Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo
Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo | |
---|---|
Minister of Economic Affairs | |
In office 30 July 1953 – 8 November 1954 | |
Prime Minister | Ali Sastroamidjojo |
Preceded by | Soemanang Soerjowinoto |
Succeeded by | Roosseno |
Minister of Home Affairs | |
In office 27 April 1951 – 3 April 1952 | |
Prime Minister | Soekiman Wirjosandjojo |
Preceded by | Assaat Datuk Mudo |
Succeeded by | Mohammad Roem |
Resident of Surakarta | |
In office July 1946 – November 1946 | |
Preceded by | Sindoeredjo |
Succeeded by | Sjamsuridjal |
Personal details | |
Born | Jombang Regency, Soerabaja Residency, Dutch East Indies | 11 July 1896
Died | 11 September 1984 Jakarta, Indonesia | (aged 88)
Political party | PNI (until 1973) |
Other political affiliations | |
Alma mater | Leiden University (Mr.) |
Occupation |
|
Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo (EVO: Iskaq Tjokrohadisoerjo; 11 July 1896 – 11 September 1984) was an Indonesian politician and advocate. A member of the Indonesian National Party, he served as Minister of Economic Affairs and Minister of Home Affairs during the 1950s. Hailing from Jombang Regency and being educated in law, he received higher education at Leiden University after a five-year career in various colonial courts. Iskaq was one of the earliest native Indonesian advocates during the Dutch colonial period, founding multiple law offices across the country. He also took part in the nationalist movement, being a co-founder of the Indonesian National Party and being arrested along with its other leaders in 1929.
During the
Early life and career
Iskaq was born in the village of Ngepeh, in
While the nationalist student organization Perhimpoenan Indonesia was active in Leiden, Iskaq was not active in the organization, as he was working at the stock market and did not want to risk his employment. He was still interested in politics, however, and when he graduated on 30 June 1925 and returned to Java in 1926, he decided against working for the colonial government.[3][4] According to Iskaq in a 1971 interview, his decision was motivated by his more egalitarian treatment in the Netherlands compared to his treatment by colonial authorities back home.[5]
Early political career
Upon his return from Leiden, Iskaq founded the first native Indonesian law office in Batavia along with several other such as future parliamentary speaker Sartono and future prime minister Ali Sastroamidjojo. He later moved to Bandung and founded another law office there (as he had a Dutch wife, whom he thought would fit in better in Bandung), and left leadership of the Batavia office to Sartono.[4][6] He was one of the founders of the General Study Club (Algemeene Studieclub) in Bandung, formed on 29 November 1925.[7] Iskaq co-founded the Indonesian National Party (PNI) in 1927, and in its initial provisional leadership he was appointed as secretary/treasurer while future President Sukarno served as chairman. Iskaq had also prepared the provisional statutes for the organisation.[8]
In 1929, along with Sukarno and a few others, Iskaq was arrested due to involvement in PNI – and then shortly after released, under the conditions that he not return to Batavia or Bandung. He moved to
Following the
Cabinet Minister: 1951–1954
Home Affairs Minister
Iskaq's first cabinet post was as Minister of Home Affairs under Prime Minister Soekiman Wirjosandjojo.[20] Some two weeks after his appointment, Iskaq issued an order to cease the functioning of regional legislatures. This order brought him into conflict with the Masyumi Party (which had strong representation in the legislatures), and the dispute ended in a compromise whereas no new regional legislatures would be formed and the existing ones would be replaced based on existing regulations at a later time. His decision to appoint Sanusi Hardjadinata, a member of the PNI, to the Masyumi stronghold of West Java, and Sudiro, an ethnic-Javanese for Sulawesi, caused political controversy. These appointments resulted in a motion to censure Iskaq, which failed to pass.[21] In July 1951, Iskaq agreed with the DPV (a Dutch tobacco plantation company based in North Sumatra) to return half of its plantation (130,000 out of 255,000 hectares), which had by now been occupied by local farmers. While Soekiman's government did not act much on this agreement, its successor, the Wilopo Cabinet did attempt to enforce the agreement in 1953. This resulted in several clashes between the farmers and police in Tanjung Morawa, resulting in deaths of five people. The political firestorm that ensued as a result of the affair, caused the downfall of the Wilopo Cabinet.[22]
Regarding the question of
Economic Affairs Minister
Iskaq returned to a cabinet post as the Minister of Economic Affairs in the
Additionally, Iskaq also replaced many high-ranking officials of state-owned banks and government bodies under the ministry with PNI members. This was again controversial to other parties, with a motion of no confidence filed against him by Masyumi politicians in April 1954.[32] While the parliament had attacked Iskaq's policies as early as October 1953, alleged favoritism of firms related to PNI caused some parliament members in the government coalition to vote against Iskaq, though the motion was still defeated.[31] Eventually, following pressure from coalition members and a cabinet crisis caused by the withdrawal of the Great Indonesia Unity Party from the cabinet, Ali Sastroamidjojo conducted a cabinet reshuffle, replacing Iskaq with Roosseno Soerjohadikoesoemo on 8 November 1954.[33][34]
Corruption allegations
During
Later career and death
In late 1965, following an attempted coup, internal disputes within PNI arose from the suspension of members such as Osa Maliki, Hadisubeno Sosrowerdojo and Hardi. Iskaq attempted to organize a committee to reunite the party, but this was not accepted by the incumbent leadership led by Party Chairman Ali Sastroamidjojo.[38] He attempted to organize a party congress ahead of schedule, but this did not bear fruit and instead meetings between the opposing factions were organized by Suharto in March 1966. Iskaq was appointed as chairman for an emergency party congress, which was held on 24 April 1966 in Bandung. During the congress, many delegations who supported Ali's leadership were restricted or arrested, with the military being friendly to Osa Maliki's faction of the party. Following private negotiations, Ali acquitted to Osa's demands, and Osa was made chairman of PNI.[39] Following the PNI's poor performance in the 1971 legislative election, the party was merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1973. Iskaq refused to participate in the new party,[6] instead founding the "Marhaenism Foundation" in 1980 and the "Indonesian National Movement" in 1982 in an attempt to organize former PNI members.[40] He died on 11 September 1984 due to a heart attack and related complications.[41]
References
Citations
- ^ Tjokrohadisurjo 1986, p. 41.
