North Sumatra
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North Sumatra
Sumatera Utara | |
---|---|
Province of North Sumatra | |
Chinese
5.7% Int$ 13,280 (PPP) | |
- Growth | 4.73%[3] |
HDI | 0.727 (15th) – high |
Website | sumutprov |
North Sumatra (Indonesian: Sumatera Utara[4]) is a province of Indonesia located in the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan. It is bordered by Aceh on the northwest and Riau and West Sumatra on the southeast, with two different coastlines located on the Indian Ocean and the Strait of Malacca, and a maritime border with Malaysia to the east. North Sumatra is Indonesia's fourth most populous province after West Java, East Java, and Central Java, and is also the most populous province outside of Java Island. North Sumatra is also the third-largest province in area on the island of Sumatra after South Sumatra and Riau provinces. It covers an area of 72,460.74 km2, which is approximately the same size as Sierra Leone or Scotland or Maine.
According to the 2020 census, the province's population in that year was 14,799,361.[5] The mid-2023 official estimate was 15,386,640 (comprising 7,721,314 males and 7,665,326 females).[1]
North Sumatra is a multi-ethnic province. The
During the Dutch rule, North Sumatra was administered under a government called the Gouvernement van Sumatra with an area covering the entire island of Sumatra, led by a governor based in the city of Medan. After independence, in the first session of the Regional National Committee (KND), Sumatra Province was then divided into three sub-provinces. With the issuance of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia (R.I.) No. 10 of 1948 on April 15, 1948, it was stipulated that Sumatra was divided into three provinces, each of which had the right to regulate and manage its affairs, namely: North Sumatra Province, Central Sumatra Province, and South Sumatra Province. April 15, 1948, was later designated as the anniversary of the Province of North Sumatra.
History
Prehistoric era
Prehistoric relics in North Sumatra show that the oldest population was
Around the year 1000 BC came the second wave of migration from mainland Southeast Asia, the
Linguistic and archaeological evidence indicates that
New genetic research has found that the Nias people came from the Austronesian peoples. The ancestors of the Nias people are also thought to have come from Taiwan through the Philippines 4,000 to 5,000 years ago.[9][10]
Ten years of researching involving blood samples of 440 Nias people in 11 villages on
Early historic era
The eastern coastal area of North Sumatra is located on the shores of the Straits of Malacca. The strait for centuries has been widely visited, both by Hindus and by Chinese traders, with the founding of Situs Kota Cina or Chinese Town site in
The earliest kingdom that was present on the eastern coast of North Sumatra was the
The Batakland (the area that was close to
at that time, it was remain untouched and isolated from foreign culture and kingdoms like Srivijaya and Majapahit. Although isolated, the Toba people are established their own kingdoms even though it was only limited to villages, the Batak Lands were divided into several kingdoms, which often also entered into ties for defense purposes, but each member was fully independent. Of the many kingdoms, the position of the King of Bakkara or known as Sisingamangaraja is considered more important. This more important position is due to customs and traditions which regard the area as the place of origin of the Batak people. The same thing happened to Nias people on Nias Island, the island remained isolated during its early era although its people already conducted farming, cultivating, carvings, shamanism and paganism.Kingdom, sultanate, and colonial era
Around 1500 on the east coast of Sumatra, there were several kingdoms, namely the Nagur,
Malacca fell to the
In the late 18th century, most of the Sultanates of
On March 13, 1942, Japanese forces entered Medan, by bicycle. The Grand Mosque was used as the a fortress. The troops landed on the east coast of Deli Serdang (Pantai Cermin) while in the Tapanuli, they're began occupation through Sibolga. Then within a short time the Japanese army was able to occupy important cities in North Sumatra, resistance from the Dutch were almost nonexistent. When the Japanese army occupied North Sumatra, the leader of the Japanese Armed Forces was centered in
Independence and contemporary era
After independence, the first session of the National Committee of Regions (KND), Sumatra was then divided into three sub-provinces: North Sumatra, Central Sumatra and South Sumatra. North Sumatra province itself was an amalgamation of three administrative regions called Residencies: the Residency of Aceh, the East Sumatra Residency, and the Residency of Tapanuli.
With the publication of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia (R.I.) No. 10 Year 1948 on April 15, 1948, it was determined that Sumatra was divided into three provinces, each of which has the right to organize and manage their own governments: North Sumatra, Sumatra Province, Sumatra Province. The date of 15 April 1948 was subsequently determined as the anniversary of North Sumatra Province.
In 1946, there was a social revolution of East Sumatra, it began on 3 March 1946. Across 25 "native states", many sultanates were overthrown and mass killing of members of the aristocratic families were performed by armed pergerakan groups (Indonesian nationalists).[15] To the opportunistic pergerakan militants (especially Communist Party of Indonesia members Xarim MS and Luat Siregar), the revolutionary movement was seen as one of the means for East Sumatra to be freed from colonial overlordship and to join the larger Indonesian National Revolution.[16] Participants of the revolution were believed to be provoked by leaders to kill aristocrats and create violence. These belligerents had three prime objectives: to eliminate the sultans and aristocrats (who were seen as Dutch allies), to seize their wealth (as sources of funding for the Indonesian independence campaign) and to eliminate the region's feudal social structure.[17] The revolution brought about the formation of the State of East Sumatra, which was dissolved when the region became part of the Indonesian republic.
