Surrey
Surrey | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 51°15′N 0°27′W / 51.25°N 0.45°W | |
12th of 48 | |
Density | 716/km2 (1,850/sq mi) |
Non-metropolitan county | |
County council | Surrey County Council |
Executive | Conservative |
Admin HQ | Woodhatch Place, Reigate |
Area | 1,663 km2 (642 sq mi) |
• Ranked | 20th of 21 |
Population | 1,205,616 |
• Ranked | 5th of 21 |
Density | 725/km2 (1,880/sq mi) |
ISO 3166-2 | GB-SRY |
ONS code | 43 |
GSS code | E10000030 |
ITL | UKJ23 |
Website | surreycc |
Districts | |
Districts of Surrey | |
Districts |
Surrey (
The county has an area of 1,663 km2 (642 sq mi) and a population of 1,196,236. Much of the north of the county forms part of the Greater London Built-up Area, which includes the suburbs within the M25 motorway as well as Woking (103,900), Guildford (77,057), and Leatherhead (32,522). The west includes part of the Farnborough/Aldershot built-up area, which extends into Hampshire and Berkshire and has a total population of 252,397. The south of the county is rural, and its largest settlements are Horley (22,693) and Godalming (22,689). The county contains eleven local government districts, which are part of a two-tier non-metropolitan county also called Surrey. The county historically included much of south-west Greater London and excluded Staines-upon-Thames, which was part of Middlesex.
The defining geographical feature of the county is the
Geography
Surrey is divided in two by the chalk ridge of the
To the south of the Downs in the western part of the county are the sandstone
Much of Surrey is in the
Surrey is the most wooded county in England, with 22.4% coverage compared to a national average of 11.8%[4] and as such is one of the few counties not to recommend new woodlands in the subordinate planning authorities' plans.In 2020 the Surrey Heath district had the highest proportion of tree cover in England at 41%.[5] Surrey also contains England's principal concentration of lowland heath, on sandy soils in the west of the county.
Agriculture not being intensive, there are many
The highest elevation in Surrey is Leith Hill near Dorking. It is 295 m (968 ft) above sea level[6] and is the second highest point in southeastern England after Walbury Hill in West Berkshire which is 297 m (974 ft).[7]
Surrey rivers
The longest river to enter Surrey is the
The River Wey is the longest tributary of the Thames above London. Other tributaries of the Thames with their courses partially in Surrey include the Mole, the Addlestone branch and Chertsey branch of the River Bourne (which merge shortly before joining the Thames), and the Hogsmill River, which drains Epsom and Ewell.
The upper reaches of the River Eden, a tributary of the Medway, are in Tandridge District, in east Surrey.
The River Colne and its anabranch, the Wraysbury River, make a brief appearance in the north of the county to join the Thames at Staines.
Climate
Like the rest of the
Climate data for Wisley, Guildford (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
23 (73) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
11 (52) |
8.2 (46.8) |
15.0 (58.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.1 (53.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.4 (43.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.8 (2.43) |
45.4 (1.79) |
44.1 (1.74) |
47.1 (1.85) |
51.3 (2.02) |
44.4 (1.75) |
46.3 (1.82) |
52.8 (2.08) |
54.4 (2.14) |
77.8 (3.06) |
67.9 (2.67) |
64.4 (2.54) |
657.7 (25.89) |
Average rainy days | 11.4 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 8 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 112.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 54.8 | 75.2 | 110.9 | 161.9 | 192.6 | 195.4 | 206.3 | 200.4 | 144.1 | 113.6 | 65.1 | 44 | 1,564.3 |
Source: Met Office[11] |
Settlements
Surrey has a population of approximately 1.1 million people.[12] Its largest town is Woking with a population of 105,367, followed by Guildford with 77,057, and Walton-on-Thames with 66,566. Towns of between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants include Ewell, and Camberley.[13]
Much of the north of the county, extending to Guildford, is within the Greater London Built-up Area. This is an area of continuous urban sprawl linked without significant interruption of rural area to Greater London. In the west, there is a developing conurbation straddling the Hampshire/Surrey border, including the Surrey towns of Camberley and Farnham.
Guildford is often regarded as the historic county town,[14] although the county administration was moved to Newington in 1791 and to Kingston upon Thames in 1893. The county council's headquarters were outside the county's boundaries from 1 April 1965, when Kingston and other areas were included within Greater London by the London Government Act 1963, [15] until the administration moved to Reigate at the start of 2021.[16]
History
Ancient British and Roman periods
Before Roman times the area today known as Surrey was probably largely occupied by the Atrebates tribe, centred at Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester), in the modern county of Hampshire, but eastern parts of it may have been held by the Cantiaci, based largely in Kent. The Atrebates are known to have controlled the southern bank of the Thames from Roman texts describing the tribal relations between them and the powerful Catuvellauni on the north bank.
