County Mayo
County Mayo
Contae Mhaigh Eo (Irish) | ||
---|---|---|
Eircode routing keys F12, F23, F26, F28, F31, F35 (primarily) | ||
Telephone area codes | 093–098 (primarily) | |
Vehicle index mark code | MO | |
Website | Official website | |
County Mayo (/ˈmeɪoʊ/;[4] from Irish Mhaigh Eo, meaning "Plain of the yew trees") is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, in the province of Connacht, it is named after the village of Mayo, now generally known as Mayo Abbey. Mayo County Council is the local authority. The population was 137,231 at the 2022 census.[3] The boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time.
Geography
It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by County Galway; on the east by County Roscommon; and on the northeast by County Sligo. Mayo is the third-largest of Ireland's 32 counties in area and 18th largest in terms of population.[5] It is the second-largest of Connacht's five counties in both size and population. Mayo has 1,168 km (726 mi) of coastline, or approximately 21% of the total coastline of the State.[6][7] It is one of three counties which claims to have the longest coastline in Ireland, alongside Cork and Donegal. There is a distinct geological difference between the west and the east of the county. The west consists largely of poor subsoils and is covered with large areas of extensive Atlantic blanket bog, whereas the east is largely a limestone landscape. Agricultural land is therefore more productive in the east than in the west.
- The highest point in Mayo (and Connacht) is Mweelrea, at 814 m (2,671 ft)
- The River Moy in the northeast of the county is renowned for its salmon fishing
- Ireland's largest island, Achill Island, lies off Mayo's west coast
- Mayo has Ireland's highest cliffs at
- The northwest areas of County Mayo have some of the best renewable energy resources in Europe, if not the world, in terms of wind resources, ocean wave, tidal and hydroelectric resources[10][11][12]
-
Kilcommon, Erris
-
Burrishoole Bridge
-
Nephin, found in central Mayo, is the largest freestanding mountain on the island of Ireland
-
The Cliffs at Croaghaun on Achill Island are the third highest in Europe
There are nine historic baronies, four in the northern area and five in the south of the county:
North Mayo
- Kilcommon, Ballycroyetc.)
- Burrishoole (west, containing Achill, Mulranny and Newport, County Mayo)
- Gallen (east, containing Bonniconlon, Foxford)
- )
South Mayo
- Clanmorris, (south-east, containing Claremorris and Balla)
- Costello (east-south-east, containing Kilkelly Ballyhaunisetc.)
- Murrisk (south-west, containing Westport, Louisburgh, Croagh Patrick etc.)
- Kilmaine (south, containing Ballinrobe, Cong etc.)
- Carra (south, containing Castlebar, Partry etc.)
Largest towns by population
According to the 2022 census:[13]
- Castlebar 13,054
- Ballina 10,556
- Westport 6,872
- Claremorris 3,857
- Ballinrobe 3,148
- Ballyhaunis 2,773
- Swinford 1,459
- Foxford 1,452
- Kiltimagh 1,232
- Crossmolina 1,134
Flora and fauna
A survey of the terrestrial and freshwater algae of Clare Island was made between 1990 and 2005 and published in 2007. A record of Gunnera tinctoria is also noted.[14]
Consultants working for the
History
Prehistory
There is evidence of human occupation of what is now County Mayo going far back into prehistory.[16] At Belderrig on the north Mayo coast, there is evidence for Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) communities around 4500 BC.[17][18] while throughout the county there is a wealth of archaeological remains from the Neolithic (New Stone Age) period (ca. 4,000 BC to 2,500 BC), particularly in terms of megalithic tombs and ritual stone circles.
The first people who came to Ireland – mainly to coastal areas as the interior was heavily forested – arrived during the Middle Stone Age, as far back as eleven thousand years ago.[16] Artefacts of hunter/gatherers are sometimes found in middens, rubbish pits around hearths where people would have rested and cooked over large open fires. Once cliffs erode, midden remains become exposed as blackened areas containing charred stones, bones, and shells. They are usually found a metre below the surface. Mesolithic people did not have major rituals associated with burial, unlike those of the Neolithic (New Stone Age) period.[19] The Neolithic period followed the Mesolithic around 6,000 years ago. People began to farm the land, domesticate animals for food and milk, and settle in one place for longer periods. These people had skills such as making pottery, building houses from wood, weaving, and knapping (stone tool working). The first farmers cleared forestry to graze livestock and grow crops. In North Mayo, where the ground cover was fragile, thin soils washed away and blanket bog covered the land farmed by the Neolithic people.
