Arkansas
Arkansas | |
---|---|
State of Arkansas | |
Central) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−05:00 (CDT) |
USPS abbreviation | AR |
ISO 3166 code | US-AR |
Traditional abbreviation | Ark. |
Latitude | 33° 00′ N to 36° 30′ N |
Longitude | 89° 39′ W to 94° 37′ W |
Website | arkansas |
Western honeybee | |
---|---|
Mammal | White-tailed deer |
Tree | Pine tree |
Vegetable | South Arkansas vine ripe pink tomato |
Inanimate insignia | |
Beverage | Milk |
Dance | Square dance |
Food | Pecan |
Gemstone | Diamond |
Mineral | Quartz |
Rock | Bauxite |
Soil | Stuttgart |
State route marker | |
State quarter | |
Released in 2003 | |
Lists of United States state symbols |
Arkansas (
Arkansas is the
Previously part of
Following
Etymology
The name Arkansas initially applied to the
The name has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of ways.[c] In 1881, the state legislature defined the official pronunciation of Arkansas as having the final "s" be silent (as it would be in French). A dispute had arisen between the state's two senators over the pronunciation issue. One favored /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ (AR-kən-saw), the other /ɑːrˈkænzəs/ (ar-KAN-zəs).[c]
In 2007, the state legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring that the possessive form of the state's name is Arkansas's, which the state government has increasingly followed.[16][17]
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2022) |
Early history
Before European settlement of North America, Arkansas, was inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. The
Later explorers included the French
Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings.
And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants.
Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the native Indians and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is an innovation to be discouraged.
Citizens of the
Settlers, such as fur trappers, moved to Arkansas in the early 18th century. These people used Arkansas Post as a home base and
Purchase and statehood
As European Americans settled throughout the East Coast and into the Midwest, in the 1830s the United States government forced the
Additional Native American removals began in earnest during the territorial period, with final Quapaw removal complete by 1833 as they were pushed into Indian Territory.[31] The capital was relocated from Arkansas Post to Little Rock in 1821, during the territorial period.[32]
When Arkansas applied for statehood, the slavery issue was again raised in
Civil War and Reconstruction
In early antebellum Arkansas, the southeast Arkansas slave-based economy developed rapidly. On the eve of the American Civil War in 1860, enslaved African Americans numbered 111,115 people, just over 25% of the state's population.[34] A plantation system based largely on cotton agriculture developed that, after the war, kept the state and region behind the nation for decades.[35] The wealth developed among planters of southeast Arkansas caused a political rift between the northwest and southeast.[36]
Many politicians were elected to office from
Arkansas held a very important position for the Rebels, maintaining control of the
Under the Military Reconstruction Act, Congress declared Arkansas restored to the Union in June 1868, after the Legislature accepted the 14th Amendment. The Republican-controlled reconstruction legislature established universal male suffrage (though temporarily disfranchising former Confederate Army officers, who were all Democrats), a public education system for blacks and whites, and passed general issues to improve the state and help more of the population. The State soon came under control of the Radical Republicans and Unionists, and led by Governor Powell Clayton, they presided over a time of great upheaval as Confederate sympathizers and the Ku Klux Klan fought the new developments, particularly voting rights for African Americans.
End of Reconstruction and late 19th century
In 1874, the
Following the Brooks-Baxter War, a new state constitution was ratified, re-enfranchising former Confederates and effectively bringing an end to Reconstruction.
In 1881, the Arkansas state legislature enacted a bill that adopted an official pronunciation of the state's name, to combat a controversy then simmering. (See Law and Government below.)
