and the genre
Kiss co-founder Paul Stanley said Iron Maiden "have helped spawn an entire genre of music" and influenced literally thousands of other artists.[320][321] According to Guitar World, Iron Maiden's music has "influenced generations of newer metal acts, from legends like Metallica to current stars like Avenged Sevenfold,"[322] with Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich saying he has "always had an incredible amount of respect and admiration for them."[323] Ulrich has frequently cited Iron Maiden as probably the biggest influence on Metallica's career.[324] Metallica's guitarist Kirk Hammett described the cover of Iron Maiden's debut LP as his favourite album cover and said the song "Phantom of the Opera" from that album played an important role in his development as a guitarist. Hammett explained how "(...) a lot of guitar elements from that song can still be heard in his work with Metallica today".[325] Jason Newsted, ex-bassist of Metallica, named two bands he believed made Metallica's success possible: AC/DC and Iron Maiden.[326] Kerry King of Slayer stated that "they meant so much to [him] in their early days".[327] Two of the founding members of Anthrax, guitarist Scott Ian and bassist Danny Lilker, have also cited Iron Maiden as one of the band's main influences and inspirations (especially early on in their career), the former saying "they had a major impact on [his] life."[327][328] Megadeth have cited Iron Maiden as one of their biggest inspirations on many different levels.[329] Members of Testament have stated Iron Maiden were one of their blueprint bands and they have covered Iron Maiden songs many times.[330] Exodus guitarist Gary Holt and late singer Paul Baloff have also acknowledged Iron Maiden as one of the band's influences, with the former citing both them and Judas Priest as "basically the calibre of the stuff [he] listened to" in Exodus' early years.[331][332] Kurt Cobain, late founder, composer, vocalist and guitarist of Nirvana, was a big fan of Iron Maiden.[333] Both former and current members of Suicidal Tendencies have also mentioned Iron Maiden as one of the sources of inspiration behind their music.[334][335] Alice in Chains have also mentioned Iron Maiden's influences on them.[336]
Other bands and artists influenced by Iron Maiden include Ghost,[337][338] HIM,[339] M. Shadows, Trivium, [323] Slipknot and Stone Sour,[259] In Flames,[340] Amon Amarth,[341] Muse,[342] Anthrax,[343] Angra,[344] Lady Gaga,[345] Miley Cyrus,[346] opera composer Lee Bradshaw[347] and others.
Journalist Geoff Barton says the band's music constituted an important passage between the classic heavy rock school during the 1960s and 1970s, based on rhythm and blues, and contemporary heavy metal, characterised by sub-genre diversification and stylistic eclecticism.[348] According to Rock 'n Roll Fantasy Camp the style and attitude of Iron Maiden drummer Nicko McBrain has inspired generations of heavy-metal drummers that followed.[349] Music journalist and the writer Neil Daniels said Iron Maiden "redefined the whole genre blending classic heavy rock influence with punky vibe, twin guitars attack and progressive approach which finally have created the new quality. [The] Band's influence on generations of rock and metal bands cannot be overstated. They elevated metal to an art form, proving that academic and musical inspirations can coexist."[299] The band's profile by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame says "in the 1980s, Iron Maiden released seven high-octane albums that cemented them as one of the greatest rock bands – creating a blueprint for how heavy metal bands should look, sound and tour."[350]
Appearance in media
The first heavy metal videos broadcast by
The number of releases in tribute to the British band can be estimated in the hundreds, with an extremely wide range of stylistic variants.
Claims of Satanic references
The 1982 release of The Number of the Beast created some controversy for the band. The artwork and title track led to Christian groups in the United States branding the band as Satanists, encouraging people to destroy copies of the release.[73] The band's manager, Rod Smallwood, later said the groups initially burnt the records, but later decided to destroy them with hammers due to fear of breathing in the melting vinyl's fumes.[361] The protests were not restricted to the US, with Christian organisations preventing Iron Maiden from performing in Chile in 1992.[126]
The band have always denied the notion they are Satanists, with lead vocalist, Bruce Dickinson, doing so on-stage in the
Ed Force One
For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009, Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport.[364] The aeroplane was converted into a combi configuration, which enabled it to carry the band, their crew and stage production, allowing the group to perform in countries which were previously deemed unreachable logistically.[365] It was also repainted with a special Iron Maiden livery,[365] which the airline decided to retain after receiving positive feedback from customers.[366]
The aircraft, named "Ed Force One" after a competition on the band's website,[367] was flown by Dickinson, as he was also a commercial airline pilot for Astraeus, and plays a major role in the award-winning documentary[368] Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which was released in cinemas in 42 countries in April 2009.[200] A different aeroplane (registered G-STRX)[369] was used for The Final Frontier World Tour in 2011 with altered livery, adopting the artwork of The Final Frontier album,[370] and features heavily in the 2012 documentary "Behind the Beast".