Extensive pre-bog field systems have been discovered under the blanket bog, particularly along the North Mayo coastline in
The Neolithic people developed rituals associated with burying their dead; this is why they built huge, elaborate, galleried stone tombs for their dead leaders, known nowadays as megalithic tombs. There are over 160 recorded megaliths in County Mayo, such as Faulagh.
Megalithic tombs
There are four distinct types of
.Bronze Age (ca. 2,500 BC to 500 BC)
Megalithic tomb building continued into the
Iron Age (ca. 500 BC to AD 325)
Around 2,500 years ago the
Early Christian period (ca. AD 325 to AD 800)
Christianity came to Ireland around the start of the 5th century. It brought many changes including the introduction of the
In 795 the first of the
Anglo-Normans (12th to 16th centuries)
In AD 1169 when one of the warring kings in the east of Ireland,
The most powerful clan to emerge during this era were the Mac William Burkes, also known as the
The Anglo-Normans encouraged and established many religious orders from continental Europe to settle in Ireland. Mendicant orders—
Almost all the religious foundations set up by the Anglo-Normans were suppressed in the wake of the Reformation in the 16th century.[23]
Protestant settlers from Scotland, England, and elsewhere in Ireland, settled in the County in the early 17th century. Many would be killed or forced to flee because of the 1641 Rebellion, during which a number of massacres were committed by the Catholic Gaelic Irish, most notably at Shrule in 1642. A third of the overall population was reported to have perished due to warfare, famine and plague between 1641 and 1653, with several areas remaining disturbed and frequented by Reparees into the 1670s.
17th and 18th centuries
Pirate Queen
For the vast majority of people in County Mayo the 18th century was a period of unrelieved misery. Because of the
The general unrest in Ireland was felt just as keenly across Mayo, and as the 19th century approached and news reached Ireland about the
In the 18th century and early 19th century, sectarian tensions arose as evangelical Protestant missionaries sought to 'redeem the Irish poor from the errors of Popery'. One of the best known was the
19th and 20th centuries
During the early years of the 19th century, famine was a common occurrence, particularly where population pressure was a problem. The population of Ireland grew to over eight million people prior to the Irish Famine (or Great Famine) of 1845–47. The Irish people depended on the potato crop for their sustenance. Disaster struck in August 1845, when a killer fungus (later diagnosed as Phytophthora infestans) started to destroy the potato crop. When widespread famine struck, about a million people died and a further million left the country. People died in the fields of starvation and disease. The catastrophe was particularly bad in County Mayo, where nearly ninety per cent of the population depended on the potato as their staple food. By 1848, Mayo was a county of total misery and despair, with any attempts at alleviating measures in complete disarray.[29]
There are numerous reminders of the Great Famine to be seen on the Mayo landscape: workhouse sites, famine graves, sites of soup kitchens, deserted homes and villages and even traces of undug 'lazy-beds' in fields on the sides of hills. Many roads and lanes were built as famine relief measures. There were nine workhouses in the county: Ballina, Ballinrobe, Belmullet, Castlebar, Claremorris, Killala, Newport, Swinford and Westport.[30]
A small poverty-stricken place called Knock, County Mayo, made headlines when it was announced that an apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Joseph and St. John had taken place there on 21 August 1879, witnessed by fifteen local people.[31]
A national movement was initiated in County Mayo during 1879 by
It was in this era of agrarian unrest that a new verb was introduced to the English language by Mayo - "to
The "Land Question" was gradually resolved by a scheme of state-aided land purchase schemes.[34] The tenants became the owners of their lands under the newly set-up Land Commission.
A Mayo nun, Mother Agnes Morrogh-Bernard, set up the Foxford Woollen Mill in 1892. She made Foxford synonymous throughout the world with high-quality tweeds, rugs and blankets.[35][36]
Mayo, as all parts of what became the Irish Free State, was affected by the events of the Irish revolutionary period, including the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Irish Civil War. Major John MacBride of Westport was amongst those who took part in the 1916 Easter Rising and was subsequently executed by the British for his participation. His death served as a rallying call for Republicans in Mayo and led to Mayo men such as P. J. Ruttledge, Ernie O'Malley, Michael Kilroy and Thomas Derrig to rise up during the War of Independence. In the ensuing Civil War, many of these leading figures chose the Anti-treaty side and fought in bitter battles such as those in Ballina, which changed hands between pro and anti-treaty forces a number of times.