After Reconstruction, the state began to receive more
Construction of railroads enabled more farmers to get their products to market. It also brought new development into different parts of the state, including the Ozarks, where some areas were developed as resorts. In a few years at the end of the 19th century, for instance,
Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century
In the late 1880s, the worsening agricultural depression catalyzed Populist and third party movements, leading to interracial coalitions. Struggling to stay in power, in the 1890s the Democrats in Arkansas followed other Southern states in passing legislation and constitutional amendments that
By 1900 the Democratic Party expanded use of the white primary in county and state elections, further denying blacks a part in the political process. Only in the primary was there any competition among candidates, as Democrats held all the power. The state was a Democratic one-party state for decades, until after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 to enforce constitutional rights.[40]
Between 1905 and 1911, Arkansas began to receive a small immigration of German, Slovak, and Scots-Irish from Europe. The German and Slovak peoples settled in the eastern part of the state known as the Prairie, and the Irish founded small communities in the southeast part of the state. The Germans were mostly Lutheran and the Slovaks were primarily Catholic. The Irish were mostly Protestant from Ulster, of Scots and Northern Borders descent. Some early 20th-century immigration included people from eastern Europe. Together, these immigrants made the Delta more diverse than the rest of the state. In the same years, some black migrants moved into the area because of opportunities to develop the bottomlands and own their own property.
Black sharecroppers began to try to organize a farmers' union after World War I. They were seeking better conditions of payment and accounting from white landowners of the area cotton plantations. Whites resisted any change and often tried to break up their meetings. On September 30, 1919, two white men, including a local deputy, tried to break up a meeting of black sharecroppers who were trying to organize a farmers' union. After a white deputy was killed in a confrontation with guards at the meeting, word spread to town and around the area.[
The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 flooded the areas along the Ouachita Rivers along with many other rivers.
Based on the order of President
Fall of segregation
After the Supreme Court ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954), some students worked to integrate schools in the state. The Little Rock Nine brought Arkansas to national attention in 1957 when the federal government had to intervene to protect African-American students trying to integrate a high school in the capital. Governor Orval Faubus had ordered the Arkansas National Guard to help segregationists prevent nine African-American students from enrolling at Little Rock's Central High School. After attempting three times to contact Faubus, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent 1,000 troops from the active-duty 101st Airborne Division to escort and protect the African-American students as they entered school on September 25, 1957. In defiance of federal court orders to integrate, the governor and city of Little Rock decided to close the high schools for the remainder of the school year. By the fall of 1959, the Little Rock high schools were completely integrated.[43]
Geography
Boundaries
Arkansas borders
Terrain
Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest and the lowlands of the southeast.
The southeastern part of Arkansas along the Mississippi Alluvial Plain is sometimes called the Arkansas Delta. This region is a flat landscape of rich alluvial soils formed by repeated flooding of the adjacent Mississippi. Farther from the river, in the southeastern part of the state, the Grand Prairie has a more undulating landscape. Both are fertile agricultural areas. The Delta region is bisected by a geological formation known as Crowley's Ridge. A narrow band of rolling hills, Crowley's Ridge rises 250 to 500 feet (76 to 152 m) above the surrounding alluvial plain and underlies many of eastern Arkansas's major towns.[47]
Northwest Arkansas is part of the
Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns. The State Archeologist has catalogued more than 43,000 Native American living, hunting and tool-making sites, many of them Pre-Columbian burial mounds and rock shelters. Crater of Diamonds State Park near Murfreesboro is the world's only diamond-bearing site accessible to the public for digging.[51][52] Arkansas is home to a dozen Wilderness Areas totaling 158,444 acres (641.20 km2).[53] These areas are set aside for outdoor recreation and are open to hunting, fishing, hiking, and primitive camping. No mechanized vehicles nor developed campgrounds are allowed in these areas.[54]
Hydrology
Arkansas has many rivers, lakes, and reservoirs within or along its borders. Major tributaries to the Mississippi River include the
Flora and fauna
Arkansas's temperate deciduous forest is divided into three broad ecoregions: the Ozark, Ouachita-Appalachian Forests, the Mississippi Alluvial and Southeast USA Coastal Plains, and the Southeastern USA Plains.[58] The state is further divided into seven subregions: the Arkansas Valley, Boston Mountains, Mississippi Alluvial Plain, Mississippi Valley Loess Plain, Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, and the South Central Plains.[59] A 2010 United States Forest Service survey determined 18,720,000 acres (7,580,000 ha) of Arkansas's land is forestland, or 56% of the state's total area.[60] Dominant species in Arkansas's forests include Quercus (oak), Carya (hickory), Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) and Pinus taeda (loblolly pine).[61][62]
Arkansas's plant life varies with its climate and elevation. The
Climate
Arkansas generally has a humid subtropical climate. While not bordering the Gulf of Mexico, Arkansas, is still close enough to the warm, large body of water for it to influence the weather in the state. Generally, Arkansas, has hot, humid summers and slightly drier, mild to cool winters. In Little Rock, the daily high temperatures average around 93 °F (34 °C) with lows around 73 °F (23 °C) in July. In January highs average around 51 °F (11 °C) and lows around 32 °F (0 °C). In Siloam Springs in the northwest part of the state, the average high and low temperatures in July are 89 and 67 °F (32 and 19 °C) and in January the average high and low are 44 and 23 °F (7 and −5 °C). Annual precipitation throughout the state averages between about 40 and 60 inches (1,000 and 1,500 mm); it is somewhat wetter in the south and drier in the northern part of the state.[68] Snowfall is infrequent but most common in the northern half of the state.[55] The half of the state south of Little Rock is apter to see ice storms. Arkansas's record high is 120 °F (49 °C) at Ozark on August 10, 1936; the record low is −29 °F (−34 °C) at Gravette, on February 13, 1905.[69]
Arkansas is known for extreme weather and frequent storms. A typical year brings thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail, snow and ice storms. Between both the Great Plains and the Gulf States, Arkansas, receives around 60 days of thunderstorms. Arkansas is located in Tornado Alley, and as a result, a few of the most destructive tornadoes in U.S. history have struck the state. While sufficiently far from the coast to avoid a direct hit from a hurricane, Arkansas can often get the remnants of a tropical system, which dumps tremendous amounts of rain in a short time and often spawns smaller tornadoes.[citation needed]
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Arkansas Cities | |||||||||||||
City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Avg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fayetteville[70] | 44/24 (7/-4) |
51/29 (10/-2) |
59/38 (15/3) |
69/46 (20/8) |
76/55 (24/13) |
84/64 (29/18) |
89/69 (32/20) |
89/67 (32/19) |
81/59 (27/15) |
70/47 (21/9) |
57/37 (14/3) |
48/28 (9/-2) |
68/47 (20/8) |
Jonesboro[71] | 45/26 (7/-3) |
51/30 (11/-1) |
61/40 (16/4) |
71/49 (22/9) |
80/58 (26/15) |
88/67 (31/19) |
92/71 (34/22) |
91/69 (33/20) |
84/61 (29/16) |
74/49 (23/9) |
60/39 (15/4) |
49/30 (10/-1) |
71/49 (21/9) |
Little Rock[72] | 51/31 (11/-1) |
55/35 (13/2) |
64/43 (18/6) |
73/51 (23/11) |
81/61 (27/16) |
89/69 (32/21) |
93/73 (34/23) |
93/72 (34/22) |
86/65 (30/18) |
75/53 (24/12) |
63/42 (17/6) |
52/34 (11/1) |
73/51 (23/11) |
Texarkana[73] | 53/31 (11/-1) |
58/34 (15/1) |
67/42 (19/5) |
75/50 (24/10) |
82/60 (28/16) |
89/68 (32/20) |
93/72 (34/22) |
93/71 (34/21) |
86/64 (30/18) |
76/52 (25/11) |