In about AD 42 King
During the Roman era, the only important settlement within the historic area of Surrey was the London suburb of
Formation of Surrey
During the 5th and 6th centuries Surrey was conquered and settled by
Surrey may have formed part of a larger Middle Saxon kingdom or confederacy, also including areas north of the Thames. The name Surrey is derived from Sūþrīge (or Suthrige), meaning "southern region" (while Bede refers to it as Sudergeona)[22] and this may originate in its status as the southern portion of the Middle Saxon territory. [23][24]
If it ever existed, the Middle Saxon kingdom had disappeared by the 7th century, and Surrey became a frontier area disputed between the kingdoms of
The region remained under the control of Caedwalla's successor
Identified sub-kings of Surrey
- Frithuwald(c. 673–675)
- Frithuric? (c. 675 – c. 686)
West Saxon and English shire
In the 9th century England was afflicted, along with the rest of northwestern Europe, by the attacks of Scandinavian Vikings. Surrey's inland position shielded it from coastal raiding, so that it was not normally troubled except by the largest and most ambitious Scandinavian armies.
In 851 an exceptionally large invasion force of
Two years later the men of Surrey marched into Kent to help their Kentish neighbours fight a raiding force at Thanet, but suffered heavy losses including their ealdorman, Huda.[35] In 892 Surrey was the scene of another major battle when a large Danish army, variously reported at 200, 250 and 350 ship-loads, moved west from its encampment in Kent and raided in Hampshire and Berkshire. Withdrawing with their loot, the Danes were intercepted and defeated at Farnham by an army led by Alfred the Great's son Edward, the future King Edward the Elder, and fled across the Thames towards Essex.[36]
Surrey remained safe from attack for over a century thereafter, due to its location and to the growing power of the West Saxon, later English, kingdom. Kingston was the scene for the coronations of Æthelstan in 924 and of Æthelred the Unready in 978, and, according to later tradition, also of other 10th-century Kings of England.[37][38] The renewed Danish attacks during the disastrous reign of Æthelred led to the devastation of Surrey by the army of Thorkell the Tall, which ravaged all of southeastern England in 1009–1011.[39] The climax of this wave of attacks came in 1016, which saw prolonged fighting between the forces of King Edmund Ironside and the Danish king Cnut, including an English victory over the Danes somewhere in northeastern Surrey, but ended with the conquest of England by Cnut.[40]
Cnut's death in 1035 was followed by a period of political uncertainty, as the succession was disputed between his sons. In 1036
This hostility peaked in 1051, when Godwin and his sons were driven into exile; returning the following year, the men of Surrey rose to support them, along with those of Sussex, Kent, Essex and elsewhere, helping them secure their reinstatement and the banishment of the king's Norman entourage. The repercussions of this antagonism helped bring about the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.[41][42]
The Domesday Book records that the largest landowners in Surrey (then Sudrie)[43] at the end of Edward's reign were Chertsey Abbey and Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex and later king, followed by the estates of King Edward himself. Apart from the abbey, most of whose lands were within the shire, Surrey was not the principal focus of any major landowner's holdings, a tendency which was to persist in later periods.[n 1] Given the vast and widespread landed interests and the national and international preoccupations of the monarchy and the earldom of Wessex, the Abbot of Chertsey was therefore probably the most important figure in the local elite.
