Ali Sastroamidjojo
Ali Sastroamidjojo | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1950 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chairman of the Indonesian National Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 29 July 1960 – 27 April 1966 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Suwiryo | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Osa Maliki | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8th and 10th Prime Minister of Indonesia | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 24 March 1956 – 9 April 1957 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Sukarno | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Burhanuddin Harahap | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Djuanda Kartawidjaja | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 30 July 1953 – 12 August 1955 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Sukarno | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Wilopo | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Burhanuddin Harahap | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | 21 May 1903 Grabag, Kedu Residency, Dutch East Indies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 13 March 1975 (aged 71) Jakarta, Indonesia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | Kalibata Heroes Cemetery | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Indonesian National Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouses |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relatives | Ali Wardhana (Nephew) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | Leiden University (Mr.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Occupation |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali Sastroamidjojo (
In 1928, he began practicing as a lawyer and began publishing the Djanget
On 1 August 1953, Ali became Prime Minister of Indonesia, leading the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet. After the cabinet fell in 1955, Ali Sastroamidjojo again became Prime Minister of Indonesia for the second time on March 26, 1956. He again led his cabinet, though it lasted less than a year. He was also a key figure in the negotiations of the Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty. After the recognition of the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, he was appointed the first Indonesian Ambassador to the United States, Canada, and Mexico, from 1950 until 1955. In addition, he was also appointed chairman of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung. In July 1960, at the ninth annual congress of the PNI, Sastroamidjojo was elected party chairman. In 1967, following the fall of Sukarno, Sastroamidjojo was arrested but later released without having been tried. He died in Jakarta, on 13 March 1975, he is buried at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery.
Early life and education
Raden Ali Sastroamidjojo was born in
The Sastroamidjojo family was devoted to advocating the importance of Western education.
Like several other young men of nobility in the Dutch East Indies, Ali managed to obtain a scholarship to study in the
Struggle for independence
,_Bung_Karno_Penjambung_Lidah_Rakjat_225.jpg)
Ali returned to the Dutch East Indies in 1928, and he opened a lawyer's office. He also published the Djanget magazine in Surakarta, together with fellow future Prime Minister Soekiman Wirjosandjojo. However, he left his job to join Sukarno's Indonesian National Party (PNI).[11] The PNI would eventually become a revolutionary organization, with Ali becoming a member of the Yogyakarta Branch of the PNI. Around this time, his wife, Titi Roelia, became an activist in the independence and feminist movement.[12] He and Sukarno feuded over the issue of clothing within the PNI organization, with Sukarno wanting all members to wear uniform clothing, while Ali wanted members to wear sarungs. Despite some differences, both men remained as good friends.[13]
In 1929, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December, by Dutch colonial authorities in a series of raids throughout Java. This resulted in the dissolution of the PNI. However, several other new nationalist organizations popped up from the remnants of the PNI, mostly consisting of former PNI members. Ali joined one of these new organizations, which was then known as Partindo, which translates to "Indonesia Party." He also briefly joined the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo) following the fall of the PNI.[14][10][15]
Political career
Cabinet minister
After
Prime Minister
First cabinet
.jpg)
After the Wilopo Cabinet's fall, following the killing of five peasants near Medan while removing squatters from foreign-owned estate lands, in what became known as the “Tanjung Morawa affair,” Ali was chosen to lead the new cabinet, which was formed after over six weeks of bargaining and five different attempts at various party combinations.[18][19] The cabinet was different from the previous cabinet, as its members were overwhelmingly new, with only four of its twenty members having participated in any of the preceding four cabinets.[20]
