John Peter Altgeld

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John Peter Altgeld
Altgeld c. 1893
20th Governor of Illinois
In office
January 10, 1893 – January 11, 1897
LieutenantJoseph B. Gill
Preceded byJoseph W. Fifer
Succeeded byJohn R. Tanner
Judge of the Superior Court of Cook County
In office
1886–1891
Personal details
Born(1847-12-30)December 30, 1847
Selters, Duchy of Nassau
DiedMarch 12, 1902(1902-03-12) (aged 54)
Joliet, Illinois, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Emma Ford
​
​
(m. 1877; died 1902)​
Profession
164th Ohio Infantry
Battles/warsAmerican Civil War

John Peter Altgeld (December 30, 1847 – March 12, 1902) was an American politician and the

Bourbon Democrats
. He was defeated for reelection in 1896 in an intensely fought, bitter campaign.

Born in the

Midwest. After a stint in the Union Army as a youth, Altgeld studied law in Missouri, while working as a manual laborer, and became involved in progressive politics. Altgeld eventually opened a law practice in Chicago, and became a real estate developer, and local judge before being elected governor. Often in poor health, he died at the age of 54, while working in the law office of Clarence Darrow
.

Early life

Altgeld was born in the town of Selters in the German Westerwald, the first son of John P. and Mary Altgeld. His parents left Germany when he was three months old, bringing their infant son with them.[1] They settled on a farm near Mansfield, Ohio. He left home at age 16 to join the Union Army; lying about his age, he enlisted in the 164th Ohio (National Guard) Infantry. Altgeld's regiment served in Virginia as a reserve unit, doing labor and reconnaissance, participating in only one skirmish. Altgeld himself nearly died of fever.[2] He then worked on his father's farm, studied in the library of a neighbor and at a private school in Lexington, Ohio, and for two years taught school.[3]

After a brief stint in an Ohio seminary, he walked to

state's attorney, resigning after one year of a two-year term.[5]

In 1875, Altgeld moved to Chicago hoping to continue his legal career there. He frequently visited his home in Ohio. He was married to Emma Ford, the daughter of John Ford and Ruth Smith, in 1877 in Richland County, Ohio. Their marriage was a happy one by all accounts but produced no children.[6]

Altgeld's practice of law began to show success and he was managing an independent legal practice by 1880. He became wealthy, however, from a series of real estate dealings and development projects, including residential and office properties in Chicago and a

streetcar line in Newark, Ohio.[7] His most notable project was the Unity Building (1891), the 16-story office building that was at that time Chicago's tallest building. In January 1890, Altgeld bought a lot at what is now 127 North Dearborn Street in downtown Chicago, and he established the Unity Company to build and manage the future Unity Building. He indiscriminately contributed his own fortune toward the endeavor, and for a while the construction was moving more quickly than expected. However, this led to a $100,000 mistake and much of the framework of the building had to be rebuilt. Altgeld also made an error by trying to borrow $400,000 from John R. Walsh, president of the Jennings Trust Company and of the Chicago National Bank. Technicalities in the contract caused many problems for Altgeld. Eventually, a new contract was signed, but Altgeld was able to borrow only $300,000 from Walsh. He ended up raising the rest of the money himself, and the construction of the Unity Building was completed. In 1893, he declared that the Unity Building had given him the most personal satisfaction of all his achievements.[8]

Altgeld became a millionaire, and would, by the time he ran for governor, own six buildings in Chicago.[9]

Early political career

Altgeld's name, according to historian

state's attorney for the county in 1874. As Altgeld later wrote, he quickly became disillusioned with the criminal justice system and resigned after just one year.[5]

Altgeld decided to run for Congress in 1884 against incumbent George Adams of Illinois's 4th congressional district. That year, he published an essay on penal reform entitled, Our Penal Machinery and Its Victims. His essay argued that rather than reform criminals, incarceration produced hardened criminals.[10] Although this district was heavily Republican, Adams defeated him by just 8 points (54–46%), a better showing than well-known Democrat Lambert Tree had made two years earlier. As a Republican leader recalled, "He (Altgeld) was not elected, but our executive committee was pretty badly frightened by the strong canvass he made."[11]

In 1886, he was elected as a Superior Court of Cook County Justice and served on the bench until 1891.[12]

Illinois governorship

John P. Altgeld, 1895[13]

In 1891, he unsuccessfully challenged

John M. Palmer in seeking to have the Illinois General Assembly appoint him to the United States Senate.[9]

1892 gubernatorial election

Altgeld Monument by Gutzon Borglum, erected by the Illinois Legislature in Lincoln Park, Chicago (on labor day 1915)[14]

He was drafted by the Democrats to run for Governor of Illinois.

One of the obstacles in the way of Altgeld receiving the Democratic nomination was Palmer, still bitter over Altgeld challenging him for Senate in 1891.

