John MacHale
The Daniel Murray | |
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Consecration | 1825 by Pope Leo XII |
Personal details | |
Born | 6 March 1789 (or 1791) Tubbernavine, County Mayo, Ireland |
Died | 7 November 1881 (aged 90 or 92) Tuam, County Galway, Ireland |
Nationality | Irish |
Denomination | Roman Catholic |
John MacHale
He laboured and wrote to secure
Childhood
John MacHale was born in Tubbernavine, near Lahardane, County Mayo, Ireland.[4] Bernard O'Reilly places the date in the spring of 1791,[5] while others suggest 1789 more likely.[6] His parents were Patrick and Mary (née Mulkieran) MacHale. He was so feeble at birth that he was baptised at home by Father Andrew Conroy, who later was hanged during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. His father, known locally as Pádraig Mór, was a farmer, whose house served as a wayside inn on the highroad between Sligo and Castlebar. Although Irish was always spoken by the peasants at that time, the MacHale children were all taught English.[citation needed] John's grandmother, however, encouraged him to retain his knowledge of Irish.
By the time he was five years of age, he began attending a hedge school.[6] [7] Three important events happened during John's childhood: the Irish Rebellion of 1798; the landing at Killala of French troops, whom the boy, hidden in a stacked sheaf of flax, watched marching through a mountain pass to Castlebar; and a few months later the execution of Father Conroy on a charge of high treason. These occurrences made an indelible impression upon him.[5]
After school hours he studied Irish history, under the guidance of an old scholar in the neighbourhood. Destined for the priesthood, at the age of thirteen he was sent to a school at Castlebar to learn Latin, Greek, and English grammar.
Ordination
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
The emigrant French priests who then taught at Maynooth appreciated the linguistic aptitude of the young man and taught him not only French, but also Latin, Greek, Italian, German, Hebrew, and the English classics. After seven years of study, he was appointed in 1814 lecturer in theology, although only a
About this period he commenced a series of letters to the Dublin Journal, signed "Hierophilus", vigorously attacking the Irish Established Church's system of religious education in schools. [7]
In 1825,
MacHale attended the annual meeting of the Irish bishops, and gave evidence at Maynooth College before the Parliamentary Commissioners then inquiring into the condition of education in Ireland. The Catholic hierarchy's policy in the following decades was to ensure that Irish primary schools for Catholic children were run by Catholics, while the Dublin administration wanted all such schools to be run on a mixed-faith basis. The officials felt that two parallel systems would be too expensive and socially divisive, but the hierarchy held this would result in a default system based on the English version of history that had often been anti-Catholic since 1570.
Emancipation campaign, 1820s
About this time he also revised a theological manual On the Evidences and Doctrines of the Catholic Church, afterward translated into German. With his friend and ally, Daniel O'Connell, MacHale took a prominent part in the important question of
1830s
In two letters written to the Prime Minister,
On his return he became an opponent of the proposed system of non-sectarian 'National Schools', fearing that the bill as originally framed, was an insidious attempt to weaken the faith of Catholic children. The policy of the Stanley letter was to provide a new state-funded primary school system without religious indoctrination. McHale's overview was that in many ways he owned his flock, body and soul, and would educate them as he saw fit.
Archbishop of Tuam
Styles of John MacHale | |
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Most Reverend | |
Spoken style | Your Grace or Archbishop |
Oliver Kelly, Archbishop of Tuam, died in 1834, and the clergy selected MacHale as one of three candidates, to the annoyance of the Government who despatched agents to induce the pope not to nominate him to the vacant see. Pope Gregory XVI dryly remarked:
- ever since the Relief Bill had passed, the English Government never failed to interfere about every appointment as it fell vacant" (Charles C. F. Greville, "Memoirs", pt. II[11]).
Disregarding their request, the pope appointed MacHale Archbishop of Tuam. He was the first prelate since the Reformation who had received his entire education in Ireland. The corrupt practices of general parliamentary elections and the
During the Autumn of 1835, he visited the Island of
MacHale condemned the
Repeal of the Union campaign, 1830s
The
The Famine of 1845–49
The
Political matters
The death of Daniel O'Connell in 1847 was a setback to MacHale as were the subsequent disagreements within the Repeal Association.
McHale was a part of a small minority of the Irish clergy who supported the
The 1850 Synod of Thurles emphasised differences within the hierarchy on education with MacHale strongly in favour of exclusively Catholic institutions, along with Papal policy.
During the recrudescence of "No Popery" in 1851, on the occasion of the re-establishment of the Catholic Hierarchy in England and Wales, and the passing of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act that inflicted penalties upon any Roman Catholic prelate who assumed the title of his see, MacHale defiantly signed his letters to Government on this subject "John, Archbishop of Tuam".
As to the Catholic University, although MacHale had been foremost in advocating the project, he disagreed completely with Paul Cullen, Archbishop of Dublin, concerning its management, particularly the appointment of John Henry Newman as rector – a disagreement that handicapped the new university.
MacHale approved of the Irish Tenant League. He wrote to O'Connell's son that it "was the assertion of the primitive right of man to enjoy in security and peace the fruit of his industry and labour". At a conference held in Dublin, there was cross-denominational support for his views on "fixity of tenure, free sale, and fair rent", and these were provided for in the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870.