The East Sumatra Union (Persatuan Sumatra Timur) had been formed in 1938 by the westernized Malay elites to reassert Malay and Simalungun ethnic interests through support from the Dutch. With the support of these Malays, the Dutch attempted to establish a federal Indonesia consisting of a Dutch-supported State of East Sumara (Indonesian: Negara Sumatra Timur (NST)).[18] The threat felt by the Chinese also motivated them to co-operate with the Malay aristocrats, most of the Simalungun rajas, some Karo chieftains and the Dutch in creating the NST. Dr Tengku Mansur (a member of the Asahan royal family) was selected as head of state and the NST lasted from December 1947 to August 1950. While the Dutch wanted the NST to be seen as an orderly and progressive alternative to the republic, the western-educated aristocrats saw NST as a bastion for their own ethnic interests.[19] The NST began to disintegrate as soon as Dutch military support was withdrawn. The short-lived state was viewed with suspicion, and Dr Tengku Mansur eventually surrendered authority to the republic in August 1950.[20] Consequently, East Sumatra was merged into a larger province of North Sumatra, where it has remained till today.
In early 1949, the reorganization of government took place in Sumatra, with the decision of the Government Emergency R.I. No. 22 / Govt / Emergency Government on May 17, 1949, which abolished the post of Governor of North Sumatra. Furthermore, the Government Emergency Decree R.I. on December 17, 1949, established the Province of Aceh and Tapanuli Province / East Sumatra. Then, with a Government Regulation in lieu of Law No. 5 Year 1950 on August 14, 1950, such provisions were lifted and reshaped North Sumatra Province.
Following the
Act R.I. No. 24 of 1956, promulgated on December 7, 1956, established an autonomous Aceh Province, independent of the Province of North Sumatra.[21]
Geography
The province of North Sumatra stretches across the island of Sumatra, between the Indian Ocean and the Strait of Malacca. It borders the province of Aceh on the northwest and Riau and West Sumatra in the southeast. It has an area of 72,460.74 km2. The province contains a broad, low plain along the Strait of Malacca on which the provincial capital, Medan, is located. In the south and west, the land rises to the mountain range that runs the length of Sumatra; the mountains here are dominated by Lake Toba, formed from the caldera of an ancient volcano. Several large islands in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra are currently part of North Sumatra, most notably Nias Island and the Batu Islands.
There are 419 islands in North Sumatra province. The outer islands include the island of Simuk (the most westerly of the Batu Islands), and the island of Berhala in the Strait of Sumatra (Malacca).
The Nias archipelago consists of the main island of that name and other much smaller islands in the vicinity, located off the coast of western Sumatra in the
The Batu Islands consist of 51 islands including three major islands: Pini, Tanahbala and Tanahmasa. Pulau Telo is the administrative centre on the small island of Situasi. The Batu Islands are located to the southeast of the island of Nias. Other islands in North Sumatra are Imanna, Pasu, Bawa, Hamutaia, Batu Makelele, Lego, Masa, Bau, Simaleh, Makole, Jake, and Sigata, Wunga.
Half of provinces are high plateau that runs by
Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption estimated at
It has been accepted that the eruption of the Toba Caldera led to a volcanic winter with a worldwide decrease in temperature between 3 and 5 °C (5.4 and 9.0 °F), and up to 15 °C (27 °F) in higher latitudes. Additional studies in Lake Malawi in East Africa show significant amounts of ash being deposited from the Toba Caldera eruptions, even at that great distance, but little indication of a significant climatic effect in East Africa.[27]
In North Sumatra, there are currently two national parks, the Gunung Leuser National Park and Batang Gadis National Park. According to the Ministerial Decree, No. 44 of 2005, the forest area in North Sumatra today covers 3,742,120 hectares (ha), which consists of a Natural Reserve Area/Natural Conservation Area covering an area of 477,070 ha, 1,297,330 ha of protected forest, 879,270 ha of limited production forest, 1,035,690 ha of permanent production forest, and 52,760 ha of production forest that can be converted.
However, the figure above is only de jure. In reality, the forests are not as large as the figures suggest. A lot of the forests are damaged, due to encroachment and illegal logging. So far, over 206,000 ha of forests in Sumatra has experienced changes in function. As many as 163,000 ha were converted to plantations and 42,900 ha were transmigration areas.
Governance
The administrative centre of North Sumatra is located in the city of Medan, governed by a governor. Earlier, North Sumatra was included in a single Sumatra province when Indonesia became independent in 1945. In 1950, North Sumatra Province was formed including the former residencies of East Sumatra, Tapanuli, and Aceh. In 1956, Aceh split off to form a separate Aceh Province.
Administrative divisions
North Sumatra is currently subdivided into 25
Nias Islands Region
.
This region contains the substantial island of Nias and various small offshore islands, including the Batu Islands to the south. Originally it comprised a single Nias Regency (created on 7 November 1956), but on 25 February 2003 the southern part of the island (including the Batu Islands) was split off to form a separate South Nias Regency. On 29 October 2008 two new regencies - North Nias and West Nias - together with the city of Gunungsitoli, were split off from the remainder of Nias Regency.