Michael C. McDonald made an empty promise to Palmer that, in turn for not opposing Altgeld's candidacy, Cook County Democrats would support him for the party's presidential nomination in the same year's presidential election.[9]

Altgeld was popular among his fellow German Americans.[9]

The only Chicago newspaper that provided positive coverage of Altgeld was the

Haymarket Affair, and his alliance with Chicago's Iroquois Club.[9] He was painted as a hazardous radical and a dangerous threat to the state's business and commercial concerns.[9] However, many downstate newspapers provided positive coverage to Altgeld.[9]

Also initially seeking the Democratic nomination was John C. Black.[9] Other potential candidates were dissuaded from running. For instance, State Representative James Cockerell was convinced by Clarence Darrow to abandon his plans of running.[9] However, by February 23, it was reported that Black had withdrawn from the race, leaving Altgeld as the only candidate seeking the Democratic nomination.[9] Altgeld won the Democratic nomination on the first ballot at the state convention in Springfield.[9]

Altgeld's supporters dubbed him, "the poor man's friend".[9]

In the general election he faced popular incumbent Republican governor Joseph W. Fifer.[9]

Altgeld traveled across the state to campaign on a vigorous speaking tour.

prison labor for state projects, and attacked his school reform record.[9] Fifer did not refute Altgeld's allegations against his record, which helped make them stick in the minds of voters.[9]

To dampen the negative impact that his association with Altgeld would have on Altgeld's electability, particularly among rural downstate voters, Michael C. McDonald temporarily resigned his role on the Cook County Central Committee a month before the election.[9]

Altgeld narrowly defeated Fifer. He was the first Democrat to have been elected governor of Illinois since 1856, the first time a foreign-born citizen had been elected, and the first time a Chicago resident had been elected.[9][15]

Transition

Altgeld suffered a nervous breakdown shortly after his victory, and nearly died of a concomitant fever. He managed to appear at his inauguration, but was only able to deliver a brief portion of his speech. Although the General Assembly hall was so warm as to cause several men to faint, Altgeld, clad in a heavy topcoat, was pale and visibly shivering. The clerk of the Assembly delivered the remainder of his speech. [citation needed]

Tenure

As governor, Altgeld spearheaded the nation's most progressive

occupational safety
laws, appointed women to important positions in the state government, and vastly increased state funding for education.

Pullman Strike

In 1894, the

U.S. Supreme Court. Altgeld's opposition was seen as a highly unusual stance for a state governor at that time.[19] Altgeld may have opposed the use of federal troops but he wielded the state militia to rein in the strike. He sent the militia to eight areas during the strike, including to Mount Olive, where the miners blocked the Chicago, Peoria, and St. Louis railroad from shipping coal. Once there the Governor issued General Order No. 8, which prohibited them from being used "as custodians or guards of private property."[20]

Pardons and clemency

Historically, Altgeld is remembered chiefly for pardoning the three surviving men convicted in the 1886

Haymarket bombing
(four others had already been executed, one committed suicide in prison). After reviewing their cases, he concluded, as have subsequent scholars, that there had been a serious miscarriage of justice in their prosecutions. Altgeld concluded that the trial had taken place in such an atmosphere of prejudice that the convictions were not credible. As a result of his decision to pardon the three surviving men, he came under intense attack.

Some argue that in addition to his findings that there had been a miscarriage of justice, Altgeld was also motivated by revenge in his Haymarket pardon. The judge that prosecuted the men,

Joseph E. Gary, had upheld a ruling that found Altgeld in contempt of the Cook County Superior Court.[9] Altgeld was known to hold strong grudges.[9]

By the end of 1895, he freed eighty-one prisoners, leading newspapers to dub him John "Pardon" Altgeld.[9]

In May 1895, mob violence erupted after one of Altgeld's pardons, with farmers lynching two accused rapists in Danville.[9]

On his last day in office, he released twenty-six offenders convicted of serious crimes, including seven murderers.[9]

In total, he pardoned or commuted sentences of:

Unsuccessful 1896 reelection campaign

The Pullman incident and the Haymarket pardons were used against Altgeld by his conservative enemies. In 1896, Altgeld was ineligible to run for president (since he was born in Germany), but he led the fight against the Cleveland forces. Altgeld publicly broke from Cleveland and his conservative supporters. Altgeld helped split the Democratic Party during the 1896 presidential election into

Bourbon Democrats. He ran for re-election on the same ticket with Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan. Altgeld had not supported Bryan for the nomination and hesitated to support the "Free Silver" plank that was central to Bryan's campaign.[21] Harper's Weekly warned that Bryan would be a puppet of Altgeld, whom it referred to as "the ambitious and unscrupulous Illinois communist." However, Bryan, who was being hurt by Republican charges that he was a stooge for Altgeld, avoided the governor and did not endorse him.[22]

Republicans in Illinois focused their attacks on Altgeld.

John R. Tanner
; Altgeld outpolled his party's presidential candidate, Bryan, by 10,000 votes in Illinois.