64/41 (18/5) |
55/33 (13/1) |
74/52 (23/11) |
Monticello[74] | 52/30 (11/-1) |
58/34 (14/1) |
66/43 (19/6) |
74/49 (23/10) |
82/59 (28/15) |
89/66 (32/19) |
92/70 (34/21) |
92/68 (33/20) |
86/62 (30/17) |
76/50 (25/10) |
64/41 (18/5) |
55/34 (13/1) |
74/51 (23/10) |
Fort Smith[75] | 48/27 (8/-2) |
54/32 (12/0) |
64/40 (17/4) |
73/49 (22/9) |
80/58 (26/14) |
87/67 (30/19) |
92/71 (33/21) |
92/70 (33/21) |
84/62 (29/17) |
75/50 (23/10) |
61/39 (16/4) |
50/31 (10/0) |
72/50 (22/10) |
Average high °F/average low °F (average high °C/average low°C) |
Cities and towns
The
The state has eight cities with populations above 50,000 (based on 2010 census). In descending order of size, they are Little Rock, Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Springdale, Jonesboro, North Little Rock, Conway, and Rogers. Of these, only Fort Smith and Jonesboro are outside the two largest metropolitan areas. Other cities in Arkansas include Pine Bluff, Crossett, Bryant, Lake Village, Hot Springs, Bentonville, Texarkana, Sherwood, Jacksonville, Russellville, Bella Vista, West Memphis, Paragould, Cabot, Searcy, Van Buren, El Dorado, Blytheville, Harrison, Dumas, Rison, Warren, and Mountain Home.[79]
Rank | Name
|
County
|
Pop. | Rank | Name
|
County
|
Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Little Rock Fort Smith |
1 | Little Rock | Pulaski | 198,606 | 11 | Hot Springs | Garland | 36,915 | Fayetteville |
2 | Fort Smith | Sebastian | 88,037 | 12 | Benton | Saline | 35,789 | ||
3 | Fayetteville | Washington | 85,257 | 13 | Sherwood | Pulaski | 31,081 | ||
4 | Springdale | Washington | 79,599 | 14 | Texarkana | Miller | 30,259 | ||
5 | Jonesboro | Craighead | 75,866 | 15 | Russellville | Pope | 29,318 | ||
6 | Rogers | Benton | 66,430 | 16 | Jacksonville | Pulaski | 28,513 | ||
7 | North Little Rock | Pulaski | 65,911 | 17 | Bella Vista | Benton | 28,511 | ||
8 | Conway | Faulkner | 65,782 | 18 | Paragould | Greene | 28,488 | ||
9 | Bentonville | Benton | 49,298 | 19 | Cabot | Lonoke | 26,141 | ||
10 | Pine Bluff | Jefferson | 42,984 | 20 | West Memphis | Crittenden | 24,860 |
Demographics
Population
The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Arkansas was 3,017,804 on July 1, 2019, a 3.49% increase since the 2010 United States census.[81] At the 2020 U.S. census, Arkansas had a resident population of 3,011,524.
From fewer than 15,000 in 1820, Arkansas's population grew to 52,240 during a special census in 1835, far exceeding the 40,000 required to apply for statehood.
It recorded population losses in the 1950 and 1960 censuses. This outmigration was a result of multiple factors, including farm mechanization, decreasing labor demand, and young educated people leaving the state due to a lack of non-farming industry in the state.[83] Arkansas again began to grow, recording positive growth rates ever since and exceeding two million by the 1980 census.[84] Arkansas's rate of change, age distributions, and gender distributions mirror national averages. Minority group data also approximates national averages. There are fewer people in Arkansas of Hispanic or Latino origin than the national average.[85] The center of population of Arkansas for 2000 was located in Perry County, near Nogal.[86]
According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,459 homeless people in Arkansas.[87][88]
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1810 | 1,062 | — | |
1820 | 14,273 | 1,244.0% | |
1830 | 30,388 | 112.9% | |
1840 | 97,574 | 221.1% | |
1850 | 209,897 | 115.1% | |
1860 | 435,450 | 107.5% | |
1870 | 484,471 | 11.3% | |
1880 | 802,525 | 65.6% | |
1890 | 1,128,211 | 40.6% | |
1900 | 1,311,564 | 16.3% | |
1910 | 1,574,449 | 20.0% | |
1920 | 1,752,204 | 11.3% | |
1930 | 1,854,482 | 5.8% | |
1940 | 1,949,387 | 5.1% | |
1950 | 1,909,511 | −2.0% | |
1960 | 1,786,272 | −6.5% | |
1970 | 1,923,295 | 7.7% | |
1980 | 2,286,435 | 18.9% | |
1990 | 2,350,725 | 2.8% | |
2000 | 2,673,400 | 13.7% | |
2010 | 2,915,918 | 9.1% | |
2020 | 3,011,524 | 3.3% | |
2023 (est.) | 3,067,732 | [89] | 1.9% |
Source: 1910–2020[90] |
Race and ethnicity
Per the 2019 census estimates, Arkansas was 72.0% non-Hispanic white, 15.4% Black or African American, 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.5% Asian, 0.4% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 0.1% some other race, 2.4% two or more races, and 7.7% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.