For The Book of Souls World Tour in 2016, the band upgraded to an ex-Air France Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet, supplied by Air Atlanta Icelandic (registered TF-AAK)[371] and customised by Volga-Dnepr Gulf,[372] which allows for more space without the aircraft having to undergo a significant conversion to carry their equipment.[373] In January 2022, Bruce Dickinson told the Associated Press that he would not be piloting the band's plane on their upcoming tour, citing his nearing the mandatory age limit for commercial airline pilots. According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), commercial pilots must retire at age 65. However, there is currently no maximum age limit for either private pilots or military pilots.[374]
Musical style and influences
Steve Harris, Iron Maiden's bassist and primary songwriter,[375] has said his influences include Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, Uriah Heep, Pink Floyd, Genesis, Yes, Jethro Tull, Thin Lizzy, UFO, Queen, and Wishbone Ash.[376] In 2010 Harris said, "I think if anyone wants to understand Maiden's early thing, in particular the harmony guitars, all they have to do is listen to Wishbone Ash's Argus album. Thin Lizzy too, but not as much. And then we wanted to have a bit of a prog thing thrown in as well, because I was really into bands like Genesis and Jethro Tull. So you combine all that with the heavy riffs and the speed, and you've got it."[322] In 2004, Harris explained the band's "heaviness" was inspired by "Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in."[377] Harris also developed his own playing style, which guitarist Janick Gers describes as "more like a rhythm guitar."[378] Harris's bass technique is responsible for the band's galloping style,[379] heard in such songs as "The Trooper"[380] and "Run to the Hills".[381]
The band's guitarists, Dave Murray, Adrian Smith, and Janick Gers, each have their own individual influences and playing styles. Dave Murray is known for his legato technique which, he says, "evolved naturally. I'd heard Jimi Hendrix using legato when I was growing up, and I liked that style of playing."[382] Stating that he "was inspired by blues rock rather than metal," Adrian Smith was influenced by Johnny Winter and Pat Travers, leading to him becoming a "melodic player."[383] Janick Gers prefers a more improvised style, largely inspired by Ritchie Blackmore,[384] which he says is in contrast to Smith's "rhythmic" sound.[385]
Singer Bruce Dickinson, who typically works in collaboration with guitarist Adrian Smith,[386] has an operatic vocal style, inspired by Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill, Ian Anderson and Ian Gillan,[387] and is often considered to be one of the best heavy metal vocalists of all time.[388] Although Nicko McBrain has only received one writing credit, on the Dance of Death album,[389] Harris often relies on him while developing songs. Adrian Smith commented, "Steve loves playing with him. [They] used to work for hours going over these bass and drum patterns."[390]
Throughout their career, the band's style has remained largely unchanged, although the addition of guitar synthesisers on 1986's Somewhere in Time,[120] keyboards on 1988's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son,[110] and an attempt to return to the "stripped down" production of their earlier material on 1990's No Prayer for the Dying marked some experimentation.[119] In recent years, however, the band have begun using more progressive elements in their songs,[391] which Steve Harris describes as not progressive "in the modern sense, but like Dream Theater, more in a 70s way".[392] According to Harris, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son was the band's first album which was "more progressive",[393] and they would return to this style in 1995's The X Factor, which he states is "like an extension of Seventh Son..., in the sense of the progressive element to it".[142] The development contrasts with the band's raw-sounding earlier material,[322] which AllMusic states was "clearly drawing from elements of punk rock",[394] although Harris firmly denies this.[395]
Band members
Touring musicians
|
Discography
|
Concert tours
Concert tour | Duration | Lineups | Dates | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocals | Bass | Guitars | Drums | |||||
Early Days Shows | May 1976 – Dec 1979 | P. Di'Anno | S. Harris | D. Murray | D. Stratton | — | C. Burr | 200 |
Metal for Muthas Tour | Feb 1980 | 30 | ||||||
Iron Maiden Tour | Apr – Dec 1980 | 127 | ||||||
Killer World Tour | Feb – Dec 1981 | A. Smith | 132 | |||||
The Beast on the Road | Feb – Dec 1982 | B. Dickinson | 188 | |||||