In the aftermath of the Civil War, there was a consolidation of many of those with anti-treaty feelings into the new political party Fianna Fáil. PJ Ruttledge and Thomas Derrig would become founding members of the party and served in Éamon de Valera's first-ever Fianna Fáil government as ministers. Mayo politicians would continue to contribute to the national political scene over the decades. In 1990 Mary Robinson, from County Mayo, became the first-ever female President of Ireland, and is widely credited with revitalising the position with importance and focus it had never possessed before. During her tenure she unveiled Ireland's National Famine Memorial which is situated in the village of Murrisk, County Mayo.
In 2011 Enda Kenny became the first politician from a Mayo constituency and the second Mayo native to serve as Taoiseach, the head of government of Ireland. Kenny went on to become the longest-serving Fine Gael Taoiseach in Irish history.[37]
Clans and families
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2010) |
In the early historic period, what is now County Mayo consisted of a number of large kingdoms, minor lordships and tribes of obscure origins. They included:
- Calraige – pre-historic tribe found in the parishes of Attymass, Kilgarvan, Crossmolina and the River Moy
- Ciarraige – settlers from Munster found in south-east Mayo around Kiltimagh and west County Roscommon
- barony of Kilmaine, alleged descendants of Fergus mac Róich
- Fir Domnann – branch of the Laigin, originally from Britain, located in Erris
- kings of Connacht, famous for battle with Medb & Ailill of Cruachan in Táin Bó Flidhais. Based in Erris, Carrowmore Lake, Killala Bay, Lough Conn
- Gailenga – kingdom extending east from Castlebar to adjoining parts of Mayo
- kings of Connacht
- Partraige – a pre-Gaelic people of Lough Mask and Lough Carra, namesakes of Partry
Politics
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2022) |
Local government and political subdivisions
Mayo County Council is the authority responsible for local government. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The county is divided into four municipal districts of Ballina, Castlebar, Claremorris and Westport–Belmullet, each with a population of roughly 32,000 to 34,000 people. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, and environment.
County Mayo is divided into six local electoral areas (LEAs). Councillors are elected for a five-year term.[38]
Local electoral area | Number of councillors |
---|---|
Castlebar | 7 |
Ballina | 6 |
Westport | 4 |
Belmullet | 3 |
Claremorris | 6 |
Swinford | 4 |
The county town is at Áras an Contae in Castlebar, the main population centre located in the centre of the county.
National politics
Since 2016, Mayo has been represented on a national political level by four
Voting patterns and political history
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
Historically, Mayo has tended to vote Fianna Fáil, as Fianna Fáil managed to position themselves in the 20th century as the party best fit to represent farmers with small holdings, who were plentiful in Mayo. With so many of Mayo's electorate being small farmers, the county became a base for the emergence of Clann na Talmhan, an agrarian party in the 1940s and 1950s. Clann an Talmhan's second leader, Joseph Blowick came from South Mayo and that is where his seat was. The party was not able to last in the long run though as it was unable to hold together its voting bloc of both small farmers in the west of Ireland and large farmers in the east.
Towards the start of the 21st century, the balance of power in Mayo began to shift towards Fine Gael, thanks in part to the emergence of Enda Kenny and Michael Ring. Kenny, who became Taoiseach in 2011, led Fine Gael to a historic victory in the 2011 Irish general election which included securing four out of five available seats for his party in Mayo.