Race and ethnicity[94] | Alone | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic)
|
68.5% | 73.2% | ||
African American (non-Hispanic) | 14.9% | 16.2% | ||
Hispanic or Latino[d] | — | 8.5% | ||
Asian | 1.7% | 2.2% | ||
Native American | 0.7% | 3.4% | ||
Pacific Islander | 0.5% | 0.6% | ||
Other | 0.3% | 1.1% |
Non-Hispanic White 40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%90%+Black or African American 40–50%50–60%60–70%
Racial composition | 1990[95] | 2000[96] | 2010[97] | 2020[98] |
---|---|---|---|---|
White |
82.7% | 80.0% | 77.0% | 70.2% |
African American |
15.9% | 15.7% | 15.4% | 15.1% |
Asian |
0.5% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.7% |
Native | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.9% |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
– | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.5% |
Other race |
0.3% | 1.5% | 3.4% | 4.5% |
Two or more races |
– | 1.3% | 2.0% | 7.1% |
European Americans have a strong presence in the northwestern
A 2010 survey of the principal ancestries of Arkansas's residents revealed the following:
Most people identifying as "American" are of English descent or Scots-Irish descent. Their families have been in the state so long, in many cases since before statehood, that they choose to identify simply as having American ancestry or do not in fact know their ancestry. Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original 13 colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim American ancestry. Many people who identify as of Irish descent are in fact of Scots-Irish descent.[101][102][103][104]
According to the American Immigration Council, in 2015, the top countries of origin for Arkansas' immigrants were Mexico, El Salvador, India, Vietnam, and Guatemala.[105]
According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, 93.8% of Arkansas's population (over the age of five) spoke only English at home. About 4.5% of the state's population spoke Spanish at home. About 0.7% of the state's population spoke another
Religion
Like most other Southern states, Arkansas is part of the Bible Belt and predominantly Protestant. The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 661,382; the United Methodist Church with 158,574; non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 129,638; the Catholic Church with 122,662; and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 31,254. Some residents of the state have other religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Wicca/Paganism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and some have no religious affiliation.[107]
In 2014, the Pew Research Center determined that 79% of the population was Christian, dominated by evangelicals in the Southern Baptist and independent Baptist churches. In contrast with many other states, the Catholic Church as of 2014 was not the largest Christian denomination in Arkansas. Of the unaffiliated population, 2% were atheist in 2014.[108] By 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 71% of the population was Christian.[109] Arkansas continued to be dominated by evangelicals, followed by mainline Protestants and historically black or African American churches.
