John Flamsteed

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John Flamsteed
FRS
Portrait by Thomas Gibson, 1712
Born19 August 1646
Denby, Derbyshire, England
Died31 December 1719 (aged 73)
Burstow, Surrey, England
Alma materJesus College, Cambridge
Known forFirst Astronomer Royal
SpouseMargaret Cooke
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy

John Flamsteed

Royal Greenwich Observatory
.

Life

Flamsteed was born in

Latin, essential for reading the scientific literature of the day, and a love of history, leaving the school in May 1662.[1]
: 3–4 

His progress to

astrologer John Gadbury which included astronomical tables by Jeremiah Horrocks, who had died in 1641 at the age of twenty-two. Flamsteed was greatly impressed (as Isaac Newton had been) by the work of Horrocks.[1]
: 8–11 

In August 1665, at the age of nineteen and as a gift for his friend Litchford, Flamsteed wrote his first paper on astronomy, entitled Mathematical Essays, concerning the design, use and construction of an astronomer's quadrant, including tables for the latitude of Derby.[1]: 11 

In September 1670, Flamsteed visited Cambridge and entered his name as an undergraduate at Jesus College.[2] While it seems he never took up full residence, he was there for two months in 1674, and had the opportunity to hear Isaac Newton's Lucasian Lectures.[1]: 26 

Ordained a deacon, he was preparing to take up a living in Derbyshire when he was invited to London by his patron

Samuel Moreland, Christopher Wren, Silius Titus, John Pell and Robert Hooke.[citation needed
]

Having arrived in London on 2 February 1675, and staying with Jonas Moore at the Tower of London, Flamsteed had the opportunity to be taken by Titus to meet the King. He was subsequently admitted as an official Assistant to the Royal Commission and supplied observations in order to test St Pierre's proposal and to offer his own comments. The commission's conclusions were that, although St Pierre's proposal was not worth further consideration, the King should consider establishing an observatory and appointing an observer in order to better map the stars and the motions of the Moon in order to underpin the successful development of the lunar-distance method of finding longitude.[3]

On 4 March 1675 Flamsteed was appointed by royal warrant "The King's Astronomical Observator" – the first English

Royal Greenwich Observatory, and Flamsteed laid the foundation stone on 10 August.[5]

In February 1676, he was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in July, he moved into the Observatory where he lived until 1684, when he was "[e]levated to the priesthood [and] appointed rector"[6] of the small village of Burstow, near Crawley in Surrey. He held that office, as well as that of Astronomer Royal, until his death. He is buried at Burstow, and the east window in the church was dedicated to him as a memorial.[7]

Plaque marking the grave of John Flamsteed and his wife in the chancel of St Bartholomew's Church in Burstow, Surrey

The will of Flamsteed's widow, Margaret, left instructions for her own remains to be deposited "in the same Grave in which Mr John Flamsteed is buryed in the Chancell of Burstow Church". She also left instructions, and twenty five pounds, for the executor of her will to place "in the aforesaid Chancell of Burstow … A Marble stone or Monument, with an inscription in Latin, in memory of the late Reverend Mr. John Flamsteed". It seems no such monument was created, and almost 200 years later, a plaque was placed to mark his burial in the chancel.[8]

After his death, his papers and scientific instruments were taken by his widow. The papers were returned many years later, but the instruments disappeared.[9]

Scientific work

Bust of John Flamsteed in the Museum of the Royal Greenwich Observatory

Flamsteed accurately calculated the solar eclipses of 1666 and 1668. He was responsible for several of the earliest recorded sightings of the planet Uranus, which he mistook for a star and catalogued as '34 Tauri'. The first of these was in December 1690, which remains the earliest known sighting of Uranus by an astronomer.

In October 1672, when

diurnal parallax, thus allowing Flamsteed to estimate the distance to Mars and hence the astronomical unit. To this end, Flamsteed compared the apparent shift of Mars during the night with respect to other stars, this shift being superimposed on Mars' apparent night-to-night course among the stars.[10]

On 16 August 1680 Flamsteed catalogued a star, 3 Cassiopeiae, that later astronomers were unable to corroborate. Three hundred years later, the American astronomical historian William Ashworth suggested that what Flamsteed may have seen was the most recent supernova in the galaxy's history, an event which would leave as its remnant the strongest radio source outside of the Solar System, known in the third Cambridge (3C) catalogue as 3C 461 and commonly called Cassiopeia A by astronomers. Because the position of "3 Cassiopeiae" does not precisely match that of Cassiopeia A, and because the expansion wave associated with the explosion has been worked backward to the year 1667 and not 1680, some historians feel that all Flamsteed may have done was incorrectly note the position of a star already known.[11]