- ^ Ministry of Information 1954, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d e Yasin, Muhammad (15 January 2020). "Mr. Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo dan Sejarah Firma Hukum di Indonesia". Hukum Online (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ a b c Lev 1976, p. 154.
- ^ Lev 1976, p. 149.
- ^ a b "Iskaq Tjokrohadisoerjo, Pendiri dan Kader Abadi PNI". Koran Sulindo (in Indonesian). 27 August 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ Ingleson 1979, p. 20.
- ^ Ingleson 1979, p. 33.
- ^ Lev 1976, p. 155.
- ^ Muljana, Slamet (1986). Kesadaran nasional, dari kolonialisme sampai kemerdekaan: teks pelengkap mata pelajaran sejarah nasional Indonesia untuk SMTA (in Indonesian). Inti Idayu Press. p. 58.
- ^ Tjokrohadisurjo 1986, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Gandasubrata, S. M. (1953). "An account of the Japanese occupation of Banjumas Residency, Java, March 1942 to August 1945" (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Tjokrohadisurjo 1986, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Tjokrohadisurjo 1986, p. 10.
- ^ Anderson 2006, p. 244.
- ^ Lev 1976, p. 165.
- ^ Anderson 2006, p. 403.
- ISBN 978-979-461-757-1.
- ^ Tjokrohadisurjo 1986, pp. 13–15.
- ^ Feith 2006, p. 180.
- ^ Feith 2006, pp. 183–184.
- ^ Feith 2006, pp. 293–294.
- ISBN 978-9971-988-16-6.
- ^ Feith 2006, p. 228.
- ^ "Profile". uta45jakarta.ac.id (in Indonesian). 17 August 1945 University Jakarta. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ Tjokrohadisurjo 1986, pp. 25–29.
- ^ Feith 2006, p. 339.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8014-0493-1.
- ^ Feith 2006, p. 351.
- S2CID 73599617.
- ^ a b Feith 2006, p. 380.
- ^ Feith 2006, pp. 369–371.
- ^ Feith 2006, pp. 336.
- ^ Feith 2006, pp. 382.
- ^ Feith 2006, pp. 423.
- ^ Feith 2006, pp. 477.
- ^ Lev 1976, p. 161.
- ^ McIntyre 1972, pp. 198–199.
- ^ McIntyre 1972, pp. 207–209.
- ^ Nalenan, Ruben (1982). Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo, alumni desa bersemangat banteng (in Indonesian). Gunung Agung. p. 177.
- Kompas(in Indonesian). 12 September 1984.
Sources
- ISBN 978-979-3780-14-6.
- ISBN 978-979-3780-45-0.
- Ingleson, John (1979). Road to Exile: The Indonesian Nationalist Movement, 1927-1934. Asian Studies Association of Australia. ISBN 978-0-7081-0309-8.
- JSTOR 3350960.
- McIntyre, Angus (1972). "Divisions and Power in the Indonesian National Party, 1965-1966". Indonesia (13): 183–210. JSTOR 3350686.
- Ministry of Information (1954). Kami Perkenalkan (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Archipel Printers & Editors – via Wikimedia Commons.
- Tjokrohadisurjo, Iskaq (1986). Autobiografi Mr. Iskaq Tjokrohadisuryo selaku perintis kemerdekaan (in Indonesian). Departemen Sosial R.I., Direktorat Jenderal Bina Kesejahteraan Sosial, Direktorat Urusan Kepahlawanan dan Perintis Kemerdekaan, Proyek Pembinaan Kepahlawanan dan Perintis Kemerdekaan.