Chicago mayoral candidacies

1899

Main article: 1899 Chicago mayoral election

Altgeld was a political opponent of

Carter H. Harrison, Jr. (1860–1953), who had been elected Mayor of Chicago in 1897.[24] Altgeld believed that Harrison aimed to spearhead conservative forces in the Democratic Party at the national level and that if he were re-elected as mayor Harrison would have the power to hand pick conservative delegates to the 1900 Democratic National Convention.[24] Finding Harrison's prospective opponent, a "Free Silver" Republican, a less offensive option, Altgeld decided to himself run for Mayor – having faint hope of victory himself, but seeking to split away the progressive Democratic vote and thereby send Harrison to defeat.[24]

Altgeld charged that Harrison was building a political machine and that his administration was corrupt, publicly claiming in March 1899 that Harrison's administration was complicit in the theft of city funds by political allies in connection with city public works projects.[25]

In his final campaign, Altgeld ran for mayor of Chicago as the candidate of the Municipal Ownership Party. He finished third, garnering more than 15% percent of the vote, but was unable to achieve his ulterior motive, the defeat of Mayor Carter Harrison.

1901

Main article: 1901 Chicago mayoral election § Democratic

In 1901, Altgeld made a quixotic effort to challenge Harrison for the Democratic nomination for mayor.[26]

Post-gubernatorial years

Sickly since his brush with death in the Civil War, Altgeld had suffered from locomotor ataxia while governor, impairing his ability to walk. He lost all of his property except his heavily mortgaged personal residence, and only the intervention of his friend and former protégé, Clarence Darrow, saved him from complete financial ruin.

Death and legacy

Altgeld's grave in Graceland Cemetery, Uptown, Chicago

Altgeld was working as a lawyer in Darrow's law firm when he suffered a

cerebral hemorrhage while delivering a speech on behalf of the Boers in Joliet, Illinois in March 1902. He was 54 years old when he died. Thousands filed past his body as it lay in state in the lobby of the Chicago Public Library, and he was eulogized by Darrow and by Hull House founder Jane Addams
.

Altgeld is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.

The governor influenced the design of

Altgeld Gardens Homes
, one of the first housing projects in the United States, was named after the former governor as well as the street located at 2500 North in Chicago's grid system, Altgeld Street. There is a statue of Altgeld in Lincoln Park in Chicago at the North End of Cannon Drive, just south of Diversey Parkway.

See also

References

  1. ^ Waldo R. Browne, Altgeld of Illinois: A Record of His Life and Labor. New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1924; pp. 279–
  2. ^ Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, pp. 7–8.
  3. ^ The Alumni Record of the University of Illinois at Urbana. University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus). 1906. p. 573. Retrieved May 25, 2017. John Peter Altgeld lexington ohio.
  4. ^ Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, pp. 13–16.
  5. ^ a b Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, pp. 16–18.
  6. ^ Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, pp. 19–20.
  7. ^ Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, pp. 33–34.
  8. ^ Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, pp. 36–39.
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8093-8654-3
    . Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  10. ISBN 978-0-385-52629-6
    .
  11. ^ "German American Corner: Altgeld, John Peter (1847–1902)". germanheritage.com.
  12. ^ "John Peter Altgeld | governor of Illinois, United States | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  13. ^ Donovan, Henry (January 19, 1895). "Hon. John P. Altgeld". Chicago Eagle. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  14. ^ Koenig-Badowski (September 9, 2013). "John Peter Altgeld Monument".
  15. ^ "1896: John Peter Altgeld". Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  16. ^ Stone, Irving (1941). Clarence Darrow for the Defense. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company. p. 4.
  17. ^ Madison, Charles (1947). Critics & Crusaders: A Century of American Protest. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
  18. ^ Dray. There is Power in a Union. Doubleday.
  19. ^ Chris Wallace, Character: Profiles in Presidential Courage. New York: Rugged Land, 2004; p. [page needed]
  20. ISBN 978-0226483832
    .
  21. ^ Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, pp. 279–280.
  22. ^ Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, p. 286.
  23. ^ Browne, Altgeld of Illinois, p. 287.
  24. ^ a b c "Tells Aim of Altgeld: William Prentiss Explains the Opposition to Harrison," Chicago Tribune, Jan. 5, 1899, p. 10.
  25. ^ "Fraud in Pay Rolls: Altgeld Exposes Steals of Harrison Administration," Chicago Inter Ocean, March 21, 1899, p. 5.
  26. ISBN 978-1476623788
    . Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  27. ^ Davies, Chris (October 16, 2007). "Many campuses throughout Illinois have castle-style buildings". The Vidette.
  28. ^ "History of Altgeld Hall". Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.

Sources

  • Harry Barnard, Eagle Forgotten, the Life of John Peter Altgeld. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938.
  • Howard Fast, The American: A Middle Western Legend. New York: Duell, Sloan And Pearce, 1946
  • Harvey Wish, "Governor Altgeld Pardons the Anarchists," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 31, no. 4 (Dec. 1938), pp. 424–448. In JSTOR.
  • Harvey Wish, "John Peter Altgeld and the Background of the Campaign of 1896," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 24, no. 4 (March 1938), pp. 503–518. in JSTOR.
  • Harvey Wish, "John Peter Altgeld and the Election of 1896," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 30, no. 3 (Oct. 1937), pp. 353–384. In JSTOR.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Peter Altgeld.
Party political offices
Preceded by
John M. Palmer
 Democratic nominee for Governor of Illinois
1892, 1896 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by
Governor of Illinois

1893–1897 		Succeeded by
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