The Anglo-Saxon period saw the emergence of the shire's internal division into 14
Identified ealdormen of Surrey
- Wulfheard (c. 823)
- Huda (?–853)
- Æðelweard (late 10th century)
- Æðelmær (?–1016)
Later Medieval Surrey
After the
In 1088,
Guildford Castle, one of many fortresses originally established by the Normans to help them subdue the country, was rebuilt in stone and developed as a royal palace in the 12th century.[n 3] Farnham Castle was built during the 12th century as a residence for the Bishop of Winchester, while other stone castles were constructed in the same period at Bletchingley by the de Clares and at Reigate by the Warennes.[44]
During
Guildford Castle later became one of the favourite residences of
By the 14th century, castles were of dwindling military importance, but remained a mark of social prestige, leading to the construction of castles at
Surrey had little political or economic significance in the Middle Ages. Its agricultural wealth was limited by the infertility of most of its soils, and it was not the main power-base of any important aristocratic family, nor the seat of a bishopric.[47] The London suburb of Southwark was a major urban settlement, and the proximity of the capital boosted the wealth and population of the surrounding area, but urban development elsewhere was sapped by the overshadowing predominance of London and by the lack of direct access to the sea. Population pressure in the 12th and 13th centuries initiated the gradual clearing of the Weald, the forest spanning the borders of Surrey, Sussex and Kent, which had hitherto been left undeveloped due to the difficulty of farming on its heavy clay soil.[48][49]
Surrey's most significant source of prosperity in the later Middle Ages was the production of woollen cloth, which emerged during that period as England's main export industry. The county was an early centre of English textile manufacturing, benefiting from the presence of deposits of fuller's earth, the rare mineral composite important in the process of finishing cloth, around Reigate and Nutfield.[50] The industry in Surrey was focused on Guildford, which gave its name to a variety of cloth, gilforte, which was exported widely across Europe and the Middle East and imitated by manufacturers elsewhere in Europe.[51] However, as the English cloth industry expanded, Surrey was outstripped by other growing regions of production.
Though Surrey was not the scene of serious fighting in the various rebellions and civil wars of the period, armies from Kent heading for London via Southwark passed through what were then the extreme north-eastern fringes of Surrey during the
In 1082 a
Now fallen into disuse, some English counties had nicknames for those raised there such as a 'tyke' from Yorkshire, or a 'yellowbelly' from Lincolnshire. In the case of Surrey, the term was a 'Surrey capon', from Surrey's role in the later Middle Ages as the county where chickens were fattened up for the London meat markets.
Early Modern Surrey
Under the early
During the
Surrey's cloth industry declined in the 16th century and collapsed in the 17th, harmed by falling standards and competition from more effective producers in other parts of England. The iron industry in the Weald, whose rich deposits had been exploited since prehistoric times, expanded and spread from its base in Sussex into Kent and Surrey after 1550.
A glass industry also developed in the mid-16th century on the southwestern borders of Surrey, but had collapsed by 1630, as the wood-fired Surrey glassworks were surpassed by emerging coal-fired works elsewhere in England.
George Abbot, the son of a Guildford clothworker, served as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1611–1633. In 1619 he founded Abbot's Hospital, an almshouse in Guildford, which is still operating. He also made unsuccessful efforts to revitalise the local cloth industry. One of his brothers, Robert, became Bishop of Salisbury, while another, Maurice, was a founding shareholder of the East India Company who became the company's Governor and later Lord Mayor of London.
Southwark expanded rapidly in this period, and by 1600, if considered as a separate entity, it was the second-largest urban area in England, behind only London itself. Parts of it were outside the jurisdiction of the government of the City of London, and as a result the area of Bankside became London's principal entertainment district, since the social control exercised there by the local authorities of Surrey was less effective and restrictive than that of the City authorities.[63] Bankside was the scene of the golden age of Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, with the work of playwrights including William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and John Webster performed in its playhouses.[64] The leading actor and impresario Edward Alleyn founded the College of God's Gift in Dulwich with an endowment including an art collection, which was later expanded and opened to the public in 1817, becoming Britain's first public art gallery.
Surrey almost entirely escaped the direct impact of fighting during the
In the uneasy peace that followed the Royalists' defeat, a political crisis in summer 1647 saw
Surrey had a central role in the history of the radical political movements unleashed by the civil war. In October 1647 the first manifesto of the movement that became known as the
Modern history
Prior to the
One of the principal residences of the British monarchy in the 18th century was
Until the modern era Surrey, apart from its northeastern corner, was quite sparsely populated in comparison with many parts of southern England, and remained somewhat rustic despite its proximity to the capital. Communications began to improve, and the influence of London to increase, with the development of turnpike roads and a stagecoach system in the 18th century.[69][70] A far more profound transformation followed with the arrival of the railways, beginning in the late 1830s.[71] The availability of rapid transport enabled prosperous London workers to settle all across Surrey and travel daily to work in the capital. This phenomenon of commuting brought explosive growth to Surrey's population and wealth, and tied its economy and society inextricably to London.