In 2020, Rose Conway-Walsh came within 200 votes of topping the poll and became the first Sinn Féin TD for Mayo since 1927, riding a nationwide surge for Sinn Féin that year.[40]
Despite being historically the third-largest party in Ireland, Labour has struggled to ever make inroads into Mayo. The party has only ever had one TD for Mayo, former party leader Thomas J. O'Connell, who represented South Mayo between 1927 and 1932. While Labour has not proven itself electorally successful in Mayo, Mayo has provided important members to the Labour Party. Mary Robinson from Ballina became the first-ever female President of Ireland as a Labour candidate while Pat Rabbitte, originally from Claremorris, served as leader of the Labour Party from 2002 to 2007. Serving alongside Rabbitte was Emmet Stagg, one of the longest-standing Labour TDs of the modern era, himself from Hollymount not far from Claremorris.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1580 | 22,080 | — |
1585 | 23,920 | +8.3% |
1600 | 24,950 | +4.3% |
1610 | 25,799 | +3.4% |
1653 | 27,211 | +5.5% |
1659 | 29,967 | +10.1% |
1668 | 38,991 | +30.1% |
1672 | 55,202 | +41.6% |
1680 | 59,886 | +8.5% |
1690 | 63,445 | +5.9% |
1700 | 71,224 | +12.3% |
1710 | 78,555 | +10.3% |
1725 | 90,557 | +15.3% |
1781 | 123,207 | +36.1% |
1788 | 155,768 | +26.4% |
1790 | 195,668 | +25.6% |
1801 | 225,799 | +15.4% |
1811 | 231,798 | +2.7% |
1813 | 267,668 | +15.5% |
1816 | 251,334 | −6.1% |
1821 | 293,112 | +16.6% |
1831 | 366,328 | +25.0% |
1841 | 388,887 | +6.2% |
1851 | 274,499 | −29.4% |
1861 | 254,796 | −7.2% |
1871 | 246,030 | −3.4% |
1881 | 245,212 | −0.3% |
1891 | 219,034 | −10.7% |
1901 | 199,166 | −9.1% |
1911 | 192,177 | −3.5% |
1926 | 172,690 | −10.1% |
1936 | 161,349 | −6.6% |
1946 | 148,120 | −8.2% |
1951 | 141,867 | −4.2% |
1956 | 133,052 | −6.2% |
1961 | 123,330 | −7.3% |
1966 | 115,547 | −6.3% |
1971 | 109,525 | −5.2% |
1979 | 114,019 | +4.1% |
1981 | 114,766 | +0.7% |
1986 | 115,184 | +0.4% |
1991 | 110,713 | −3.9% |
1996 | 111,524 | +0.7% |
2002 | 117,446 | +5.3% |
2006 | 123,839 | +5.4% |
2011 | 130,638 | +5.5% |
2016 | 130,507 | −0.1% |
2022 | 137,231 | +5.2% |
[3][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] |
The county has experienced perhaps the highest emigration out of Ireland.[48][citation needed] In the 1840s–1880s, waves of emigrants left the rural townlands of the county. Initially triggered by the Great Famine and then in search of work in the newly industrialising United Kingdom and the United States, the population plummeted from 388,887 in 1841 to 199,166 in 1901. It reached a low of 109,525 in 1971. Emigration slowed dramatically as the Irish economy began to expand in the 1990s and early 2000s, and the population of Mayo increased from 110,713 in 1991 to 130,638 in 2011.
Religion
In the 2006 National Census, the religious demographic breakdown for County Mayo was 114,215 Roman Catholics, 2,476 Church of Ireland, 733 Muslims, 409 other Christians, 280 Presbyterians, 250 Orthodox Christians, 204 Methodists, 853 other stated religions, 3,267 no religion and 1,152 no stated religion.
Irish language
9% of the population of County Mayo live in the
]Transport
Rail
There are also proposals to reopen the currently disused Western Railway Corridor connecting Limerick with Sligo.
Road
There are a number of national primary roads in the county including the N5 road connecting Westport with Dublin, the N17 road connecting the county with Galway and Sligo and the N26 road connecting Ballina with Dublin via the N5. There are a number of national secondary roads in the county also including the N58 road, N59 road, N60 road, N83 road & N84 road. As of 2021, a new road running from northwest of Westport to east of Castlebar is under construction. The road is a dual carriageway with junctions at the N59, N84 and N60 and will open in late 2022.[50][failed verification]
Air
Places of interest
- Achill Island
- Ashford Castle
- Ballintubber Abbey
- Blacksod Lighthouse
- Broadhaven Bay
- Burrishoole Abbey
- Céide Fields
- Clare Island
- Clew Bay
- Cong Abbey
- Croagh Patrick
- Eagle Island lighthouse
- Erris
- Granuaile's Castle, Clare Island
- Great Western Greenway
- Ireland West Airport, Knock
- Joyce Country
- Killala Bay
- Knock Shrine
- List of designated Scenic Roads in County Mayo
- Lough Mask
- Mayo Peace Park
- Moore Hall
- Moygownagh
- Mullet Peninsula
- Murrisk Abbey
- Murrisk Millennium Peace Park
- National Museum of Ireland – Country Life
- National Famine Memorial
- Nephin
- Partry Mountains
- Rockfleet Castle
- Sruwaddacon Bay
- Tourmakeady
- Uggool Beach
- Westport House
- Wild Nephin National Park
Media
Newspapers in County Mayo include
Mayo Now is a monthly entertainment and culture magazine for the towns of Ballina, Foxford, Killala, Crossmolina and surrounding areas – this is out on the first Friday of each month.