Kode Wilayah |
English name of city or regency |
Local name of city or regency |
Established by statute (a) | Area in km2 |
Pop'n census 2010[28] |
Pop'n census 2020[5] |
Pop'n [1] estimate mid-2023 |
Capital | HDI[29] 2022 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.78 | Gunungsitoli City | Kota Gunungsutoli | UU 47/2008 | 469.36 | 126,202 | 136,017 | 142,890 | Gunungsitoli | 0.702 (High) |
12.04 | Nias Regency | Kabupaten Nias | UU 7/1956 | 853.44 | 131,377 | 146,672 | 153,658 | Gidö | 0.639 (Medium) |
12.14 | South Nias Regency (b) | Kabupaten Nias Selatan | UU 9/2003 | 2,487.99 | 289,708 | 360,531 | 382,539 | Teluk Dalam | 0.631 (Medium) |
12.24 | North Nias Regency | Kabupaten Nias Utara | UU 45/2008 | 1,242.14 | 127,244 | 147,274 | 155,873 | Lotu | 0.637 (Medium) |
12.25 | West Nias Regency | Kabupaten Nias Barat | UU 46/2008 | 520.34 | 81,807 | 89,994 | 95,334 | Lahomi | 0.629 (Medium) |
Totals | 5,573.27 | 756,338 | 880,550 | 930,294 |
Notes: (a) UU is an abbreviation from Undang-Undang (the Indonesia statute of law).
(b) South Nias Regency includes the Batu Islands.
The region include 124 smaller offshore islands - 87 in South Nias Regency (primarily the Batu Islands), 11 in West Nias Regency, 19 in North Nias Regency and 7 in Nias Regency.
Tapanuli Region
This region comprises the southwestern part of the province on the island of Sumatra, and equates to the former Tapanoeli Residency which existed at the time of independence (except for Nias Island). When the province was created, the region comprised three regencies (North Tapanuli, Central Tapanuli and South Tapanuli) and the city of Sibolga. A fourth regency - Dairi - was created on 23 September 1964 from part of North Tapanuli Regency. Two more new regencies were formed on 23 November 1998 - Mandailing Natal from part of South Tapanuli Regency, and Toba Samosir from another part of North Tapanuli Regency. The city of Padang Sidempuan was split off from South Tapanuli Regency on 21 June 2001. Two further regencies were formed on 25 February 2003 - Humbang Hasundutan from part of North Tapanuli Regency, and Pakpak Bharat from part of Dairi Regency. A new Samosir Regency was created from part of Toba Samosir Regency on 18 December 2003 (more recently, the remaining part of this regency was renamed Toba Regency). Another two regencies were created on 17 July 2007 - Padang Lawas and North Padang Lawas, both from parts of South Tapanuli Regency.
Kode Wilayah |
English name of city or regency |
Local name of city or regency |
Established by statute | Area in km2 |
Pop'n census 2010[28] |
Pop'n census 2020[5] |
Pop'n [1] estimate mid-2023 |
Capital | HDI[29] 2022 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.11 | Dairi Regency | Kabupaten Dairi | UU 4/1964 | 1,927.80 | 270,053 | 308,764 | 324,747 | Sidikalang | 0.725 (High) |
12.15 | Pakpak Bharat Regency | Kabupaten Pakpak Bharat | UU 9/2003 | 1,365.60 | 40,481 | 52,351 | 55,172 | Salak | 0.688 (Medium) |
12.17 | Samosir Regency | Kabupaten Samosir | UU 36/2003 | 1,444.25 | 119,653 | 136,441 | 141,333 | Pangururan | 0.716 (High) |
12.12 | Toba Regency | Kabupaten Toba | UU 12/1998 | 2,021.80 | 173,129 | 206,199 | 213,850 | Balige | 0.759 (High) |
12.02 | North Tapanuli Regency | Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara | UU 7/1956 | 3,793.71 | 279,257 | 318,424 | 323,102 | Tarutung | 0.741 (High) |
12.16 | Humbang Hasundutan Regency | Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan | UU 9/2003 | 2,502.71 | 171,650 | 197,751 | 204,700 | Dolok Sanggul | 0.703 (High) |
12.01 | Central Tapanuli Regency | Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah | UU 7/1956 | 2,194.98 | 311,232 | 365,177 | 386,895 | Pandan | 0.703 (High) |
12.73 | Sibolga City | Kota Sibolga | UU 7/1956 | 10.77 | 84,481 | 89,584 | 91,265 | Sibolga | 0.747 (High) |
12.03 | South Tapanuli Regency | Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan | UU 7/1956 | 4,335.35 | 263,815 | 300,911 | 312,540 | Sipirok | 0.709 (High) |
12.77 | Padang Sidempuan City |
Kota Padang Sidempuan | UU 32/1982 | 159.28 | 191,531 | 225,105 | 236,217 | Padang Sidempuan |
0.760 (High) |
12.20 | North Padang Lawas Regency | Kabupaten Padang Lawas Utara | UU 37/2007 | 3,945.56 | 223,531 | 260,720 | 275,448 | Gunung Tua | 0.709 (High) |
12.21 | Padang Lawas Regency | Kabupaten Padang Lawas | UU 38/2007 | 3,912.18 | 225,259 | 261,011 | 275,648 | Sibuhuan | 0.695 (Medium) |
12.13 | Mandailing Natal Regency | Kabupaten Mandailing Natal | UU 12/1998 | 6,620.70 | 404,945 | 472,886 | 496,975 | Panyabungan | 0.680 (Medium) |
Totals | 34,234.69 | 2,759,017 | 3,195,324 | 3,337,892 |
The region includes 61 small offshore islands - 24 in Mandailing Natal, 31 in Central Tapanuli (the largest being Mursala Island off Sibolga), 5 in Sibolga City and 1 in North Tapanuli, plus 6 islands in the landlocked Lake Toba comprising 5 in Samosir Regency and 1 in Humbang Hasundutan Regency.