There was rapid expansion in existing towns like Guildford, Farnham, and most spectacularly
Meanwhile, London itself spread swiftly across north-eastern Surrey. In 1800 it extended only to
In 1849 Brookwood Cemetery was established near Woking to serve the population of London, connected to the capital by its own railway service. It soon developed into the largest burial ground in the world[citation needed]. Woking was also the site of Britain's first crematorium, which opened in 1878, and its first mosque, founded in 1889.[citation needed] In 1881 Godalming became the first town in the world with a public electricity supply.[76]
The eastern part of Surrey was transferred from the
During the later 19th century Surrey became important in the development of architecture in Britain and the wider world. Its traditional building forms made a significant contribution to the vernacular revival architecture associated with the
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the demise of Surrey's long-standing industries manufacturing paper and gunpowder. Most of the county's paper mills closed in the years after 1870, and the last survivor shut in 1928. Gunpowder production fell victim to the
New industrial developments included the establishment of the vehicle manufacturers
During the
Between the wars
In June 1972,
Historic architecture and monuments
Few traces of the ancient British and Roman periods survive in Surrey. There are a number of round barrows and bell barrows in various locations, mostly dating to the Bronze Age. Remains of Iron Age hillforts exist at Holmbury Hill, Hascombe Hill, Anstiebury (near Capel), Dry Hill (near Lingfield), St Ann's Hill (Chertsey) and St George's Hill (Weybridge).[82] Most of these sites were created in the 1st century BC and many were re-occupied during the middle of the 1st century AD.[83] Only fragments of Stane Street and Ermine Street, the Roman roads which crossed the county, remain.
Anglo-Saxon elements survive in a number of Surrey churches, notably at Guildford (
Numerous medieval churches exist in Surrey, but the county's parish churches are typically relatively small and simple, and experienced particularly widespread destruction and remodelling of their form in the course of
Very little non-military secular architecture survives in Surrey from earlier than the 15th century. Wholly or partially surviving houses and barns from that century, with considerable later modifications, include those at Wanborough Manor,[87] Bletchingley, Littleton, East Horsley, Ewhurst, Dockenfield, Lingfield, Limpsfield, Oxted, Crowhurst Place, Haslemere and Old Surrey Hall.[88]
Major examples of
Notable people
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2023) |
Literature
Besides its role in Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, many important writers have lived and worked in Surrey.
- The Owl and the Nightingale, one of the earliest Middle English poems, may have been written by one Nicholas of Guildford, who is mentioned in its text.
- John Donne (1572–1631) lived and worked for a time in Pyrford.[91]
- John Evelyn (1620–1706) was born and spent much of his life in Wotton, and is buried there.
- Daniel Defoe (1659/61–1731) was educated in Dorking.
- William Cobbett (1763–1835) was born and raised in Farnham, later lived in Wyke, where he died, and is buried in Farnham; Surrey features prominently in his Rural Rides.
- Lower Halliford, then part of Middlesex, now in Surrey.
- Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) wrote Coningsby while living in Dorking.
- Alfred Tennyson (1809–1892) spent the latter part of his life, and died, in Haslemere.
- Charles Dickens (1812–1870) wrote part of The Pickwick Papers in Dorking, and refers to the town in the novel.
- Robert Browning (1812–1889) was born in Camberwell, then part of Surrey.
- George Eliot (1819–1880) wrote most of Middlemarch while living in Haslemere.
- Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) lived in Laleham, then part of Middlesex, now in Surrey.
- George Meredith (1828–1909) lived at Box Hill.
- Lewis Carroll (1832–1898) spent much of his time at his sisters' home in Guildford, where he wrote Through the Looking-Glass; he died there and is buried in the town.
- Isabella Beeton (1836–1865) lived for several years in Epsom, where her step-father was clerk of the racecourse.
- George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) lived in Woking and later in Hindhead, where he wrote Caesar and Cleopatra.
- Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) lived and wrote many of his books in Hindhead and served as deputy lieutenant of Surrey; the county forms a setting for several of the Sherlock Holmes stories.
- J. M. Barrie (1860–1937) lived in Tilford, and based The Boy Castaways, which later evolved into Peter Pan, in the nearby countryside.
- H. G. Wells (1866–1946) wrote The War of the Worlds while living in Woking; much of northern Surrey is laid waste in the course of the story.
- Forsyte Sagais partly set in the area.
- E. M. Forster (1879–1970) lived and wrote in Weybridge and Abinger Hammer.
- St Nicolas' Church.
- A. P. Herbert (1890–1971) was born in Ashtead.
- Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) was born and raised in Godalming and his ashes are interred at Compton; the end of Brave New World is set in Surrey.
- Robert Graves (1895–1985) was born in Wimbledon, then part of Surrey.
- Rosemary Sutcliff (1920–1992) was born in East Clandon.
- Clive King (1924–2018) was born in Richmond, then part of Surrey.
