Jeremi Wiśniowiecki
Jeremi Wiśniowiecki | |
---|---|
Pawołocz, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | |
Noble family | Wiśniowiecki |
Spouse(s) |
Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska (m. 1639) |
Issue | Regina Mohyła (Raina Mohylanka) |
Prince Jeremi Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (Ukrainian: Ярема Вишневецький, romanized: Yarema Vyshnevetskyi; 1612 – 20 August 1651), nicknamed Hammer on the Cossacks (Polish: Młot na Kozaków), was a notable member of the aristocracy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Prince of Vyshnivets, Lubny and Khorol in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the father of the future King of Poland, Michael I.
A notable
Biography
Youth
Jeremi Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki was born in 1612; neither the exact date nor the place of his birth are known.
Orphaned at the age of seven, Wiśniowiecki was raised by his uncle,
In 1631 Wiśniowiecki returned to the
Later life
Wiśniowiecki's courtier and first biographer, Michał Kałyszowski, counted that Jeremi participated in nine wars in his lifetime.
After the war Wiśniowiecki engaged in a number of conflicts with neighbouring magnates and nobles.[17][18] Jeremi was able to afford a sizable private army of several thousands, and through the threat of it he was often able to force his neighbours to a favourable settlement of disputes.[19] Soon after his return from the Russian front, he participated on the side of the Dowmont family in the quarrel over the estate of Dowmontów against another magnate, Samuel Łaszcz, located on his lands; soon after the victorious battle against Łaszcz he bought the lands from the Dowmonts and incorporated them into his estates.[18]
Around 1636 the
At that time Wiśniowiecki also engaged in a political conflict over nobility titles, in particular, the title of prince (kniaź).[23] The nobility in the Commonwealth was officially equal, and used different and non-hereditary titles than those found in rest of the world (see officials of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth); the gist of the conflict, which took much of the Sejm's time around 1638–41, revolved around whether old prince titles (awarded to families before their lands were incorporated into the Commonwealth in the 1569 Union of Lublin), and the new titles, awarded more recently by some foreign courts, should be recognized.[23] Wiśniowiecki was one of the chief participants in this debate, successfully defending the old titles, including that of his own family, and succeeding in abolishing the new titles, which gained him the enmity of another powerful magnate, Jerzy Ossoliński.[23] Other than this conflict, in his years as a deputy (1635–46), Jeremi wasn't involved in any major political issues, and only twice (in 1640 and 1642) he served in the minor function of a commissar for investigating the eastern and southern border disputes.[23]
In 1637 Wiśniowiecki might have fought under Hetman
Final years
In 1641, after the death of his uncle
Wiśniowiecki also fought against the
In 1644, after the false news of the death of
On 4 April 1646 Wiśniowiecki received the office of the
Then the autumn of 1646, Wiśniowiecki invaded and took over the starostwo kaniowskie vacated recently by banished Samuel Łaszcz.[34] He did so without any legal justifications, which caused a court ruling against him; a ruling that was however never enforced.[34] Later that year, he raised a large private army of about 25,000 for a purpose unknown, as noted by Widacki, who writes that the army, which Jeremi raised with an immense cost for a short time, did not participate in any engagement, nor did it have any clear purpose.[35] He notes that such an army might have been useful in provoking the Ottomans, but as Jeremi was opposed to the war with them up to the point of refusing the hetman office, his actions are puzzling even for the modern historians.[35]
Khmelnytsky uprising
Wiśniowiecki fought against the Cossacks again during the
Wiśniowiecki's fighting retreat had a major impact on the course of the war. In the words of the historian Władysław Konopczyński, "he was neither defeated, nor victorious, and thus he made the peace more difficult." Politicians in safe Warsaw tried to negotiate with the Cossacks, who in turn used Wisniowiecki's actions as an excuse to delay any serious negotiations.[43]
Around late August or early September, Wiśniowiecki met with the army
Meanwhile, the
In the first half of 1649, the negotiations with the Cossacks fell through, and the Polish–Lithuanian military began gathering near the borders with Ukraine. A major camp was in Zbarazh, where Wiśniowiecki would arrive as well in late June, after gathering a new army of 3,000 in Wiśnicz, which was all he was able to afford at that time, due to most of his estates being overrun by the Cossacks.[51] Wiśniowiecki's arrival raised the morale of the royal army, and despite having no official rank, both the common soldiers and the new regimentarz promised to take his advice, and even offered him the official command (which he refused).[51] During the siege of Zbarazh, Wiśniowiecki was thus not the official commander (role was taken by regimentarz Andrzej Firlej) but most historians agree he was the real, if unofficial, commander of the Polish–Lithuanian army.[52] The siege would last until the ceasefire of the Treaty of Zboriv.[53] Wiśniowiecki's command during the siege was seen as phenomenal, and his popularity among the troops and nobility rose again, however the King, still not fond of him, gave him a relatively small reward (the land grant of starostwo przasnyskie, much less when compared to several others he distributed around that time).[53] Needing Wiśniowiecki's support in December that year, the King granted him once again a temporary hetman nomination, and several more land grants.[54] In April 1650, Wiśniowiecki had to return his temporary hetman office to Mikołaj Potocki, recently released from Cossack's captivity.[54] During December that year, in light of the growing tensions with Muscovy, Wiśniowiecki's military faction succeeded in convincing the Sejm to pass a resolution increasing the size of the army to 51,000, the largest army since the Cossack unrest began two years earlier.[55]
The truce of Zboriv did not last long, and in the spring of 1651 Khmelnytsky's Cossacks began advancing west again.