World Piece Tour | May – Dec 1983 | N. McBrain | 147 | |||||
World Slavery Tour | Aug 1984 – Jul 1985 | 193 | ||||||
Somewhere on Tour | Sep 1986 – May 1987 | 157 | ||||||
Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour | Apr – Dec 1988 | 103 | ||||||
No Prayer on the Road | Sep 1990 – Sep 1991 | — | J. Gers | 120 | ||||
Fear of the Dark Tour | Jun – Nov 1992 | 66 | ||||||
Real Live Tour | Mar – Aug 1993 | 46 | ||||||
The X Factour | Sep 1995 – Sep 1996 | B. Bayley | 133 | |||||
Virtual XI World Tour | Apr – Dec 1998 | 83 | ||||||
The Ed Hunter Tour | Jul – Oct 1999 | B. Dickinson | A. Smith | 31 | ||||
Brave New World Tour | Jun 2000 – Mar 2002 | 91 | ||||||
Give Me Ed... 'Til I'm Dead Tour | May – Aug 2003 | 57 | ||||||
Dance of Death World Tour | Oct 2003 – Feb 2004 | 53 | ||||||
Eddie Rips Up the World Tour | May – Sep 2005 | 45 | ||||||
A Matter of Life and Death Tour | Oct 2006 – Jun 2007 | 60 | ||||||
Somewhere Back in Time World Tour | Feb 2008 – Apr 2009 | 91 | ||||||
The Final Frontier World Tour | Jun 2010 – Aug 2011 | 101 | ||||||
Maiden England World Tour | Jun 2012 – Jul 2014 | 100 | ||||||
The Book of Souls World Tour | Feb 2016 – Jul 2017 | 117 | ||||||
Legacy of the Beast World Tour | May 2018 – Oct 2022 | 140 | ||||||
The Future Past World Tour | May 2023 – Dec 2024 | 80 |
Awards and nominations
See also
- List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
- List of new wave of British heavy metal bands
- List of music artists and bands from England
- List of songs recorded by Iron Maiden
- List of Iron Maiden tribute albums
- The Iron Maidens
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- ISBN 1-84240-361-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ISBN 1-84240-361-3.)
{{cite book}}
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Further reading
- Bayer, Gerd (2009). Heavy Metal Music in Britain. Farnham, Surrey, UK: ISBN 978-0-7546-6423-9.
- Bushell, Gary (1985). Iron Maiden: Running Free. Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 978-0-946-39184-4.
- Daniels, Neil (2016). Iron Maiden - Updated Edition: The Ultimate Illustrated History of the Beast. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-760-35167-3.
- Daniels, Neil (2019). Iron Maiden - Playing With Madness: A Collection Of Writings On The Beast. Createspace. ISBN 978-1540515803.
- Di'Anno, Paul (2010). The Beast: Singing With Iron Maiden―The Drugs, the Groupies . . . the Whole Story. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-844-54884-2.
- Dickinson, Bruce (2017). What Does This Button Do?: An Autobiography. Dey Street Books. ISBN 978-0-062-46813-0.
- ISBN 978-0306903311.
- EMI. "Part 2: Groundwork". Iron Maiden: In Profile. EMI.
- Evans, Mike (2015). Vinyl. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4549-1781-6.
- Fuentes Rodríguez, César (2005). Iron Maiden: El Viaje De La Doncella. Quarentena Ediciones. ISBN 84-933891-2-9.
- Gamba, Marco; Visintini, Nicola (2000). Iron Maiden Companion (1st ed.). Moving Media & Arts. ISBN 8867900234.
- Gamba, Marco; Visintini, Nicola (2004). Iron Maiden Companion (2nd ed.). Moving Media & Arts. ISBN 978-8867900237.
- Halfin, Ross (2008). Iron Maiden. Vision On. ISBN 978-1-846-09445-3.
- Haydn, Reinhardt (2007). HIM – His Infernal Majesty. Plexus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85965-392-3.
- Juras, Stjepan (2021). Maiden Croatia Stjepan Juras (ed.). Killers. Zadar, Croatia. ISBN 978-953-48280-3-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - McMurtrie, John (2013). Iron Maiden: On Board Flight 666. Orion Publishing. ISBN 978-1-409-14136-5.
- Peterson, Lawrence (2009). Blaze Bayley: At the End of the Day. Blaze Bayley Recordings Ltd. ISBN 9781844266876.
- Phillips, William; Cogan, Brian (20 March 2009). Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal Music. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34801-3.
- Popoff, Martin (2013). 2 Minutes to Midnight: An Iron Maiden Day-by-Day. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-617-13565-1.
- Popoff, Martin (2019). Wheels of Steel – the explosive early years of the NWOBHM. Power Chord Press. ISBN 978-1912782185.
- Prato, Greg (2015). Iron Maiden: '80 '81. self-published. ISBN 978-1-508-53638-3.
- Rodríguez Rojas, Luis Mariano (2020). Detailed Discography of the Beast [ebook]. A Run Hard Publication.
- Shooman, Joe (2007). Bruce Dickinson: Flashing Metal with Iron Maiden and Flying Solo. Independent Music Press. ISBN 978-0-9552822-4-9.
- Smallwood, Rod (1995). X Factor Press Release. EMI - Sanctuary Management.
- ISBN 1-84240-361-3.
External links
- Official website
- Iron Maiden at AllMusic
- Iron Maiden at IMDb