J. C. Nichols

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J. C. Nichols
Real estate developer
Spouse
Jessie Miller
​
(m. 1905)​

Jesse Clyde "J. C." Nichols (August 23, 1880 - February 16, 1950) was an American developer of commercial and residential real estate in Kansas City, Missouri. Born in Olathe, Kansas, and a student at the University of Kansas and Harvard University, his most notable developments are the Country Club District and Country Club Plaza in Kansas City, which influenced suburban developments in other parts of the United States. He served leadership roles in local and national real estate organizations. Through these organizations, his ideas about real estate and planning helped to shape methods for racist and anti-Semitic restrictive covenants and zoning. His legacy has come under increasing scrutiny for these covenants, which prohibited Blacks, Jews, and other minorities from living in these neighborhoods.

Early life

Jesse Clyde Nichols was born in 1880, a son of farmers living near Olathe, Kansas. He worked various jobs while attending high school, and worked for a year after graduation selling wholesale meat.[1] While he matriculated at the University of Kansas, he managed the college football team, reported for a newspaper, and served as class president.[1] Graduating at the top of his class with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1902, he accepted a one-year scholarship at Harvard University, and earned a second Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1903. Nichols returned to Kansas City and joined some college friends to establish Reed, Nichols & Company, operating as real estate developers. In 1905, he married Jessie Miller, a woman from Olathe, Kansas.[2]

Subdivision development

Nichols called his method for establishing residential

Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, Highland Park, Texas, and the River Oaks neighborhood in Houston, Texas.[3]

Nichols advocated preservation of trees and natural contours, while proscribing gridiron street networks.[4] His Country Club District in Kansas City placed many restrictions on the use of property within the subdivision, which Nichols believed made the lots more valuable to potential homeowners. His advertisements promoted permanence.[5] All homeowners were required to belong to the Country Club District's homeowners association, which monitored how well homeowners maintained their lawns, but also provided services like garbage collection and street cleaning. Builders were required to observe large minimum lot sizes and large setbacks from the street. Nichols also imposed racially based covenants on all properties in the Country Club District.[4]

The

Roland Park in Baltimore, Maryland; and Shaker Heights in Cleveland, Ohio. Potter eventually was appointed President of the River Oaks Corporation, and continued to seek the advice of Nichols during his tenure.[3]

Innovations and leadership

Nichols originated the percentage lease, where rents are based on tenants' gross receipts.[6] The percentage lease is now a standard practice in commercial leasing across the United States. Modern outdoor shopping centers, now common in the United States, share a common ancestor in the Country Club Plaza, which opened in Kansas City in 1923. The Urban Land Institute's J. C. Nichols Prize for Visionaries in Urban Development is named in his honor.[7]

Nichols was a prominent civic booster in Kansas City, being involved in the creation of the

University of Missouri-Kansas City.[8][citation needed
]

Nichols served in leadership positions of local and national real estate and planning organizations. He was a member of the General Committee of the National Conference on City Planning.[9] He headed the Kansas City Real Estate Board and the National Conference of Subdividers.[10] He was a founder of the Urban Land Institute[11] and chaired its Community Builders’ Council .[12] He chaired the Home Builders and Subdividers Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards (NAREB),[13] chaired NAREB's War Service Board,[14] and served as NAREB director.[15]

Racist restrictions

J.C. Nichols relied on

Supreme Court decision Shelley v. Kraemer made such covenants unenforceable. Nevertheless, language referencing these covenants remained on the multitude of deed documents for decades after the Supreme Court decision because the relative difficulty of revising them one by one could be used covertly to continue existence of the covenants.[5] The deed restrictions in most neighborhoods renew automatically every twenty to twenty-five years unless a majority of the homeowners agree to change them with notarized votes, about which fact publicity is assiduously avoided. In 2005, Missouri passed a law allowing (but not requiring) the governing bodies of homeowner's associations to delete restrictive covenants from deed restrictions without a vote of the members. The Country Club District is predominantly white, and it is among the wealthiest, most sought-after neighborhoods in the United States.[18]

Legacy

Nichols's real estate policies created a racial and economic divide to split Kansas City in half along Troost Avenue for the indefinite future. This eventually crashed the home values on the east side where Blacks and Jews were allowed. When nationwide racial integration laws came in the 1960s, this total divide thwarted their adoption by Kansas City's public education system, and ensured that KCPS's racial population will remain mostly non-white.[17]

In mass resentment of this legacy, intensified in 2020 by the George Floyd protests, Kansas City removed his name from the historic fountain and road in front of Country Club Plaza.[17] [19]

In 1970, members of the

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) were charged with pipe bombing places in Kansas City, including the home of his son Miller Nichols, then president of the J.C. Nichols company.[20] Three SDS members were convicted.[21]

Death

Nichols died of cancer on February 16, 1950, at his home at 1214 West 55th Street. He was buried at Forest Hill Calvary Cemetery in Kansas City.[22][23] His home is on Ward Parkway in Kansas City.

References

  1. ^ a b Ford, Susan Jezak (2003). "Biography of J. C. Nichols (1880-1950), Developer". Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  2. ISBN 9780826209269
    .
  3. ^ a b Ferguson, Cheryl Caldwell (October 2000). "River Oaks:1920s Suburban Planning and Development in Houston". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Vol. 104. p. 201.
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-19-504983-7
    , p.178.
  5. ^ a b Worley, p.196.
  6. ISBN 9781596293007
    .
  7. ^ "J.C. Nichols Prize for Visionaries in Urban Development". Urban Land Institute. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  8. LCCN 85-61137
    .
  9. ISBN 0-231-06505-1
    .
  10. ^ Weiss, p.48
  11. ^ Jackson, p.178
  12. ^ Weiss, p.68.
  13. ^ Weiss, p.45. Not to be confused with the National Association of Real Estate Brokers.
  14. ^ Weiss, p.59
  15. ^ Weiss, p.48.
  16. ^ Worley, pp.145-146.
  17. ^ a b c Moxley, Elle (2020). "Who Was J.C. Nichols? The Mixed Legacy Of The Man Whose Name Could Be Taken Off Kansas City's Most Famous Fountain". KCUR. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  18. ^ Worley, Chapter 5
  19. ^ "Fountain in Mill Creek Park - KC Parks and Rec". kcparks.org. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  20. ^ "The Kansas City Times from Kansas City, Missouri · Page 4". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
  21. ^ United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri, Western Division (Kansas City), Criminal Case Files (1879- 1972), Case 23498.
  22. Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  23. ^ Worley, p.xxv.

Further reading

  • McKenzie, Evan. Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government. Yale University Press, 1996.
  • Pearson, Robert and Pearson, Brad. The J. C. Nichols Chronicle: The Authorized Story of the Man and His Company, 1880–1994. Lawrence, Kansas: Country Club Plaza Press—distributed by the University Press of Kansas, 1994.
  • Schirmer, Sherry Lamb. A City Divided: The Racial Landscape of Kansas City, 1900-1960. Columbia, Missouri : University of Missouri Press, 2002.

External links

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