In 1681 Flamsteed proposed that the two great comets observed in November and December 1680 were not separate bodies, but rather a single comet travelling first towards the Sun and then away from it. Although Isaac Newton first disagreed with Flamsteed, he later came to agree with him and theorized that comets, like planets, moved around the Sun in large, closed elliptical orbits. Flamsteed later learned that Newton had gained access to his observations and data through Edmond Halley,[12] his former assistant with whom he previously had a cordial relationship.[13]

As Astronomer Royal, Flamsteed spent some forty years observing and making meticulous records for his star catalogue, which would eventually triple the number of entries in Tycho Brahe's sky atlas. Unwilling to risk his reputation by releasing unverified data, he kept the incomplete records under seal at Greenwich. In 1712, Isaac Newton, then President of the Royal Society, and Edmond Halley again obtained Flamsteed's data and published a pirated star catalogue.[12] Flamsteed managed to gather three hundred of the four hundred printings and burned them. "If Sir I.N. would be sensible of it, I have done both him and Dr. Halley a great kindness," he wrote to his assistant Abraham Sharp.[14] The data from the pirated catalogue were used by the London cartographer John Senex to produce star charts in the 1720s before Flamsteed's own charts were ready.

In 1725 Flamsteed's own version of Historia Coelestis Britannica was published posthumously, edited by his wife, Margaret Flamsteed. This contained Flamsteed's observations, and included a catalogue of 2,935 stars to much greater accuracy than any prior work. It was considered the first significant contribution of the Greenwich Observatory, and the numerical Flamsteed designations for stars that were added subsequently to a French edition are still in use.[15] In 1729 his wife published his Atlas Coelestis, assisted by Joseph Crosthwait and Abraham Sharp, who were responsible for the technical side.

Honours

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In this article dates on or before 2 September 1752 in the United Kingdom are given in this article in the Julian calendar, but 1 January is always treated as the beginning of the year, even though 25 March was treated as the beginning of the year before 1753 in England.

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 1860335683
  2. ^ "Flamsteed, John (FLMT670J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  3. ISBN 0856674680
    .
  4. ISBN 0851157068
    .
  5. ISBN 0856674680
    .
  6. ^ Rees, Martin (Introduction). "The Life of John Flamsteed: Britain's First Royal Astronomer". Amber Valley Borough Council. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  7. ^ Malden, H. E., ed. (1911). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Parishes: Burstow". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 176–182. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  8. ^ Powell, Rob (16 January 2015). "The Grave of John Flamsteed". Greenwich.co.uk Blogs. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  9. ^ Hirshfeld, Alan W. (2001). Parallax: The Race to Measure the Cosmos. Henry Holt and Co. p. 162.
    ISBN 0716737116
    .
  10. ^ Van Helden, A. (2010). Measuring the universe: cosmic dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley. University of Chicago Press. Ch. 12. [ISBN missing]
  11. S2CID 121684168
    .
  12. ^ a b Jardine, Lisa (15 March 2013). "A Point of View: Crowd-sourcing comets". Magazine. BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  13. Bibcode:1985JBAA...95..193H
    . Flamsteed was one of the few people who had a bad word to say about Halley. They started off as friends but really fell out some time between 1684 and 1686. Flamsteed suspected Halley of surreptitiously learning of other people's work and then publishing it as his own.
  14. ISBN 978-0-8027-1529-6
    .
  15. ^ Ridpath, Ian. "Flamsteed numbers – where they really came from". Ian Ridpath's Star Tales. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  16. ^ "List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007" (PDF). The Royal Society. July 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  17. ^ "About Us". Flamsteed Astronomical Society. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  18. ^ "Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Flamsteed on Moon". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  19. ^ "IAU Minor Planet Center (4987) Flamsteed = 1980 FH12 = 1983 BV = 1990 D". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  20. ^ a b "BBC – Derby – People – John Flamsteed: Astro Genius". BBC Online. BBC. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  21. ^ "Flamsteed". Ecclesbourne School. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  22. ^ "John Flamsteed – Derby Blue Plaques". Derby Blue Plaques. Retrieved 3 March 2018.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Flamsteed.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Flamsteed, John".

Star catalogues

Atlas Coelestis

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