East Sumatra Region
The region comprises the northeastern part of the province on the island of Sumatra, and equates to the former State of East Sumatra which existed at the time of independence. It now covers ten regencies and five cities, but originally there were just six regencies and the five cities. The new regency of Serdang Bedagai was formed on 18 December 2003 from part of Deli Serdang Regency, and the new regency of Batubara was formed on 2 January 2007 from part of Asahan Regency. Two further regencies were formed on 24 June 2008 - North Labuhanbatu and South Labuhanbatu - both from parts of Labuhanbatu Regency.
Kode Wilayah |
English name of city or regency |
Local name of city or regency |
Established by statute | Area in km2 |
Pop'n census 2010[28] |
Pop'n census 2020[5] |
Pop'n [1] estimate mid-2023 |
Capital | HDI[29] 2022 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.05 | Langkat Regency | Kabupaten Langkat | UU 7/1956 | 6,263.29 | 967,535 | 1,030,202 | 1,066,711 | Stabat | 0.718 (High) |
12.75 | Binjai City | Kota Binjai | UU 9/1956 | 90.45 | 246,154 | 291,842 | 303,272 | Binjai | 0.769 (High) |
12.07 | Deli Serdang Regency | Kabupaten Deli Serdang | UU 7/1956 | 2,497.72 | 1,790,431 | 1,931,441 | 2,018,164 | Lubukpakam |
0.761 (High) |
12.71 | Medan City | Kota Medan | UU 24/1956 | 281.99 | 2,097,610 | 2,435,252 | 2,474,166 | Medan | 0.817 (Very High) |
12.06 | Karo Regency | Kabupaten Karo | UU 7/1956 | 2,127.25 | 350,960 | 388,969 | 420,799 | Kabanjahe | 0.753 (High) |
12.08 | Simalungun Regency | Kabupaten Simalungun | UU 7/1956 | 4,372.50 | 817,720 | 990,246 | 1,035,920 | Raya | 0.737 (High) |
12.72 | Pematangsiantar City | Kota Pematangsiantar | UU 7/1956 | 79.97 | 234,698 | 268,254 | 274,838 | Pematang- siantar |
0.797 (High) |
12.18 | Serdang Bedagai Regency | Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai | UU 36/2003 | 1,900.22 | 594,383 | 657,490 | 682,918 | Sei Rampah |
0.712 (High) |
12.76 | Tebing Tinggi City | Kota Tebing Tinggi | UU 7/1956 | 38.44 | 145,248 | 172,838 | 178,914 | Tebing Tinggi | 0.761 (High) |
12.19 | Batubara Regency | Kabupaten Batubara | UU 5/2007 | 887.88 | 375,885 | 410,678 | 430,533 | Limapuluh | 0.695 (Medium) |
12.09 | Asahan Regency | Kabupaten Asahan | UU 7/1956 | 3,732.97 | 668,272 | 769,960 | 802,563 | Kisaran | 0.711 (High) |
12.74 | Tanjungbalai City | Kota Tanjungbalai | UU 7/1956 | 60.52 | 154,445 | 176,027 | 183,170 | Tanjungbalai | 0.698 (Medium) |
12.23 | North Labuhan Batu Regency |
Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Utara | UU 23/2008 | 3,545.80 | 330,701 | 381,994 | 401,863 | Aek Kanopan | 0.727 (High) |
12.10 | Labuhan Batu Regency |
Kabupaten Labuhan Batu | UU 7/1956 | 2,561.38 | 415,248 | 493,899 | 513,826 | Rantau Prapat | 0.729 (High) |
12.22 | South Labuhan Batu Regency |
Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Selatan | UU 22/2008 | 3,596.00 | 277,673 | 314,094 | 330,797 | Kota Pinang | 0.721 (High) |
Totals | 32,036.38 | 9,466,963 | 10,713,186 | 11,118,454 |
The region includes 38 offshore islands - 11 in Langkat Regency, 1 in Deli Serdang, 1 in Medan City, 2 in Serdang Bedagai, 1 in Simalungun, 2 in Batubara, 4 in Asahan, 8 (riverine islands) in Tanjungbalai City, 2 in North Labuhanbatu and 6 in Labuhanbatu Regency.