Economy
Once a state with a cashless society in the uplands and
As of July 2023, the state's unemployment rate was 2.6%; the preliminary rate for December 2023 is 3.4%.[116]
Industry and commerce
Arkansas's earliest industries were
Today only about three percent of the population are employed in the agricultural sector,
Tourism is also very important to the Arkansas economy; the official state nickname "The Natural State" was created for state tourism advertising in the 1970s, and is still used to this day. The state maintains
Transportation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2022) |
Transportation in Arkansas is overseen by the
In northeast Arkansas,
Arkansas is served by 2,750 miles (4,430 km) of railroad track divided among twenty-six railroad companies including three
Arkansas also benefits from the use of its rivers for commerce. The
There are four airports with commercial service:
Intercity bus services across the state are provided by
Public transit and community transport services for the elderly or those with developmental disabilities are provided by agencies such as the
Local transit map |
---|
Government
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2022) |
As with the federal government of the United States, political power in Arkansas is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each officer's term is four years long. Office holders are
Executive
The governor of Arkansas is
In Arkansas, the lieutenant governor is elected separately from the governor and thus can be from a different political party.[133]
Legislative
The
The Republican Party majority status in the Arkansas State House of Representatives after the 2012 elections, is the party's first since 1874. Arkansas was the last state of the old Confederacy to not have Republican control of either chamber of its house since the American Civil War.[136]
Following the term limits changes, studies have shown that lobbyists have become less influential in state politics. Legislative staff, not subject to term limits, have acquired additional power and influence due to the high rate of elected official turnover.[137]
Judicial
Arkansas's judicial branch has five court systems: Arkansas Supreme Court, Arkansas Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, District Courts and City Courts.
Most cases begin in district court, which is subdivided into state district court and local district court. State district courts exercise district-wide jurisdiction over the districts created by the General Assembly, and local district courts are presided over by part-time judges who may privately practice law. 25 state district court judges preside over 15 districts, with more districts created in 2013 and 2017. There are 28 judicial circuits of Circuit Court, with each contains five subdivisions: criminal, civil, probate, domestic relations, and juvenile court. The jurisdiction of the Arkansas Court of Appeals is determined by the Arkansas Supreme Court, and there is no right of appeal from the Court of Appeals to the high court. The Arkansas Supreme Court can review Court of Appeals cases upon application by either a party to the litigation, upon request by the Court of Appeals, or if the Arkansas Supreme Court feels the case should have been initially assigned to it. The twelve judges of the Arkansas Court of Appeals are elected from judicial districts to renewable six-year terms.
The Arkansas Supreme Court is the court of last resort in the state, composed of seven justices elected to eight-year terms. Established by the Arkansas Constitution in 1836, the court's decisions can be appealed to only the Supreme Court of the United States.
Federal
Both Arkansas's U.S. senators, John Boozman and Tom Cotton, are Republicans. The state has four seats in U.S. House of Representatives. All four seats are held by Republicans: Rick Crawford (1st district), French Hill (2nd district), Steve Womack (3rd district), and Bruce Westerman (4th district).[138]
Politics
Party registration as of June 2, 2021[139] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Total voters | Percentage | |||
Nonpartisan | 1,552,641 | 87.93% | |||
Republican | 123,726 | 7.01% | |||
Democratic | 88,508 | 5.01% | |||
Other | 806 | 0.05% | |||
Total | 1,765,681 | 100.00% |
Arkansas governor
Most Republican strength traditionally lay mainly in the northwestern part of the state, particularly Fort Smith and Bentonville, as well as North Central Arkansas around the Mountain Home area. In the latter area, Republicans have been known to get 90% or more of the vote, while the rest of the state was more Democratic. After 2010, Republican strength expanded further to the Northeast and Southwest and into the Little Rock suburbs. The Democrats are mostly concentrated to central Little Rock, the Mississippi Delta, the Pine Bluff area, and the areas around the southern border with Louisiana.
Arkansas has elected only three Republicans to the U.S. Senate since
In 2010, Republicans captured three of the state's four seats in the
Reflecting the state's large evangelical population, Arkansas has a strong
Arkansas retains the
Military
The
Taxation
Taxes are collected by the Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration.[145]
Health
As of 2012, Arkansas, as with many Southern states, has a high incidence of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and occupational fatalities compared to the rest of the United States.