Mayo has its own online TV channel Mayo TV which was launched in 2011. It covers news and events from around the county and regularly broadcasts live to a worldwide audience. Local radio stations include Erris FM, Community Radio Castlebar, Westport Community Radio, BCR FM (Ballina Community Radio) and M.W.R. (Mid West Radio).
The documentary Pipe Down, which won best feature documentary at the 2009 Waterford Film Festival, was made in Mayo.[52]
Energy
Energy controversy
There is local resistance to
Energy audit
The Mayo Energy Audit 2009–2020 is an investigation into the implications of peak oil and subsequent fossil fuel depletion for a rural county in west of Ireland. The study draws together many different strands to examine current energy supply and demand within the area of study, and assesses these demands in the face of the challenges posed by the declining production of
Sport
The Mayo GAA senior team last won the Sam Maguire Cup in 1951, when the team was captained by Seán Flanagan. The team's third title followed victories in 1936 and the previous year, 1950. Since 1951, the team have made numerous All-Ireland Final appearances (in 1989, twice in 1996, 1997, 2004, 2006, 2012, 2013, twice again in 2016 against Dublin, 2017, 2020, with their latest appearance being against Tyrone in the 2021 final), though the team have failed on all occasions to achieve victory over their opponents.
The team's unofficial supporters club are Mayo Club '51, named after the last team who won the Sam Maguire. The county colours of Mayo GAA are traditionally green and red.[56]
The county's most popular association football teams are Westport United and Castlebar Celtic.
Although Gaelic football and association football are the most popular sport in the county, other sports are popular in the county as well such as rugby, basketball, hurling, swimming, tennis, badminton, athletics, handball and racquetball.
Notable people
- Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo (1822–1872) – Viceroy of India (1869–1872)
- Patrick Browne (1720–1790) – physician and botanist
- labour leader, Home Rule politician and Member of Parliament (MP) who founded the Irish National Land League.
- Grace O'Malley (circa 1530 – circa 1603) – Lord of the O'Malley dynasty in the 16th century
- Admiral William Brown (1777–1857) – Founder of the Argentine Navy
- Charles Haughey (1925–2006) – Taoiseach of Ireland (1979–1982; 1987–1992)
- Enda Kenny (born 1951) – Politician, leader of Fine Gael (2002–2017), and Taoiseach of Ireland (2011–2017)
- John MacBride (1868–1916) – Republican and military leader, executed by the British for his participation in the 1916 Easter Rising
- William O'Dwyer (1890–1964) – 100th mayor of New York City (1946–1950)
- Mary Robinson (born 1944) – First female President of Ireland (1990–1997), and United Nations High Commissioner for Human rights.
- Millie Robinson (1924–1994) – Cyclist: first winner of women's Tour de France (1955) and holder of women's world hour record (1958)[57]
- Sally Rooney (born 1991) – Author (Conversations with Friends, Normal People), and screenwriter
- John Ruane (1936–2006) – American jockey, born County Mayo[58]
- Martin Sheridan, Olympic Games gold medalist representing the United States
- Louis Walsh (born 1952) – Entertainment manager and judge on The X Factor (UK), and Ireland's Got Talent
See also
- High Sheriff of Mayo
- List of abbeys and priories in the Republic of Ireland (County Mayo)
- List of loughs of County Mayo
- List of Mayo people
- List of mountains and hills of County Mayo
- List of rivers of County Mayo
- List of roads of County Mayo
- Lord Lieutenant of Mayo
- Mayo County Council
- River Robe
- Táin Bó Flidhais
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- ^ "Pipe Down". Vimeo. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ "Mayo Energy Audit - A preliminary assessment of a rural county's chances of surviving peak oil". Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "Mayo Energy Audit (Review) | Energy Bulletin". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "Why Do My Dog's Paws Smell Like Popcorn?". 17 August 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ "County Colours | About County | Provinces & Counties | About the GAA | GAA.ie". Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ Belbin, Giles (25 August 2022). "Millie and her bike were joined at the hip': Remembering Millie Robinson, Britain's forgotten champion". Cyclist. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "Ruane to Get Award". Daily Racing Form Archives. University of Kentucky. 14 May 1958. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
External links
- Connaught Telegraph
- County Mayo: An Outline History Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- Family History in North County Mayo
- Historical Ballinrobe
- Irish language in Mayo
- Wild Atlantic Way Mayo Route Map and Guide
- Mayo.ie
- Mayo County Council's website
- Mayo News
- The Mayo Peace Park and Garden of Remembrance
- Western People