Demographics
Population
North Sumatra recorded a population of 12,985,075 in the 2010 national census,[28] making the 4th most populous province in Indonesia, with a sex ratio of 99.59 men per 100 women.[30] The 2015 Intermediate census gave a total of 13,923,262, while the 2020 census gave a total of 14,799,361,[5] and the official estimate for mid-2023 was 15,386,640.[1]
Migration
It was reported in January 2024 that a group of 140
Ethnic groups
North Sumatra is a multi-ethnic province. The Malay people are regarded as the majority people of the east coast of the province, while the west coast of the province is mainly inhabited by the Batak (Pakpak, Angkola and Mandailing groups). The central region around Lake Toba to the northern Karo highland is predominantly inhabited by other Batak groups (Toba, Simalungun and Karo). The Nias people are indigenous to Nias Island and its surrounding islets. With the opening of tobacco plantations in East Sumatra during the colonial era, the colonial government employed many contract labourers for plantations, they were mainly Chinese, Javanese and Indian migrants, who were majority does not returned after end contract and decided to stay in North Sumatra. The rapid urbanisation in the province also attract neighbouring people from Aceh, Riau and West Sumatra, which is the Aceh and Minangkabau people presents.[citation needed]
Bataks make up 44.95% of the population, including the Batak Karo and Mandailing. The Javanese come second with 30.62%, the Malays add up to 5.92% and the ethnic Chinese comprise 5.75%. The Nias people make up around 4.10% and the rest are Minangkabau (2.66%), Acehnese (1.07%), ethnic Indian (1.00%) and other ethnic groups (1.15%)[citation needed]
The distribution of the tribes, clans, and ethnic groups in North Sumatra is as follows:[citation needed]
- Batak Toba : throughout North Sumatra, forming the majority in the Toba, Samosir, Humbang Hasundutan, and North Tapanuli Regencies.
- .
- Rantauprapat.
- Batak Pakpak : majority in Dairi Regency and Sidikalang.
- Batak Simalungun : majority in Simalungun and Pematangsiantar
- Batak Angkola : majority in North Tapanuli, Gunung Tua, North Padang Lawas, and South Tapanuli
- .
- Nias Island (including Gunungsitoli), with a small population around the west coast.
- Tebingtinggi.
- Minangkabau people : mostly in Medan, Sibolga and Mandailing Natal.
- Indian : major east coast cities such as; Medan, Binjai, Tebing Tinggi, Pematangsiantar, Kisaran, Tanjungbalai and Deli Serdang.
- Acehnese people : Medan, Binjai up to northern parts such as Langkat.
- Chinese : major cities such as; Medan metropolitan area: (Medan, Binjai, Deli Serdang), Tanjungpura, Stabat, Tebing Tinggi, Tanjungbalai, Kisaran, Limapuluh, Rantauprapat, Pematangsiantar, Balige, Sibolga, Padangsidempuan, and Gunungsitoli.
-
Moyo dance in Nias Island
-
BatakneseTor-tordance in Samosir Island
-
Cap Go Meh festival in Gunungsitoli, Nias Island
-
Malay-Deli bride in Maimoon Palace, Medan
-
The Indian community celebrated Thaipusam festival in Medan
-
The Javanese Bujang Ganong masked dancer, part of Reog, in North Sumatra
Languages
In general, the widely used language is Indonesian. The Malays around Deli Serdang and Langkat mostly speak the Malay language, which is similar to the Perak Malay language. The Javanese people, especially around rural and plantation areas, use Javanese in daily conversation, while the urban Javanese mostly speak Indonesian.[citation needed]
The Batak people speak
Mostly ethnic Chinese in North Sumatra are fluent in
Religion
More than 95% of all residents are either Muslim or Christian; the remainder are Buddhists, Hindus, or follow folk religions such as Confucians, Parmalim, and Taoists. These are the recognized religions of North Sumatra:
- Islam: especially embraced by the Malays, Minangkabau, Javanese, Aceh, Mandailing, Angkola, partly Nias, and partly Batak Toba, Karo, Simalungun and Pakpak
- Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism): especially embraced by Batak Toba, Karo, Simalungun, Nias, Pakpak and partly Batak Angkola, partly Javanese, Chinese and Indian
- Buddhism: mainly embraced by Chinese in urban areas
- Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese folk religion: predominantly embraced by Chinese in urban areas
- Hinduism and Sikhism: especially embraced by Indian in urban areas, there are also small Batak Karo people that practising Hinduism in rural areas
- Traditional religion such as Parmalim/Pemena: embraced by most of the Batak tribe centered in Huta Tinggi, Laguboti district, Toba Samosir Regency
-
HKBP or Batak Protestant church in Balige
-
Deli Serdang
-
St Fransiskus Asisi Catholic church, Gunungsitoli, Nias
-
Sri Mariamman Temple, Medan, the oldest Hindu temple in Medan
Culture
North Sumatra hosts various ethnicities, religions and traditions, influenced by the
Music
The music that is usually played depends on the traditional ceremonies held, but is more dominant with the drums. As in the Coastal Ethnic (Indonesian: Orang Pesisir), there are musical instruments called Sikambang.