Vatican Council
MacHale attended the First Vatican Council of 1869–1870. He voted against the doctrine of papal infallibility on the first ballot on the basis that it was an inopportune time to promulgate it; he absented himself from the final ballot, which adopted it.[17] According to Bernard O'Reilly, "on his return to Tuam he lost not a moment in proclaiming from the pulpit of St Jarlath's the dogma ..., which he believed with his whole heart and mind, as he believed the articles of the Apostles' Creed".[18]
A character in James Joyce's story "Grace" tells a garbled version of the events, conflating MacHale with Edward Fitzgerald, another no-voter.[17]
In 1877, to the disappointment of the archbishop, who desired that his nephew should be his
Use of Irish
Every Sunday he preached a sermon in Irish at the cathedral, and during his diocesan visitations he always addressed the people in their native tongue, which was still largely used in his diocese. On journeys he usually conversed in Irish with his attendant chaplain, and had to use it to address people of Tuam or the beggars who greeted him whenever he went out. He preached his last Irish sermon after his Sunday Mass, April 1881. He died seven months later.
Memorials
A marble statue perpetuates his memory in the Cathedral grounds.
The Cork-born Irish-American composer Paul McSwiney (1856–1890) was in the process of writing the cantata John McHale for centenary celebrations in New York City in 1891, but died before he could complete it.[19]
MacHale Park in Castlebar, County Mayo and Archbishop McHale College in Tuam are named after him.
In his birthplace, the Parish of Addergoole, the local GAA Club Lahardane MacHales is named in his honour. The Dunmore GAA team, "
Works
Among his writings are a treatise on the evidences of
Notes
- ^ The spelling MacHale is adopted by the Catholic Hierarchy site, and his biographer.
- ^ The original publication of MacHale's translation of the Iliad gave his name as "Seághan, Árd-Easbog Túama" (sic), i.e. "John, Archbishop of Tuam.[1] In later contexts, MacHale's name is usually given as Seán Mac Héil or Seán Mac hÉil. A 1981 reprint of MacHale's translation of the Iliad, Íliad Hóiméar, leabhair I-VIII, gives his name as Seán Mac Héil.[2] Áine Ní Cheanainn's Leon an Iarthair : aistí ar Sheán Mac Héil, Ardeaspag Thuama, 1834–1881 (1983) also uses Seán Mac Héil.[3] However, Peter A. Maguire's "Language and Landscape in the Connemara Gaeltacht" in the Journal of Modern Literature (26.1, Fall 2002, pp. 99–107) uses Seághan Mac Éil and the name is also given as Eoin Mac Héil by some sources.[4]
- ^ Tomás Ó hAilín, 'Irish Revival Movements' in Brian Ó Cuív, A View of the Irish Language, pg. 94.
- ^ "Archbishop John McHale", Mayo Historical and Archaeological Society, 29, May 2005
- ^ a b c O'Reilly, Bernard. John MacHale, Archbishop of Tuam, Vol.1, Fr. Pustet & Co., New York, 1890
- ^ a b c Hamrock, Ivor. Most Rev Dr John MacHale, Archbishop of Tuam", Leabharlann Chontae Mhaaigh Eo Archived 4 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b The Illustrated Catholic family annual for the United States, for the year of our Lord 1884. New York: The Catholic Publication Society. 1884. pp. 32–37.
- ^ Moore 1893.
- ^ a b "John MacHale, Archbishop (1791-1881)", Ricorso.net. Accessed 3 October 2022.
- ^ Burke, Oliver Joseph. The History of the Catholic Archbishops of Tuam, Dublin, 1882
- ^ British Library Catalogue entry
- ^ British Library Catalogue entry
- ^ Rafferty, Oliver P. "The Catholic Church and Fenianism". History Ireland.
- ^ Boyce, D. George (2003). Nationalism in Ireland. Taylor & Francis. p. 185.
- ^ Barr, Colin. "MacHale, John". Dictionary of Irish Biography.
- ^ Jordan, Donald E. (1994). Land and Popular Politics in Ireland County Mayo from the Plantation to the Land War. Cambridge University Press. p. 188.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4411-9474-9.
- ^ O'Reilly 1890 vol.2 pp.546–7
- ^ Axel Klein: "McSwiney, Paul", in: Ireland and the Americas. Culture, Politics, and History, ed. by James P. Byrne, Philip Coleman, Jason King (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2008), pp. 584–585.
- ^ Western People – 2004/09/08: It’s all change on McHale Road Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
References
- Andrews, Hilary (2001). The Lion of the West. Veritas. ISBN 978-1-85390-572-8.
- Collins, Kevin (2008). Catholic Churchmen and the Celtic Revival in Ireland, 1848–1916. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1851826582.
- Moore, Norman (1893). Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. . In
- O'Reilly, Bernard (1890). John MacHale, Archbishop of Tuam: His Life, Times and Correspondence. New York: Fr. Pustet. Vol.I Vol.II
- Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "John MacHale". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Machale, John". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the