- John Osborne (1929–1994) grew up in Stoneleigh.
- Kazuo Ishiguro (born 1954) grew up in Guildford.
Arts and sciences
- Occam's Razor", came from Ockham.
- Thomas Malthus (1766–1834), pioneer of demography, was born and raised in Westcott, and later lived in Albury.
- Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), mathematician, lived at East Horsley.
- Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904), photographer, was born and raised in Kingston, then part of Surrey.
- Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932), garden designer, lived for much of her life at Munstead near Godalming, created significant gardens in Surrey and is buried in Busbridge.
- Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944), architect, grew up in Thursley; many of his early works were built in Surrey, including collaborations with Gertrude Jekyll.
- Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958), composer, grew up at Leith Hill and later lived in Dorking.
- Laurence Olivier (1907–1989), actor, was born in Dorking.
- Peggy Ashcroft (1907–1991), actress, was born and raised in Croydon, then part of Surrey.
- David Lean (1908–1991), film director, was born in Croydon.
- Alan Turing (1912–1954), mathematician and pioneer of computer science, lived for much of his early life in Guildford.
- Jimmy Perry (1923–2016), actor and screenwriter, was born in Barnes, then part of Surrey.
- Richard Briers (1934–2013), actor, was born in Raynes Park, then part of Surrey.
- Roy Hudd (1936–2020), comedian and actor, was born and raised in Croydon.
- Alex Kingston (born 1963), actress, was born and raised in Epsom.
- Tracey Emin (born 1963), artist, was born in Croydon.
- Kingston Upon Thames
Military
- Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke (1705–1781), admiral, lived at Sunbury-on-Thames, then part of Middlesex, now in Surrey.
- F. C. Ricardo (1852–1924), colonel, was born in Guildford.
- Francis Aylmer Maxwell (1871–1917), brigadier, was born in Guildford.
- Alfred Carpenter (1881–1955), admiral, was born in Barnes, then part of Surrey.
- Martin Dunbar-Nasmith (1883–1965), admiral, was born in Barnes, then part of Surrey.
- Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg (1889–1963), lieutenant-general, was born in Richmond, then part of Surrey.
- Alfred Victor Smith VC (1891–1915), lieutenant, was born in Guildford.
- Raymond Sandover (1910–1995), brigadier, was born in Richmond, then part of Surrey.
- Gilbert White (1912–1977), brigadier, was born in Farnham.
- Dominic Bruce (1915–2000), flight lieutenant and Colditz escapee, lived for most of his life after the Second World War in Sunbury-on-Thames.
- John Cunningham (1917–2002), air ace, was born in Croydon, then part of Surrey.
Popular music
The "Surrey Delta" produced many of the musicians in 60s British blues movements.
- Roger Waters (born 1943) was born in Great Bookham, a village in Surrey.
- Jimmy Page (born 1944) spent much of his early life in Epsom.
- Jeff Beck (1944-2023) was born in Wallington, then part of Surrey.
- Eric Clapton (born 1945) was born and grew up in Ripley.
- Peter Gabriel (born 1950) was born in Chobham and grew up in Surrey. His band Genesis was formed at the Charterhouse School in Godalming.
- Sheerwater Secondary Schoolin 1972.
- The Stranglers were formed in Guildford in 1974.
- Sham 69 were formed in Hersham in 1975.[92]
- The Clash opened their White Riot Tour at the Guildford Civic Hall (now G Live) on 1 May 1977.
- Regatta de Blanc (1979) at Surrey Sound Studios in Leatherhead.
- Kirsty MacColl (1959–2000) was born in Croydon, then part of Surrey.
- Norman Cook, a.k.a. Fatboy Slim (born 1963), grew up in Reigate.
- Georgia Buchanan a.k.a. Call Me Loop (born 1991), was born in Surrey.[93]
- Kai Stephensare from Staines-upon-Thames.
- Justin Hawkins, lead singer of rock band the Darkness, was born in Surrey.
- Disclosure members Guy and Howard Lawrence are from Reigate.
- Keith Relf (1943-1976) was born and grew up in Richmond, then part of Surrey.
- Jane Relf (born 1947) was born and grew up in Richmond, then part of Surrey.
Sport
- Max Hall (born 1975), cricketer[94]
- Luke Shaw (born 1995), footballer, was born in Kingston upon Thames[95]
- Harvey Elliott (born 2003), footballer[96]
Television
The county is covered by BBC London and ITV London. BBC South and ITV Meridian can be received in western parts of Surrey and BBC South East and ITV Meridian in southeastern parts of the county.[97]
Sport
- Woodbridge Road in Guildford for some games. It was one of the original participants in the County Championship and has won the competition 19 times outright and once jointly, more than any other county except Yorkshire.