The Batak Toba, Pakpak and Simalungun tribes have a musical instrument called Gondang which is usually played during traditional ceremonies in marriage, death, and so on. Meanwhile, the Mandailing and Angkola Batak tribes have musical instruments similar to the gondang, namely Gordang Sambilan. The Malays in the East Coast have the same musical instruments as the Malays in general, such as the accordion, the Malay drum (kompang) and the violin. Meanwhile, in Tanah Karo, there are Kulcapi and Gendang musical instruments which are commonly used to accompany the Landek or Guro Guro Aron dance.
Architecture
In the field of
The traditional house of the Batak Toba ethnic,
Malay traditional houses in North Sumatra are not much different from Malay houses in other provinces, only the green and yellow color is more dominant.
Dances
The traditional dance repertoire includes various types. Some are in the form of sacred dances and some are solely for entertainment. In addition to traditional dances which are part of traditional ceremonies, sacred dances are usually danced by dayu-datu. Included in this type of dance are teacher dances and stick dances. Datu danced while swinging a magic stick called Tunggal Panaluan.
Profane dance is usually a young social dance that is danced at a happy party. Tortor is danced at the wedding ceremony. Usually danced by the audience including the bride and young people. These youth dances, for example morah-morah, parakut, sipaj ok, patam-patam and kebangkiung. Magical dances, such as the Nasiraan Tortor Dance, Tunggal Panaluan Tor Tor Dance. This magical dance is usually performed with great solemnity.
Besides Batak dances, there are also Malay dances such as Serampang XII, Gundala-Gundala and Landek dance from Karo Highlands, Moyo and Maena dance from Nias.
Handicraft
In addition to architecture, weaving is an interesting craft art from the Batak tribe. Examples of this weave are ulos cloth and songket cloth. Ulos is a traditional Batak cloth used in wedding ceremonies, death, building houses, arts, etc. Ulos cloth is made of cotton or hemp yarn. Ulos colors are usually black, white, and red which have certain meanings. While other colors are symbols of the variety of life. In the Pakpak tribe there is a weave known as oles. Usually the base color of the ointment is black-brown or white. In the Karo tribe there is a weave known as uis. Usually uis base colors are dark blue and reddish. In the west coast community there is a woven fabric known as Songket Barus. Usually the basic color of this craft is Dark Red or Yellow Gold.
Batubara Malay Songket is one of the typical crafts of the East Coast that has been worldwide. Songket Batubara has its own characteristics, this can be seen from: The process of making songket still uses wooden looms in the traditional way, but still has good quality, thus this songket is not inferior to songket produced with today's sophisticated machines. The Batubara songket also has a variety of unique motifs such as bamboo shoots, mangosteen flowers, cempaka flowers, Caul buds, Tolak Betikam, and Fighting Dragons. The Batubara songket woven has an attractive design and a high cultural artistic value.
Culinary
Typical food in North Sumatra varies greatly, depending on the region. It is the only provinces in Sumatra island and may one of provinces in Indonesia that has serves non-halal based food such as
Many of the Batak popular meals contain pork as well as dishes made from unusual ingredients, such as dog meat or blood, however there are also halal batak dishes, mostly chicken, beef, lamb, mutton, and freshwater fishes. With a large population of Batak being Muslim, especially among Mandailing people, they have their own dishes such as Sayur daun ubi tumbuk or mashed-cassava leaf soup, Pora-pora, Salai ikan, Pakkat and others. Batak culinary centers are located in towns of Batak highlands, such as the town of Kabanjahe and Berastagi in Tanah Karo area. Some towns around the Lake Toba offer freshwater fish dishes such as carp arsik. The Northern Sumatra capital of Medan is also a Batak cuisine hotspot where numerous of Lapo (Batak restaurants) can be found anywhere across the province, it even expanded into neighbouring provinces such as Riau, Riau Islands, even capital Jakarta and neighbouring countries like in Malaysia and Singapore.
The North Sumatra's Malay cuisine is similar to another Malays region, meals such as
Economy
Energy
North Sumatra is rich in natural resources such as natural gas in the area of Tandem, Binjai and petroleum in Pangkalan Brandan, Langkat which has been explored since the days of the Dutch East Indies. Besides that, in Kuala Tanjung, Asahan, there are the company named PT Inalum (abbreviated of Indonesia Aluminium) that engaged in ore mining and smelting of aluminium which is the only one in Southeast Asia.
The rivers that disgorge in the mountains around Lake Toba is also a natural resource that is potential enough to be an exploited to resource of hydropower plants. Asahan hydropower which is the largest hydropower plant in Sumatra Island is located on Porsea in Toba Samosir Regency.
Moreover, in the mountains there are many geothermal hot spots were very likely to be developed as a source of thermal energy or steam that can then be transformed into electrical energy.
Agriculture and farming
The province is famous for its plantations. The plantations are managed by private companies and the state. SOE Plantation area is located in North Sumatra, among others PT Perkebunan Nusantara II (PTPN II), PTPN IV and PTPN III.
