John Lighton Synge

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John Lighton Synge
ForMemRS
John Lighton Synge
Born
John Lighton Synge

(1897-03-23)23 March 1897
Dublin, Ireland
Died30 March 1995(1995-03-30) (aged 98)
Dublin, Ireland
Known forSynge's theorem
Synge's world function
Jüttner–Synge distribution
AwardsBoyle Medal (1972)
Henry Marshall Tory Medal (1943)
ForMemRS (1943)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics

John Lighton Synge FRS FRSC (/sɪŋ/; 23 March 1897 – 30 March 1995)[1] was an Irish mathematician and physicist, whose seven-decade career included significant periods in Ireland, Canada, and the USA. He was a prolific author and influential mentor, and is credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.[1]

Background

Synge was born 1897 in

elected a Foundation Scholar his first year, which was unusual as it was normally won by more advanced students. While an undergraduate at TCD, he spotted a non-trivial error in Analytical Dynamics, a textbook by E. T. Whittaker, who had recently taught there, and notified Whittaker of the error.[2] In 1919 he was awarded a B.A. in Mathematics and Experimental Physics, and also a gold medal for outstanding merit. In 1922 he was awarded an M.A., and in 1926 a Sc.D., the latter upon submission of his published papers up to then.[1]

In 1918, Synge had married Elizabeth Eleanor Mabel Allen (1896–1985). She was another student at TCD, first of mathematics, then of history, but family finances forced her to leave without graduating. Their daughters Margaret (Pegeen), Cathleen and Isabel were born in 1921, 1923 and 1930 respectively. The middle girl grew up to become the distinguished Canadian mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz.[1]

Synge's uncle John Millington Synge was a famous playwright. He is more distantly related to the 1952 Nobel prizewinner in chemistry Richard Laurence Millington Synge. He was a great-great-great-grandson of the mathematician and bishop Hugh Hamilton.[1]

His older brother, Edward Hutchinson Synge (1890-1957), who was known as Hutchie, also won a Foundation Scholarship in Trinity for Mathematics, though he never graduated. While Hutchie's later independent research was long overlooked, he is now recognised for his pioneering work in optics, particularly in near field optical imaging.[3][4]

He died on 30 March 1995 in Dublin.

Career in mathematics and physics

Synge was appointed to the position of lecturer at Trinity College, and then accepted a position at the University of Toronto in 1920. From 1920 until 1925, Synge was an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Toronto. There he attended lectures by Ludwik Silberstein on the theory of relativity, stimulating him to contribute "A system of space-time co-ordinates", a letter in Nature in 1921.[5][6]

Synge returned to Trinity College Dublin, in 1925, where he was elected to a fellowship and was appointed the University Professor of

Chien Wei-zang and Chia-Chiao Lin
, who later became leading applied mathematicians in China and the United States.

He spent some of 1939 at

US Air Force
between 1944 and 1945.

He returned to Ireland in 1948, accepting the position of Senior Professor in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. This school had been set up in 1940, and had several outstanding members, including Erwin Schrödinger (who contributed to quantum mechanics), who was also a Senior Professor.

His contributions

Synge made outstanding contributions to different fields of work including

electrical networks, mathematical methods, differential geometry, and Einstein's theory of relativity. He studied an extensive range of mathematical physics problems, but his best known work revolved around using geometrical methods in general relativity
.

He was one of the first physicists to seriously study the interior of a black hole, and his early work[8] was cited by both Kruskal and Szekeres in their independent discoveries[9][10] of the true (so-called maximal) structure of the Schwarzschild black hole. Synge's later derivation of the Szekeres-Kruskal metric solution,[11] which was motivated by a desire to avoid "using 'bad' [Schwarzschild] coordinates to obtain 'good' [Szekeres-Kruskal] coordinates," has been generally under-appreciated in the literature, but was adopted by Chandrasekhar in his black hole monograph.[12]

In pure mathematics, he is perhaps best known for

simply connected
. In odd dimensions, it instead says that such a space is necessarily orientable.

He also created the game of Vish in which players compete to find circularity (vicious circles) in dictionary definitions.[13]

Fields Medal

While at Toronto, he was a colleague of

International Mathematical Congress, which was hosted by Fields.[14] Fields had been planning the creation of an award for mathematicians, however, when he became ill in 1932, Synge represented Fields at the 1932 International Mathematical Congress, where the medal was approved. After Fields's death, Synge completed arrangements with the sculptor of the medal, R. Tait McKenzie and oversaw the disbursement of Fields's estate. The award is now known as the Fields Medal
.

Honours

Synge received many honours for his works. He was elected as a fellow of the

Royal Society of London in 1943. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 1943 was the first recipient of the society's Henry Marshall Tory Medal, as one of the first mathematicians working in Canada to be internationally recognised for his research in mathematics. In 1954 he was elected an honorary fellow of Trinity College Dublin.[15] He was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1961 until 1964. The Royal Society of Canada established the John L. Synge Award
in his honour in 1986.

John Lighton Synge retired in 1972. During his time at the

Boyle Medal by the Royal Dublin Society in 1972.[16]

During his long scientific career, Synge published over 200 papers and 11 books. He proved the result now known as Synge's theorem.

Selected publications

Papers
  • Synge, J. L. (1922). "Principal Directions in a Riemann Surface". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 8 (7): 198–203.
    PMID 16586876
    .
  • Synge, J. L. (1922). "Principal Directions in the Einstein Solar Field". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 8 (7): 204–207.
    PMID 16586877
    .
  • Synge, J. L. (1925). "A generalisation of the Riemannian line-element". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 27 (1): 61–67.
    MR 1501298
    .
  • Synge, J. L. (1932). "The apsides of general dynamical systems". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 34 (3): 481–522.
    MR 1501649
    .
  • Synge, J. L. (1934). "On the Expansion or Contraction of a Symmetrical Cloud under the Influence of Gravity". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 20 (12): 635–640.
    PMID 16587921
    .
  • Synge, J. L. (1938). "The absolute optical instrument". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 44 (1): 32–46.
    MR 1501960
    .
Books

See also

  • List of second-generation Mathematicians

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Florides (1996)
  2. ^ McCartney and Whitaker, p. 212.
  3. ISBN 3901585176
  4. ^ Hutchinson Synge - A Nanoscience Visionary Published by Trinity College Dublin, 30 March 2012
  5. ISBN 978-0-8218-6914-7
  6. S2CID 4073185
    .
  7. ^ Spearman, T. D. (1992). "400 years of mathematics: The eighteenth century". Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  8. ^ Synge, John Lighton. "The gravitational field of a particle." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Vol. 53. Royal Irish Academy, 1950.
  9. ^ Kruskal, Martin D. "Maximal extension of Schwarzschild metric." Physical review 119.5 (1960): 1743.
  10. ^ Szekeres, George. "On the singularities of a Riemannian manifold." Publ. Math. Debrecen 7 (1960): 285-301.
  11. ^ Synge, J. L. "Model universes with spherical symmetry." Annali di matematica pura ed applicata 98.1 (1974): 239-255.
  12. ^ Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan. "The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes, volume 69 of The International Series of Monographs on Physics." Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK 2.3 (1983): 2.
  13. ^ Synge, Science: Sense and Nonsense, p. 23-24, p. 32.
  14. ISBN 978-0821869147
    .
  15. ISBN 1-871408-07-5
    .
  16. ^ "John L. Synge". Royal Dublin Society. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  17. ^ John DeCicco (1951) Review: J. L. Synge & Alfred Schild Tensor Calculus, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 57(6):500-2 via Project Euclid

Sources

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