- Epsom Downs Racecourse is the venue for the most prestigious event in British flat horse-racing, the Derby, which has been held there most years since 1780. Surrey is also home to Lingfield, Kempton and Sandown Park Racecourses, presenting an unusually high concentration in one county.[99]
- Brooklands between Woking and Weybridge was the world's first purpose-built motorsport race circuit, opened in 1907.[100][101] The headquarters of the McLaren Formula One team are at Woking. James Hunt, the 1976 Formula 1 World Driver's Champion was born in Belmont, Sutton, then part of Surrey, in 1947.
- The All England Lawn Tennis Club, venue for the Wimbledon Championships, and the headquarters of the Lawn Tennis Associationwere within Surrey until 1965.
- Surrey's leading Surrey Sports Parkin Guildford.
- Surrey is one of a handful of English counties with no teams in the top 92 Football League. Its leading team is Woking, currently playing in the fifth-tier National League.
- Surrey is home to the ice hockey team the Guildford Flames, who compete in the top-tier Elite Ice Hockey League.
- The basketball team Surrey Scorchers, based in Guildford, play in the top tier of British basketball, the British Basketball League.
- The netball team Surrey Storm, based in Guildford play in the Netball Superleague. They are the franchise for the Greater London area and the South East.[102]
- Golf has been played in the county since before 1900 most notably as international venue Wentworth; by 2013 a 142nd co-existing Surrey golf course was in planning consultation; 141 were recorded by The Daily Telegraph newspaper.[103]
- Rowing clubs include Molesey (with an elite development programme hosting several leading British Rowing crews), Walton, (one of the UK's top clubs in the junior category), Weybridge, Weybridge Ladies,[104] Weybridge Mariners,[105] Burway, Staines and Guildford[106] whose top female quad boat won Henley Women's in 2012.
- Volleyball teams include BA, Friends Provident and Guildford International Volleyball Club[107] (whose elite men's team has won the 1st of the 4 National Divisions), while twelve clubs in Surrey and three in south-west Greater London compete in the Surrey Volleyball League.
Surrey football clubs
The county has numerous football teams. In the
Chelsea F.C. practice at the Cobham Training Centre located in the village of Stoke d'Abernon near Cobham, Surrey.[108] The training ground was built in 2004 and officially opened in 2007.
Local government
History
Surrey | |
---|---|
Population | |
• 1891 | 452,218[109] |
• 1971 | 1,002,832[110] |
History | |
• Created | c. 825 |
Status | Administrative county |
• HQ | Newington 1889–1893 Kingston upon Thames 1893–2020 Reigate since 2020 |
The
For purposes other than local government the administrative county of Surrey and county borough of Croydon continued to form a "county of Surrey" to which a
were appointed.Surrey had been administered from Newington since the 1790s, and the county council was initially based in the sessions house there. As Newington was included in the County of London, it lay outside the area administered by the council, and a site for a new county hall within the administrative county was sought. By 1890 six towns were being considered: Epsom, Guildford, Kingston, Redhill, Surbiton and Wimbledon.[111] In 1891 it was decided to build the new County Hall at Kingston, and the building opened in 1893,[112] but this site was also overtaken by the growing London conurbation, and by the 1930s most of the north of the county had been built over, becoming outer suburbs of London, although continuing to form part of Surrey administratively.
In 1960 the report of the
Further local government reform under the
Today
Following the elections of May 2021 the County Councillors' party affiliations were as follows:[113]
Party | Seats | |
---|---|---|
Conservative | 47 | |
Residents Association/Independent
|
16 | |
Liberal Democrats | 14 | |
Green | 2 | |
Labour
|
2 |
As of 2 May 2019, the
The Conservatives held all
Economy
The average wage in Surrey is bolstered by the high proportion of residents who work in financial services.[citation needed]
Surrey has more organisation and company headquarters than any other county in the UK.[
Transport
Road
Three major motorways pass through the county. These are:
- Stansted and Luton Airports and the Channel Tunnelmotor vehicle service.
- South West of England having in Surrey the Sunbury-on-Thames, M25 interchange and the Lightwater and Bagshotjunctions.
- M23 (north–south) in effect connects Croydon to Brighton as the dualled A23 trunk road to the north and beyond Crawley. It has junction to a spur to Gatwick Airport on the Surrey/Sussex border. It has a Surrey junction, the M25 Merstham interchange, close to the Reigate M25 junction.