The Arkansas Clean Indoor Air Act, a statewide smoking ban excluding bars and some restaurants, went into effect in 2006.[149]
Healthcare in Arkansas is provided by a network of hospitals as members of the Arkansas Hospital Association. Major institutions with multiple branches include Baptist Health,
Education
Arkansas has 1,064 state-funded kindergartens, elementary, junior and senior high schools.[153]
The state supports a network of public
In the 1920s the state required all children to attend public schools. The school year was set at 131 days, although some areas were unable to meet that requirement.[156][157]
Generally prohibited in the West at large, school corporal punishment is not unusual in Arkansas, with 20,083 public school students[e] paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–12 school year.[158] The rate of corporal punishment in public schools is higher only in Mississippi.[158]
Media
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As of 2010 many Arkansas local newspapers are owned by WEHCO Media, Alabama-based Lancaster Management, Kentucky-based Paxton Media Group, Missouri-based Rust Communications, Nevada-based Stephens Media, and New York-based GateHouse Media.[159]
Culture
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The culture of Arkansas includes distinct cuisine, dialect, and traditional festivals. Sports are also very important to the culture, including football, baseball, basketball, hunting, and fishing. Perhaps the best-known aspect of Arkansas's culture is the stereotype that its citizens are shiftless hillbillies.[160] The reputation began when early explorers characterized the state as a savage wilderness full of outlaws and thieves.[161] The most enduring icon of Arkansas's hillbilly reputation is The Arkansas Traveller, a painted depiction of a folk tale from the 1840s.[162] Though intended to represent the divide between rich southeastern plantation Arkansas planters and the poor northwestern hill country, the meaning was twisted to represent a Northerner lost in the Ozarks on a white horse asking a backwoods Arkansan for directions.[163] The state also suffers from the racial stigma common to former Confederate states, with historical events such as the Little Rock Nine adding to Arkansas's enduring image.[164]
Art and history museums display pieces of cultural value for Arkansans and tourists to enjoy. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville was visited by 604,000 people in 2012, its first year.[165] The museum includes walking trails and educational opportunities in addition to displaying over 450 works covering five centuries of American art.[166] Several historic town sites have been restored as Arkansas state parks, including Historic Washington State Park, Powhatan Historic State Park, and Davidsonville Historic State Park.
Arkansas features a variety of native music across the state, ranging from the
Sports and recreation
Sports have become an integral part of the culture of Arkansas, and her residents enjoy participating in and spectating various events throughout the year.
Team sports and especially collegiate football are important to Arkansans. College football in Arkansas began from humble beginnings, when the
Baseball runs deep in Arkansas and was popular before the state hosted
Hunting continues in the state. The state created the
Fishing has always been popular in Arkansas,[
Attractions
- Arkansas Post National Memorial at Gillett
- Blanchard Springs Caverns
- Buffalo National River
- Fort Smith National Historic Site
- Hot Springs National Park
- Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site
- Pea Ridge National Military Park
- President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site
- Arkansas State Capitol Building
- List of Arkansas state parks
See also
- Index of Arkansas-related articles
- Outline of Arkansas
- Spanish Empire
- History of Louisiana
- USS Arkansas, 5 ships
- Arkansas portal
- United States portal
Notes
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism, which follows what the locals have used since the area was first settled.
- ^ a b c d e
The region was organized as the Territory of Arkansaw on July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to the United States as the state of Arkansas on June 15, 1836. The name was historically pronounced /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/, /ɑːrˈkænzəs/, and several other variants. The residents of Arkansas have called themselves either "Arkansans" or "Arkansawyers". In 1881, the Arkansas General Assembly passed the following concurrent resolution, now Arkansas Code 1 April 105:[15]
Despite this, the state's name is still frequently mispronounced, especially by non-Americans; in fact, it is spelled inWhereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings.
And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants.
Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the native Indians and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is discouraged by Arkansans.