On 25 August 1953, the new prime minister, Ali Sastroamidjojo, announced a 16-month schedule for elections starting from January 1954. On November 4, 1953, Ali Sastroamidjojo and his cabinet announced the creation of the new Central Electoral Committee ("Panitia Pemilihan Indonesia"), the forerunner to the
Under the cabinet, the bureaucracy was expanded with more PNI officials, and the economy was under a period of Indonesianization, with the government encouraging indigenous businessmen to open new firms. In practice, however, many new firms were bogus fronts for arrangements between government supporters and Chinese, which became known as "Ali Baba firms," in which an Indonesian (‘Ali’) was front man for a Chinese (‘Baba’) entrepreneur.[18]
After the recognition of the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, he was appointed the first Indonesian Ambassador to the United States, Canada, and Mexico, from 1950 until 1955. In addition, he was also appointed chairman of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung. In July 1960, at the ninth annual congress of the PNI, Sastroamidjojo was elected party chairman.[22]
PNI Chairman
The Indonesian National Party (PNI), of which Ali was a part, had failed to confront Indonesia's political problems coherently. During the years of Suwiryo's leadership, chaos pervaded the party's provincial organization. This resulted in a growing challenge from the young and left-wing camp, which eventually formed Partindo, a new left-wing party. Though the party didn't gain mass support, it reflected the wide criticisms against the PNI under Suwiryo's leadership.[23] In the 9th PNI Congress, held in Surakarta, Central Java, in July 1960, Ali was chosen to head the party, replacing the ineffective Suwiryo. As head of the PNI, Ali was described as "a consummate politician imbued with a healthy sense of self-preservation", but often disappointed his supporters from the young and left-wing camp by often positioning himself in the middle.[24]
Under his leadership, the PNI carried out organizational reforms to restore the authority of the central leadership, with increased coordination of party activities with mass organizations. These reforms resulted in the increasing membership of the party, with only 198,554 names being registered in April 1961, and rising dramatically to 1,858,119 names by the time of the 10th Party Congress.[25] A new rule was later issued in 1961, which regulated party-organizational relations, and specifies that the party is the “vanguard organization” in the Marhaen movement, and the party leadership serves as the “guide” of the mass organizations affiliated with it. After the 10th PNI Congress in Purwokerto, Ali Sastroamidjojo was re-elected as general chairman, with a new figure known as Surachman, a young figure who was previously active in the Peasants and farmers wing of the party, was elected general secretary. Ali also moved the party further to the left.[25]
This was seen in his speech to commemorate the 36th PNI Anniversary, which took place on 7 July 1963, at the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, then known as the Senayan main stadium, where Ali adhered to Sukarno's limits, saying “…The doctrine (Marhaenism) and the program of struggle based on scientific socialism are further based on Marxist socialism, for it was only after Marx that scientific socialism was developed.”[25] The Working Committee of the PNI Congress also agreed that Marhaenism is a form of Marxism "which is applied by the conditions and situation of Indonesia." The PNI also reiterated its ideals as a party for the marhens to fight imperialism, neo-colonialism, and capitalism.[15]
However, the issue of division began to take root within the PNI, between the more left-wing camp under Ali and Surachman and the camp of the conservatives under
Death and funeral
Following his dethronement from the position of chairman of the PNI, Ali remained as a committed nationalist, Marhaenist, and follower of Sukarno.[27] After Sukarno's ousting in 1967, by General Suharto, who became president shortly thereafter, Ali was arrested by the military, in a general roundup of Sukarno's former associates. He would be released and never brought to trial. He would spend the rest of his life in relative peace, using this time to write. He died in Jakarta, on 13 March 1975, his body is interred at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery.[28][27]
He is the uncle of Finance Minister Ali Wardhana.[29]
Legacy
Ali Sastroamidjojo has been called 'the greatest statesman' of Indonesia and it was said of him that 'the current statesmen of Indonesia will never be as great as Sastroamidjojo in his role as the prime minister who also had great literary talent'.[5] The current Embassy of Indonesia in Washington, D.C., was purchased by Ali Sastroamidjojo on 19 December 1951 for $335,000.[30]
Writings
In addition to being a political figure, he was also a noted author having published several books and publications in the field of international relations and foreign policy, including :
- Introduction to International Law (1971)
- Indonesian Foreign Policy (1972)
- An autobiographical book of his journey and milestones (1974)
- Four Indonesian students in the Netherlands (1975).[31][32]
References
Citations
- ^ Tirto 2021.
- ^ Sastroamidjojo 1974, p. 1.
- ^ Koswara 2017, p. 1.
- ^ Adryamarthanino 2021.
- ^ a b Setiawan 2012.
- ^ Vickers 2005, p. 227.
