Juliet Popper Shaffer
Juliet Popper Shaffer | |
---|---|
Born | Juliet Martha Popper May 23, 1932 |
Education | Swarthmore College Stanford University |
Spouse(s) | John Walker Gray (1953-1955) Harry George Shaffer (1960-1975) Erich Leo Lehmann (1977-2009) |
Scientific career | |
Institutions | University of Kansas University of California, Berkeley Educational Testing Service |
Doctoral advisor | Robert Richardson Sears |
Other academic advisors | William Kaye Estes Erich Leo Lehmann |
Juliet Popper Shaffer (born May 23, 1932) is an American psychologist, statistician and statistics educator known for her research on multiple hypothesis testing.[1] She is a teaching professor emerita at the University of California, Berkeley.[2]
Education and career
Juliet Martha Popper was born in Brooklyn, and took four years of mathematics at Midwood High School in Brooklyn, a curriculum that was at that time intended only for boys. She did her undergraduate studies at Swarthmore College, following the lead of classmate Arthur Mattuck, and despite the anti-women and anti-Jewish admission quotas then in place at Swarthmore.[3] After several changes of topic she ended up majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics and philosophy. She graduated in 1953, married a classmate, and moved to Stanford University for graduate study in psychology. Her marriage broke up during her studies, but she completed her Ph.D. in psychology at in 1957.[1][3][4] She published a modified version of her dissertation, Motivational and social factors in children's perceptions of height, as Social and personality correlates of children's estimates of height with Journal Press in 1964.[5]
After postdoctoral studies with William Kaye Estes at Indiana University, she joined the faculty in psychology at the University of Kansas. At Kansas, Popper was involved with local struggles for
In 1977 she married Lehmann and moved to Berkeley. The psychology department there was not hiring, so she took a visiting position at the University of California, Davis and then a year later became a lecturer in statistics at Berkeley. At Berkeley, she also ran a "drop-in consulting service", and by 1981 achieved security of employment, the equivalent of tenure for lecturers.[1][3] She retired in 1994, and spent several of the following years as a researcher at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton, New Jersey.[1]
Research
Shaffer's work in psychology at Kansas involved
Lehmann writes that Shaffer "became one of the leaders" in the field of multiple comparisons, with her "two most importance contributions" occurring in connection with a psychological experiment in which she observed the non-transitivity of significant differences in multiple comparisons. Of three ordered conditions in the experiment, the smaller and the larger conditions had significantly different outcomes from each other, but neither was significantly different from the middle condition. This paradoxical outcome led Shaffer to classify the allowable patterns of significant differences and to find interpretations of those patterns, and led others to perform follow-up research making her methods more implementable in practice. Another of her results in this area was the observation that, in analyzing multiple comparisons, it is important to include in the analysis type III errors, in which one rejects the null hypothesis but concludes that an effect has the opposite sign to its actual sign.[1]
Recognition
In 1988, Shaffer was elected to be a
References
- ^ MR 2367933
- ^ Faculty, University of California, Berkeley Department of Statistics, archived from the original on 2017-11-17, retrieved 2017-11-16
- ^ S2CID 220338997
- ^ Juliet Popper Shaffer at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- PMID 14194338, retrieved 2017-11-16
- ISSN 0022-1546.
- ^ Florence Nightingale David Award, Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies, retrieved 2017-11-16
External links
- Juliet Popper Shaffer publications indexed by Google Scholar