North Sumatra produces rubber, cocoa, tea, palm oil, coffee, cloves, coconut, cinnamon, and tobacco. These commodities have been exported to many countries and contributing huge foreign exchange for Indonesia. In addition to commodities, North Sumatra is also known as a producer of horticultural commodities (vegetables and fruits); e.g. Medanese Orange, Deli Guava, Cabbage Vegetable, Tomato, Potato and Carrot generated by Karo, Simalungun and North Tapanuli. The horticultural products have been exported to Malaysia and Singapore.
The plantation is spread in East coast area such as Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai Langkat, Simalungun, Asahan, Labuhan Batu, and also around west coast: Central and South Tapanuli. Plantations, especially palm oil, are important for sourcing reticulated and blood pythons, the skins of which are a major export product.[37]
The size of technical irrigation entirely in North Sumatra is 132 ha that covers an area of 174 irrigation site.
Sumatra Mandheling and Sumatra Lintong coffee beans are grown in North Sumatra and largely exported to the United States. Mandheling is named after the similarly spelt Mandailing people located in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The name is the result of a misunderstanding by the first foreign purchaser of the variety, and no coffee is actually produced in the "Mandailing region". Lintong on the other hand, is named after the Lintong district, also located in North Sumatra.
Banking
In addition to national banks, state banks and international banks, currently there are 61 units of Credited Peoples Banks (BPR) and 7 Credited Sharia Bank (BPRS). Data from Bank Indonesia showed, in January 2006, the Third Party Funds (TPF), which absorbed BPR reached Rp253,366,627,000 (around US$19 million) and loans reached Rp260.152.445.000 (around US$19.5 million). While assets reached Rp340,880,837,000 (US$25.5 million).
Mining
There are three leading mining companies in North Sumatra:
- Sorikmas Mining (SMM), main base around South Tapanuli with gold as main commodity
- Newmont Horas Nauli (PTNN)
- Dairi Prima Mineral
Industry
North Sumatra has several industrial sites, mainly around Deli Serdang. Medan Industrial Area (Indonesian: Kawasan Industri Medan) stands for KIM is the main industrial complex in Medan.
Sei Mangkei Industrial Area
Sei Mangkei Industrial Area, also known as Sei Mangkei – Integrated Sustainable Palm Oil Cluster (SM-ISPOIC), is located in Simalungun Regency and was formally opened on 12 June 2010. Four companies have joined in this area, with investment costs totaling up to Rp1.5 trillion ($176 million).[38][39] In April 2011, three other companies also joined in the Sei Mangkei area. They are Procter & Gamble Co for making CPO derivatives of cosmetic raw materials, Ferrostaal AG and Fratelli Gianazza SpA.
Exports and imports
The increasingly higher economic performance of Sumatra and Java means that North Sumatran exports will be experiencing rapid growth. In 2004, the size of the foreign exchange sector had reached $4.24 billion, up 57.7% from 2003.
Coffee exports from North Sumatra reached a record high of 46,290 tonnes with Japan as the main export destination countries during the last five years. Sumatran coffee exports are also listed as the top 10 highest export products with a value of US$3.25 million or 47200.8 tons from January to October 2005.
Of the garment sector, garment exports tend to fall in January 2006. The results of special apparel industry down 42.59% from US$1,066,124 in 2005, to US$2,053 in 2006 in the same month.
Import export performance of some industrial products showed a decline. Namely furniture fell 22.83% from US$558,363 (2005) to US$202,630 (2006), plywood down 24.07 percent from US$19,771 to US$8,237, misteric acid down 27.89% from US$115,362 into US$291,201, stearic acid dropped 27.04% from US$792,910 to US$308,020, and soap noodles down 26% from US$689,025 to US$248,053.
Export performance of agricultural imports also decreased the essential oil dropped 18 percent from US$162,234 to US$773,023, seafood / shrimp, coconut oil and robusta coffee also dropped quite dramatically to 97 per cent. Some commodities were increased (a value of over US $ Million) is cocoa, horticulture, arabica coffee, palm oil, natural rubber, seafood (non shrimp). For the results of the molding industry, vehicle tires and rubber gloves.
Tourism
North Sumatra has lots of travel destinations. According to
- Medan is the capital of North Sumatra province with a diverse crowd population of tribes and religions in unity. There are many historical tourist objects to spot and various great cuisine to taste in Medan.
- Lake Toba is the largest volcanic lake in the world. Located in the centre of North Sumatra, the lake can be reached via Parapat (Simalungun regency), Tongging (Karo regency), and Balige (Toba Samosir regency).
- Samosir Island is a volcanic island in middle of Lake Toba, It is a popular tourist destination due to its exotic Batak history and the vistas it offers. The tourist resorts are concentrated in the Tuktuk, Tomok, Simanindo, and Pangururan areas.
- Bukit Lawang known for the largest animal sanctuary of Sumatran orangutan (around 5,000 orangutans occupy the area), and also the main access point to the Gunung Leuser National Park from the east side.
- Nias Island is an island off the western coast of Sumatra. Nias is an internationally popular surfing destination where many international surfing competitions are held. The best known surfing area is Sorake Bay, close to the town of Teluk Dalam, on the southern tip. This is enclosed by the beaches of Lagundri and Sorake. Tourists can visit the island by plane from Medan, or by ferry from Sibolga.