Wiśniowiecki's indebted family was not able to provide him with a funeral his rank and fame deserved. In the end, he never received the large funeral and the temporary location of his body, the monastery of the Holy Cross at Łysa Góra, became his final resting place.[63] His body was believed lost in a fire at the end of the 18th century, which would prevent a modern reexamination of the cause of his death,[61] although a body purported to be his has been discovered and is now on display in the monastery.[citation needed]
Wealth
The majority of the
Despite his wealth, he was not known for a lavish life.[68] His court of about a hundred people was not known for being overly extravagant, he built no luxurious residences and did not even have a single portrait of himself made during his life.[68] It is uncertain how Wiśniowiecki looked, although a number of portraits and other works depicting him exist.[69] Jan Widacki notes that much of the historiography concerning Wiśniowiecki focuses on the military and political aspects of his life, and few of his critics discuss his successes in the economic development of his estates.[17]
Remembrance and popular culture
Wiśniowiecki was widely popular among the noble class, who saw in him a defender of tradition, a patriot and an able military commander.
In the 19th century this image started to waver, as a new wave in
While Wiśniowiecki's portrayal (as a major secondary character) in the first part of
Wiśniowiecki was the main subject of one of Jacek Kaczmarski's 1993 songs Kniazia Jaremy nawrócenie (The Conversion of Knyaz Jarema).[77]
See also
- Lithuanian nobility
- Wiśniowiecki family
- List of szlachta
References
- ^ George Vernadsky, Michael Karpovich A History of Russia
- ^ Ф. А. Брокгауз, И. А. Ефрон Енциклопедический словарь, Том 12
- ^ "ГЕНЕАЛОГІЧНІ ДОЛІ КНЯЖИХ РОДІВ ВОЛИНІ У ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ ПОЛЬСЬКИХ ІСТОРИКІВ ХІХ ст" (PDF).
- ^ Widacki, p. 18
- ^ Lerski, Wróbel, Kozicki, p. 654
- ^ Romański, p. 52
- ^ a b c d Widacki, p. 19
- ^ a b c Widacki, p. 20
- ^ a b c Widacki, p. 21
- ^ a b c Widacki, p. 22
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 26
- ^ Widacki, p. 27
- ^ Widacki, p. 28
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 30
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 31
- ^ Widacki, p. 32
- ^ a b c Widacki, p. 40
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 41
- ^ a b c Widacki, p. 42
- ^ Widacki, p. 67
- ^ Widacki, p. 68
- ^ Widacki, p. 49
- ^ a b c d Widacki, pp. 70–74
- ^ Widacki, pp. 56–58
- ^ Widacki, pp. 58–60
- ^ Widacki, pp. 61–65
- ^ a b c Widacki, pp. 50–52
- ^ Widacki, pp. 76–85
- ^ Widacki, pp. 79–82
- ^ a b c Widacki, p. 43
- ^ Widacki, p. 44
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 91
- ^ Widacki, pp. 95–96
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 99–100
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 101–102
- ^ Widacki, p. 103
- ^ Widacki, p. 105
- ^ Widacki, p. 107
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 108
- ^ Widacki, pp. 109–113
- ^ Widacki, pp. 114–122
- ^ Widacki, p. 123
- ^ Widacki, pp. 123–129
- ^ Widacki, pp. 135–138
- ^ Widacki, pp. 143–143
- ^ Widacki, pp. 147–148
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 149–151
- ^ Widacki, pp. 155–156
- ^ Widacki, pp. 154–155
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 158–162
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 178–183
- ^ Widacki, p. 186
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 208–211
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 226–233
- ^ Widacki, p. 242
- ^ Widacki, pp. 244–246
- ^ Widacki, pp. 250–251
- ^ Widacki, pp. 252–253
- ^ Hrushevsky, p. 361
- ^ Widacki, pp. 264–268
- ^ a b c Widacki, pp. 270–271
- ^ a b Hrushevsky, p. 366
- ^ Widacki, pp. 269–270
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 33
- ^ Widacki, p. 34
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 38
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 39
- ^ a b Widacki, p. 54
- ^ Widacki, pp. 285–286
- ^ a b c Widacki, pp. 272–273
- ^ Romański, p. 8
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 274–275
- ^ Widacki, pp. 275–276
- ^ Widacki, p. 277
- ^ a b Widacki, pp. 277–278
- ^ "WIEM, darmowa encyklopedia" (in Polish). Portalwiedzy. Retrieved 27 December 2012. Archived 12 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Kniazia Jaremy nawrócenie" (in Polish). Kaczmarski. 16 February 1993. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012. Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Sources
- Hruševs, Mychajlo S.; Poppe, Andrzej (2004). History of Ukraine-Rus': The Cossack Age, 1654–1657. Canadian Inst. of Ukrainian Studies Press. ISBN 1-895571-22-7.
- Lerski, Jerzy Jan; Wróbel, Piotr; Kozicki, Richard J. (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0.
- Romański, Romuald (2009). Książę Jeremi Wiśniowiecki. Bellona. ISBN 978-83-11-11524-8.
- Widacki, Jan (1984). Kniaź Jarema (in Polish). Wydawnictwo "Slask". ISBN 978-83-216-0440-4.