Other major roads include:
- The A3 trunk road from Portsmouth to London. The road now bypasses and historically assisted in the growth of Haslemere, Godalming, Guildford, Esher and Kingston upon Thames. The Hindhead Tunnel bypasses a former bottleneck at Hindhead and the Devil's Punchbowl.
- The A24 from London to Littlehampton and Worthing. In Surrey, it passes through or around Ewell, Epsom, Ashtead, Leatherhead and Dorking. It passes Box Hill, near Dorking. Unlike the A3, which is almost completely dual carriageway, the A24 is, apart from a central Surrey stretch, single carriageway; it bypasses Leatherhead, Dorking and Horsham.
- The A31 trunk road heads west from Guildford to Bere Regis via Farnham and is connected to the M3 near Winchester and via the A331 near Aldershot. It is dual carriageway along the Hog's Back from the A3 to Farnham. It is one of the ancient routes from London to Winchester, see Pilgrims' Way.
- The short A331 connects the A31 to the M3. It runs along the Surrey-Hampshire border, bypassing Aldershot, Frimley and Farnborough.
Rail
Much of Surrey lies within the
There are many railway lines in the county, those of note include the
The Waterloo to Reading Line calls at Virginia Water, Egham, and Staines in Surrey. The South West Main Line calls at Woking and up to six other Surrey stops including Walton-on-Thames. The Portsmouth Direct Line is significant in linking Haslemere, Godalming and Guildford to the South West Main Line at Woking. The Sutton and Mole Valley Lines link Dorking, Leatherhead, Ashtead, Epsom to Waterloo via Ewell West or London Victoria via Ewell East. The Brighton Main Line calls at Horley and Redhill before reaching either London Bridge or London Victoria. Reigate is on the east–west North Downs Line.
Consequently, the towns
- Chertsey Line linking the first two of the above national routes via Chertsey and Addlestone
- Hampton Court Branch Line to Hampton Court via Thames Dittonfrom Surbiton
- Sunbury
- Ascot to Guildford Line via Wanborough, Ash, into Hampshire via Aldershot and back into Surrey to serve Frimley, Camberley and Bagshot.
- Alton Line calls at the far southwest Surrey town, Farnham.
- Epsom Downs Branch from Sutton and then Belmont in Greater London to Banstead and Epsom Downs.
- .
- Oxted Line calls at Oxted and Hurst Green.
- .
The only diesel route is the east–west North Downs Line, which runs from Reading via Guildford, Dorking Deepdene, Reigate and Redhill.
The major stations in the county are
Air
Both
Fairoaks Airport on the edge of Chobham and Ottershaw is 2.3 miles (3.7 km) from Woking town centre and operates as a private airfield with two training schools and is home to other aviation businesses.
Redhill Aerodrome is also in Surrey.
Education
The UK has a comprehensive, state-funded education system, accordingly Surrey has 37 state secondary schools, 17 Academies, 7 sixth form colleges and 55 state primaries. The county has 41 independent schools, including Charterhouse (one of the nine independent schools mentioned in the Public Schools Act 1868) and the Royal Grammar School, Guildford. More than half the state secondary schools in Surrey have sixth forms. Brooklands (twinned with a site in Ashford, Surrey), Reigate, Esher, Egham, Woking and Waverley host sixth-form equivalent colleges each with technical specialisations and standard sixth-form study courses. Brooklands College offers aerospace and automotive design, engineering and allied study courses reflecting the aviation and motor industry leading UK research and maintenance hubs nearby.
Higher education
- The University of Surrey is based in Guildford
- The University for the Creative Arts (UCA) has campuses in Farnham and Epsom
- Royal Holloway, University of London is based in Egham
- The University of Lawhas a campus in Guildford
- The Guildford School of Acting is located on the Surrey University campus
Emergency services
Surrey is served by the following emergency services:
- Surrey Police
- British Transport Police
- South East Coast Ambulance Service
- Surrey Fire & Rescue Service
- SURSAR
Places of interest
Significant landscapes in Surrey include
More manicured landscapes can be seen at
There are 80 Surrey Wildlife Trust reserves with at least one in all 11 non-metropolitan districts.[117]
Surrey's important country houses include the
A canal system, the Wey and Godalming Navigations is administered at Dapdune Wharf in Guildford, where an exhibition commemorates the work of the canal system and is home to a restored Wey barge, the Reliance. The Wey and Arun Canal is being restored by volunteers with hopes of a future full reopening.