- ^ Sastroamidjojo 1974, p. 3.
- ^ Sastroamidjojo 1974, p. 8.
- ^ Sastroamidjojo 1974, p. 34.
- ^ a b Kepustakaan-Presiden.
- ^ Adams 1965, pp. 93–97.
- ^ Koswara 2017, p. 3.
- ^ Adams 1965, p. 96.
- ^ Koswara 2017, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d Hartono 2021.
- ^ Simanjuntak 2003, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Simanjuntak 2003, pp. 52–73.
- ^ a b Ricklefs 2008, p. 300.
- ^ Feith 2006, pp. 332–338.
- ^ Feith 2006, p. 341.
- ^ Feith 2006, p. 348.
- ^ Rocamora 1970, p. 151.
- ^ Rocamora 1970, p. 149.
- ^ Rocamora 1970, p. 152.
- ^ a b c Aartreya 2020.
- ^ Tirto 2020.
- ^ a b Koswara 2017, p. 8.
- ^ The New York Times 1975.
- ISSN 1907-6320. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ Abdullah Balbed.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, pp. 300, 305.
- ^ "Ali Sastroamidjojo". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 September 2021.
Bibliography
Books and journals
- Feith, Herbert (2006). The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 978-979-3780-45-0. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200. Macmillan Education UK. ISBN 978-0-230-54686-8. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Adams, Cindy (1965). Bung Karno Penyambung Lidah Rakyat Indonesia (PDF) (in Indonesian). The Bobbs-Merrill Company. ISBN 9780598441942. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- Koswara, Engkos (2017). Negarawan dari Merbabu: kiprah politik Ali Sastroamidjojo di Indonesia tahun 1928-1966 (PDF) (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Indonesia University of Education. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Sastroamidjojo, Ali (1974). Tonggak-tonggak di perjalananku (Book) (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Bagian Penerbitan Kinta. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (2003). Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi [Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia: From the Dawn of Independence to the Reform Era] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Djambatan.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. ISBN 0-521-83493-7.
- Otterspeer, W. (1997). Leiden Oriental Connections: 1850 - 1940. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9004090223. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- Widiana, Rahmat (2019). Widiana, Rahmat; Kurnia, Yani; Gunawan, Ferry; Suliastuti, Dianita; Sulistyo, Budi (eds.). "Edisi khusus: Ali Wardhana" (PDF). Media Keuangan: Transparansi Informasi Kebijakan Fiskal: Tabloid Bulanan Departemen Keuangan (Special edition) (in Indonesian). XIV. Media Keuangan (ISSN 1907-6320. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Rocamora, J. Eliseo (October 1970). "The Partai Nasional Indonesia, 1963–1965" (PDF). Indonesia. 10 (10). Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: 143–181. JSTOR 3350638.
Websites and webpages
- Tirto (2021). "Ali Sastroamidjojo: Menteri Pertahanan Indonesia ke-10 (1956-1957)". tirto.id (Website) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Tirto (2020). "Bagaimana Osa Maliki "Menyelamatkan" PNI sampai Pemilu 1971?". tirto.id (Website) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- Kepustakaan-Presiden. "Detail Kabinet Menteri - Mr. Ali Sastroamidjojo". kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id (Website) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Balbed, Abdullah. "The Historic Embassy Building". embassyofindonesia.org (Website) (in Indonesian). Embassy of Indonesia Washington DC. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- Setiawan, Hawé (2012). "A Statesman's Journey". Sundanese Corner. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- Adryamarthanino, Verelladevanka (2021). "Ali Sastroamidjojo: Karier, Peran, dan Kiprahnya". www.kompas.com (Website) (in Indonesian). Kompas. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Hartono, Rudi (2021). "Jalan Perjuangan Politik Ali Sastroamidjojo". www.berdikarionline.com (Website) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- The New York Times (1975). "Dr. Ali Sastroamidjojo Is Dead; Indonesian Independence Leader". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- Aartreya (2020). "Ketika PNI Berjaya Pada Masa Ali Sastroamidjojo dan Surachman". www.aartreya.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Ministry of State Secretariat (2020). "Presidential Cabinet" (in Indonesian). Archived from the originalon 25 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
External links
