John Jolly
John Jolly | |
---|---|
Ahuludegi, Oolooteka | |
oil on canvas by George Catlin, 1834 | |
Cherokee Nation–West leader | |
Preceded by | Tahlonteeskee |
Succeeded by | John Looney |
Personal details | |
Died | 1838 Old Settlers |
John Jolly (
Tennessee
John Jolly was born into a mixed-race family in Tennessee. He had a successful trading post on Hiwassee Island (in present-day Meigs County) in eastern Tennessee. The island was located at the confluence of the Tennessee and Hiwassee Rivers.[1]
Jolly was also a wealthy planter. He dressed in
Adoption of Sam Houston
Arkansas Territory
His brother settled with tribe members in what was then southern Missouri Territory. After a treaty in 1817, Tahlonteeskee (or Talontiski) and his followers moved to western Arkansas, along the Arkansas River at the mouth of the Poteau River. They were given an equal amount of land to what they had owned east of the Mississippi River. The Cherokee lands were located north of the Arkansas River, in the area designated as Lovely's Purchase. The rights of the Cherokee people, however, were not clearly spelled out in the treaty.[1] Houston was subagent to the Cherokee during the negotiations.[6]
The Cherokee treaty delegates were bribed by Governor
Jolly saw that native tribes were being pushed west within the United States. He believed that the tribes should unite and become the United Tribes of America to "...preserve the sinking race of Native Americans from extinction."[9]
Planter and businessman
Jolly had a large plantation, with a network of fields and peach orchards, worked by up to twelve slaves.[10][1] He had more than 500 head of cattle. He was a generous host to whoever visited his large, fine house.[10][b] His visitors included naturalist Thomas Nuttall. He stayed in contact with Indian agents. Near his house was the Dwight Mission run by missionary Cephas Washburn and was supported by Jolly.[1] Jolly was popular with the planter class, who were often of Cherokee and European descent and whose lives were similar to Southern planters, as well as the full-blooded Cherokee, who did not trust whites and wanted to maintain their culture and heritage.[11]
There are ways in which the Cherokee Nation lived like southern planters. Their labor was supplied by enslaved black people. They had nice goods, clothing, and furnishings that they purchased from Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. They copied the fine mansions of the South when they built their homes. But they did not approve of the way that whites lived, and they had their own cultural traditions. For instance, Houston and Jolly followed an ancient tradition among friends where they fed one another from a common spoon.[10]
Principal Chief
Jolly was elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation—West upon the death of his brother Tahlonteeskee in the spring of 1819. He was responsible for managing the affairs of the Cherokee within the Cherokee settlements and with governmental officials over diplomatic issues, particularly the treaties between the Cherokee and the United States government.[1]
President
Jolly was elected president of the Arkansas Cherokee after the tribal government was reorganized in 1824.
Oklahoma
In 1828, most of the western Cherokee were moved from Indian reserve areas in the Arkansas Territory to the newly established Indian Territory (in present-day Oklahoma). Jolly established a plantation at the confluence of the Arkansas and Illinois Rivers,[1] near present-day Webbers Falls, Oklahoma.[12] During Jolly's term of office, the Cherokee Nation—West adopted a constitution establishing a tripartite government, much like that previously adopted by the Cherokee Nation—East (1827). Jolly established a capital city, Tahlonteeskee, named in honor of his brother.
One writer states that much of Jolly's success "was due to the counsel and support of John Rogers", his brother-in-law and Cherokee headman.[13]
In 1829, Sam Houston sought refuge with Jolly after his brief marriage to Eliza Allen, which sparked many rumors and theories, and led to his resignation as governor of Tennessee.[14] Jolly met Houston when the steamboat arrived at Fort Gibson with a number of his enslaved men bearing torches.[15] Jolly was grateful for Houston's return, both because he was happy to be a place of refuge and because the Nation could use his assistance in ensuring that the Cherokee people's voices were heard by the government.[16][c]
George Catlin painted his portrait in 1834. He described him as "...a dignified chief … a mixture of white and red blood, of which … the first seems decidedly to predominate". Of his visit to the Cherokee, he mentioned that there were six or seven thousand members of the tribe under Jolly who had removed with him from Tennessee.[2]
Black Coat, who served with Jolly as second chief, died in the spring of 1835, and was succeeded by Joseph Vann.[17]
Jolly served until his death near present-day Webbers Falls, Oklahoma in December 1838.[1] He was succeeded by John Looney, who had been his assistant principal chief.
Legacy
Hiwassee Island, at the mouth of the Hiwassee River where it meets the Tennessee, used to be commonly known as "Jolly's Island" after the Cherokee leader. Residents in the area sometimes still call it that.
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Early, Ann M. (October 29, 2013). "Jolly, John". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ^ a b c Gregory 1996, p. 13.
- ^ "About the Nation: John Jolly". Cherokee Nation, The Official Website of the Cherokee Nation. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ^ Gregory 1996, p. 12.
- ^ Gregory 1996, pp. 8–10.
- ^ Gregory 1996, p. 9.
- ^ a b Gregory 1996, p. 18.
- ^ a b Gregory 1996, p. 20.
- ^ Woodward 2003, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Gregory 1996, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Gregory 1996, pp. 11–13.
- ^ Gregory 1996, p. 3.
- ^ John Bartlett Meserve. "Chief Thomas Mitchell Buffington and William Charles Rogers". Chronicles of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ^ Gregory 1996, pp. 3–5.
- ^ Gregory 1996, p. 8.
- ^ a b Gregory 1996, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Gaston L. Litton (September 1937). "The Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 15 (7). Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Sources
- Gregory, Jack Dwain (1996). Sam Houston with the Cherokees, 1829-1833. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2809-2.
- McLoughlin, William G. Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
- Wilkins, Thurman. Cherokee Tragedy: The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People. (New York: Macmillan Company, 1970).
- Woodward, Walter M. (2003). "Sam Houston : for Texas and the Union". New York : PowerPlus Books.