Runnymede at Egham is the site of the sealing of Magna Carta in 1215.
Guildford Cathedral is a 20th-century cathedral built from bricks made from the clay of the hill on which it stands.
Brooklands Museum recognises the motoring and aeronautical past of Surrey. The county is also home to the Thorpe Park theme park.
In popular culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2018) |
Jane Austen's novel Emma is set in the fictional town of Highbury, Surrey, and the picnic at which Emma Woodhouse embarrasses Miss Bates takes place on Box Hill. Austen's unfinished novel The Watsons is also set in Surrey, and Emma Watson's brothers Robert and Samuel live in Croydon and Guildford, respectively, while Emma has recently returned home to the fictional village of Stanton.
Much of H. G. Wells' 1898 novel The War of the Worlds is set in Surrey with many specific towns and villages identified. The Martians first land on Horsell Common on the north side of Woking, outside the Bleak House pub, now called Sands. The narrator flees in the direction of London, first passing Byfleet and then Weybridge before travelling east along the north bank of the Thames.
The late
The character Ford Prefect from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy claimed to be from Guildford in Surrey, but in actuality he was from a small planet somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuse.
Thomas Paine Kydd, the hero of the
Ian McEwan's Atonement is set in Surrey.
In
The county has also been used as a film location. In the 1976 film
Surrey woodland represented Germany in the opening scene of Gladiator, starring Russell Crowe; it was filmed at the Bourne Woods near Farnham in Surrey. The film I Want Candy follows two hopeful lads from Leatherhead trying to break into the movies, and was partly filmed in Brooklands College (Weybridge campus).
Scenes for the 2009 BBC production of
See also
- List of Lord Lieutenants of Surrey
- List of High Sheriffs of Surrey
- Custos Rotulorum of Surrey—Keepers of the Rolls
- Surrey (UK Parliament constituency)—Historical list of MPs for Surrey constituency
- Surrey (carriage)
- Healthcare in Surrey
- Surrey Police and Crime Commissioner
Notes
- ^ Domesday Book valued the Surrey estates of Chertsey Abbey in 1066 at £189 a year, the abbey's only other holdings being £11 worth in Berkshire. Harold's lands in Surrey were valued at £175 a year, while another £15 worth were still entered under the name of his late father Earl Godwin. The revenues of King Edward's Surrey estates totalled £117, Queen Edith's £76, the Archbishopric of Canterbury's £66 and the Bishopric of Winchester's £55, all fractions of vast national holdings. The earl with jurisdiction over Surrey, Harold's brother Leofwine, held only £17 there, from a national total of £290, whose greatest concentrations were in Kent and Sussex, while his mother, Godwin's widow Gytha, held £16 from a total of £590, chiefly clustered in Devon, Wiltshire and Sussex. The other great landowners with Surrey estates were the thegns Ætsere, Ægelnoð and Osward. Ætsere held £61 in Surrey, from a total of £271 including £163 in Sussex, Ægelnoð held £40, from a total of £260 including £71 in Kent, £58 in Sussex and £50 in Oxfordshire, and Osward held £26, from a total of £109 including £65 in Kent, where he was also sheriff. Donald Henson, The English Elite in 1066: Gone but not forgotten (Hockwold-cum-Wilton 2001), pp. 20–23, 26–27, 32–34, 39, 49–50, 64–65, 70, 73, 85, 179–181.
- ^ This was Oswald, whose brother Wulfwold, Abbot of Chertsey and Bath, died in 1084. Oswald was one of the small number of English landowners who managed to increase their holdings in the wake of the conquest: his estates, centred on Effingham, were valued at £18 a year in 1066, but the acquisition of additional manors raised this to £35 by 1086. His descendants, the de La Leigh family, relinquished the majority of their Surrey lands in the 12th century, but remained landowners in the county until the early 14th century. One of them, William de La Leigh, served as Sheriff of Surrey in 1267.
- ^ Besides the castles built or rebuilt in stone, remains of Norman castles of earth and timber have been identified at Abinger, Cranleigh, Thunderfield, and Walton-on-the-Hill.[44]
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- Hadfield, Charles (1969). The canals of south and south east England. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-71-534693-8.
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External links
- Surrey County Council
- Surrey Interactive Map Archived 22 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- Exploring Surrey's Past
- Surrey Search & Rescue (SurSAR)
- Surrey History Centre
- Images of Surrey at the English Heritage Archive
- Further historical information and sources on GENUKI