Cyrillic with the ar-KAN-zəspronunciation.Citizens of the
state of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River as /ɑːrˈkænzəs/, in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state. - ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
- ^ This figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher.
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Bibliography
- Arnold, Morris S (Spring 1992). "The Significance of the Arkansas Colonial Experience". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 51 (1): 69–82. JSTOR 40038202.
- Arnold, Morris S.; DeBlack, Thomas A; Sabo III, George; Whayne, Jeannie M (2002). Arkansas: A narrative history (1st ed.). Fayetteville, AR: The University of Arkansas Press. OCLC 49029558.
- Blevins, Brooks (2009). Arkansas/Arkansaw, How Bear Hunters, Hillbillies & Good Ol' Boys Defined a State. Fayetteville, AR: ISBN 978-1-55728-952-0.
- Bolton, S. Charles (Spring 1999). "Slavery and the Defining of Arkansas". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 58 (1): 1–23. JSTOR 40026271.
- Fletcher, John Gould (1989). Carpenter, Lucas (ed.). Arkansas. Vol. 2. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press. OCLC 555740849.
- Johnson, William R. (Spring 1965). "Prelude to the Missouri Compromise: A New York Congressman's Effort to Exclude Slavery from Arkansas Territory". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 24 (1): 47–66. JSTOR 40023964.
- Scroggs, Jack B (Autumn 1961). "Arkansas Statehood: A Study in State and National Political Schism". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 20 (3): 227–244. JSTOR 40038048.
- Smith, Richard M. (1989). The Atlas of Arkansas. The University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 978-1557280473.
- White, Lonnie J. (Autumn 1962). "Arkansas Territorial Indian Affairs". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 21 (3): 193–212. JSTOR 40018929.
- Sutherlin, Diann (1996). The Arkansas Handbook (2nd ed.). Little Rock, Arkansas: Fly By Night Press. LCCN 95-90761.
- The WPA Guide to 1930s Arkansas. LCCN 87-81307.
Further reading
- Blair, Diane D. & Jay Barth Arkansas Politics & Government: Do the People Rule? (2005)
- Deblack, Thomas A. With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861–1874 (2003)
- Donovan, Timothy P. and Willard B. Gatewood Jr., eds. The Governors of Arkansas (1981)
- Dougan, Michael B. Confederate Arkansas (1982),
- Duvall, Leland. ed., Arkansas: Colony and State (1973)
- Hamilton, Peter Joseph. The Reconstruction Period (1906), full length history of era; Dunning School approach; 570 pp; ch 13 on Arkansas
- Hanson, Gerald T. and Carl H. Moneyhon. Historical Atlas of Arkansas (1992)
- Key, V. O. Southern Politics (1949)
- Kirk, John A., Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970 (2002).
- McMath, Sidney S. Promises Kept (2003)
- Moore, Waddy W. ed., Arkansas in the Gilded Age, 1874–1900 (1976).
- Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974).
- Thompson, Brock. The Un-Natural State: Arkansas and the Queer South (2010)
- Thompson, George H. Arkansas and Reconstruction (1976)
- Whayne, Jeannie M. Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives (2000)
- White, Lonnie J. Politics on the Southwestern Frontier: Arkansas Territory, 1819–1836 (1964)
- Williams, C. Fred. ed. A Documentary History Of Arkansas (2005)
External links
- Arkansas.gov—Official State Website
- Arkansas State Facts from USDA
- Official State tourism website
- Encyclopedia of Arkansas
- Energy & Environmental Data for Arkansas
- U.S. Census Bureau
- 2000 Census of Population and Housing for Arkansas, U.S. Census Bureau
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Arkansas
- Arkansas Summer Camps
- Arkansas Shakespeare Theatre Archived December 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- Arkansas at Ballotpedia
- Arkansas at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Arkansas at OpenStreetMap
- Arkansas State Code (the state statutes of Arkansas)
- Arkansas State Databases—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Arkansas state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.