- Bawomataluo village is a settlement in Teluk Dalam of the South Nias Regency of Indonesia. The village was built on a flat-topped hill, the name Bawomataluo meaning "Sun Hill", and is one of the best-preserved villages built in traditional style.[40]
- Berastagi is a small highland town located 63 kilometres to the south of Medan, and is a popular weekend destination for city dwellers due to its chilled and fresh mountain air.
- Dolok Tinggi Raja has a unique soil colour is white because it is located in a limestone hill that resembles snow, and also in the middle of this area there are lakes with hot blue-green coloured water, located in Tinggi Raja, Simalungun.
- Lumbini Natural Park is a Buddhist Theravada-style temple that is similar to Shwedagon Pagoda in Myanmar located in Berastagi.
- Kolam Abadi Pelaruga, a blue crystal river located in Rumah Galuh, Langkat Regency, 50 km from Medan
- Poncan Island is a resort including a beach, located on west offshore of Sibolga city.
- Berhala Island is a 2.5 hectares island located in the Malaka Strait near the boundary of Indonesia and Malaysia. It is a popular place for snorkeling and watching turtle nesting. Visitors can reach the island via boat from Sergei in the Serdang Bedagai regency.
- Sipisopiso, one of the highest waterfalls in Indonesia, is located near Tongging in Karo regency, about 1 hour drive from Berastagi.
- Simalem Resort, is a 5 star resort located around 8 km from Munthe village, Karo Regency. This place is the good place for sightseeing the whole Lake Toba from top of the hill.
- Taman Iman, Indonesian name for The Garden of Faith located in Sitinjo village, Dairi around 10 km away from Sidikalang, it is a religious garden with dioramas from 5 religion of Indonesia (Islam, Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, and Confucian).
- Bahal temple, an ancient Buddhist monastery located in Padang Bolak, Padang Lawas Regency, around 3 hours journey with car from Padang Sidempuan. The temple is believed to be constructed between the 11th and 13th centuries AD.
- Sigura-Gura Waterfall located in Porsea, Toba Samosir Regency, this is a waterfall that has a height that reaches 250 metres.
- Rahmat International Wildlife Museum and Gallery, is a natural history museum in Medan. The museum displays various taxidermycollections of wildlife from the smallest to the largest according to the habitat.
- Tangkahan is a tourist site situated at the edge of the Gunung Leuser national park, around 20 km due north from Bukit Lawang, The main tourist draw at Tangkahan is the presence of Sumatran elephant.[41]
- Salib Kasih, Indonesian name for Love Cross, located in Tarutung. The development objective of this cross-shaped monument is to commemorate the service and dedication of Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen which is a missionary from northern Germany. This Parks built on Dolok (Hill) Siatas Barita.[42]
- Lingga is one of the village in the Karo Regency. Located at an altitude of about 1200 m above sea level, approximately 15 km from Brastagi and 5 km from the Kabanjahe. Linga is unique Karo traditional house and village that has been built an estimated of 250 years ago, but still sturdy.
- Tanjungbalai is an old city situated approximately 180 km from Medan, the capital city of North Sumatra. In fact, it holds the last train station from the capital city. You can enjoy range of seafood and modern dishes at traditional restaurants and modern ones. The town boasts its sea produces such as fish and clams in various species. There is some sections of this town that still bears historical building established in the Dutch colonial. The cost to come to this town is the cheapest by train spending around 4 hours. You can either do a day trip or stay for a week to get a better look at the once busiest Dutch financial district in the east coast of North Sumatra.better source needed]
Transportation
Airports
The modern
Other airports in North Sumatra are:
- Lasondre Airport in Batu Islands
- Gunung Sitoli, Nias Island
- Padang Sidempuan, South Tapanuli Regency
- Sibisa Airport in Ajibata, Toba Samosir Regency
- Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Airport or Pinangsori Airport in Sibolga, Centra Tapanuli Regency
- Silangit Airport, in Siborong-Borong
Seaports
North Sumatra has an international seaport at
Road
In North Sumatra, there is 2098.05 kilometres down a state-road, which pertained only steady 1095.70 kilometres or 52.22 percent and 418.60 kilometres or 19.95 percent in a state of being, remaining in a state of disrepair. While of 2752.41 kilometres of provincial roads, which is in a state of steady length 1237.60 kilometres or 44.96 per cent, while in a state of being 558.46 kilometres, or 20.29 percent. As damaged roads length 410.40 kilometres, or 14.91 percent, and the damaged length 545.95 kilometres, or 19.84 percent.
There are 28 km toll road (expressway) in named as
Rail
Regional Division I North Sumatra and Aceh or Divre I is regional railway from Aceh to North Sumatra operated by Kereta Api Indonesia, but only in-operation railway are from Binjai to Medan (Sri Lelawangsa), Medan to Pematangsiantar (Siantar Express), Medan to Tanjung Balai (Putri Deli) and Medan to Rantau Prapat (Sribilah), there are an under construction rail way to Banda Aceh in Aceh province also to Pekanbaru, Riau province. Medan also has it first airport rail link in Indonesia, called Kualanamu Airport Rail Link. It connects the city to Kualanamu Airport.
See also
References
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