Kim Hong-il (general)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.
Yun Posun
Preceded byChung Il-hyung [ko]
Succeeded bySong Yo-chan
Personal details
Born(1898-09-23)23 September 1898
Lieutenant General
CommandsNortheast Security Command [zh]
Capital Division
I Corps
Battles/warsRussian Civil War
Northern Expedition
Second Sino-Japanese War
Korean War
Korean name
Hangul
김홍일
Hanja
金弘壹
Revised RomanizationGim Hong-il
McCune–ReischauerKim Hong'il

Kim Hong-il (

had retreated to Taiwan. His assignment there ultimately lasted nine years. He returned to South Korea in 1960 following the April Revolution which ended the rule of Syngman Rhee, and served briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Park Chung Hee junta. He ran for the National Assembly, first unsuccessfully in 1960 and 1963, and was then elected in 1967 and became a major figure in the opposition New Democratic Party
.

Being one of the most experienced and high-ranked among the officer corps that commanded the early Republic of Korea Army, he was nicknamed the "Five-star General".

Early life and military career in China

Kim was born on 23 September 1898 in Ryongchon County, North Pyongan Province.[1] At age 15, shortly after the beginning of Japanese rule over Korea, he went to Fengtian (today Liaoning), China to attend a primary school there. He returned to Korea and at the age of 18 entered the Osan School [ko] in Chongju. He later became an instructor at the Gyeongsin School[a] in Sinchon County, Hwanghae Province, but his involvement in agitation against Japanese rule as a member of the alumni association of the Osan School resulted in his imprisonment.[2]

After his release, Kim fled into exile in China in 1918.

bon-gwan (clan).[c] As a result, he revealed his real name to several people.[5]

However,

Shanghai War of 1932, he served as an intelligence officer with the 19th Route Army.[2] In 1934, he was reassigned to the Luoyang branch of the Republic of China Military Academy, where he was in charge of a special course for Korean officer candidates in the ROC army.[7][8]

During the

Korean peninsula.[2]

In South Korea

Military career

Official portrait of Kim in 1948 as principal of the Korea Military Academy

In August 1948, Kim moved to South Korea to join the newly formed Republic of Korea Army.[9] He was assigned to be the principal of the Korea Military Academy.[2] In 1949, he finished writing the Outline of National Defense, one of the earliest works of the new country's Ministry of National Defense regarding military strategy.[10][11]

After the outbreak of the

Battle of Pusan Perimeter later that year.[14] However, his conflicts with President Syngman Rhee and American military officers led to his discharge in March 1951.[15]

As a diplomat

Kim (centre) with Chiang Kai-shek (left) and Syngman Rhee (right) during the latter's state visit to Taipei in 1953

On 3 November 1951, Kim arrived in Taipei, Taiwan, to begin his service as ambassador to the Republic of China [ko].[16] He remained in the position until 13 June 1960.[17][18] On the occasion of his departure, General Peng Meng-chi presented him with the Order of the Cloud and Banner in recognition of his wartime military service to the Republic of China, as well as the second rank of the civilian Order of Brilliant Star.[19] Kim was one of a large number of high-level diplomatic personnel who resigned in the aftermath of the April Revolution, along with ambassador to the U.S. Yang You-chan [ko] and ambassador to Japan Yu Tae-ha [ko].[20] In the aftermath of Park Chung-hee's May 1961 coup, Kim served a brief term as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 21 May until his resignation on 21 July.[21][22] He continued to play a role in foreign affairs after his resignation, and was dispatched to Niger in December 1961 as South Korea's representative to the celebrations for Niger's fourth Republic Day.[23]

In politics

Kim made his first foray into electoral politics in the

Senate. He announced his intention to run when he resigned from his ambassadorial post.[24] He ran as an independent in the Seoul electoral district, facing off against multiple Democratic Party and Liberal Party candidates.[25] He came in seventh place behind George Paik [ko] (independent), Lee In [ko] (independent), Kim Dong-o (Democratic), Han Dong-suk [ko] (Democratic), Go Hui-dong (Democratic), and Jeon Yong-sun [ko] (Democratic).[26] In December 1961, Kim was chosen as the ninth president of the Korean Veterans Association.[27] In 1962, he was awarded the Independence Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation.[4] Kim then ran again in the 1963 elections as one of six Korea Independence Party candidates.[28][29] The party received 1.28% of all votes cast, and failed to secure any seats.[30][31]

Kim's objections to the 1965

Korean Central Intelligence Agency director Kim Jae-chun [ko], and former minister without portfolio Park Won-bin—were arrested and charged with criminal libel in relation to its contents, and were held at the Seoul Correctional Institute (the former Seodaemun Prison).[36] Further charges of inciting rebellion were laid against the four on 7 September.[37] Kim's three co-defendants were eventually released on ₩50,000 bail on 25 October, while Kim himself was released on the official ground of severe illness.[38]

Kim (right) and other National Assembly members with President of the Bundestag Kai-Uwe von Hassel during a visit to West Germany in 1970

In 1967, Kim became a founding member of the opposition

Mapo-gu in the National Assembly in the elections that year.[39][40] In 1969 he was one of the founders of the Pan-Citizens' Committee to Fight Against the Three-Term Constitutional Reform [ko], created in opposition to the constitutional referendum that year which allowed Park to run for a third term as president.[41] He played a larger role in the May 1971 legislative elections, running as an at-large representative and also becoming the acting head of the New Democratic Party following the resignation of Yu Chin-san two weeks before the election.[42][43] He won his election, and also became the official chairman of the New Democratic Party in July following its all-party convention.[44][45]

Throughout 1972, the New Democratic Party was riven by conflicts between Kim's faction, supported by party heavyweights Kim Dae-jung and Yang Il-dong [ko], and the opposing pro-Yu Chin-san faction led by Chyung Yil-hyung [ko]. Matters came to a head at the party convention in September, held in the absence of Kim's faction, which resulted in the return of Yu Chin-san as party chairman.[46] Kim's faction issued a statement denouncing the results and declaring the convention illegal, but the National Election Commission refused Kim's application for an injunction against the Yu Chin-san faction.[47] The following month, Park Chung-hee carried out his October Restoration self-coup and dissolved the National Assembly, and then just a month before the February 1973 elections, Kim's faction broke off from the New Democratic Party and established the Democratic Unification Party [ko].[48][49] However, the Democratic Unification Party performed poorly, and only two of its candidates were elected, Kim not among them.[50] Following the election, Democratic Unification Party leaders expressed regret for participating, and Kim pledged to dedicate the remainder of his life to fighting for the return of democracy.[51] Later that year, he was one of thirty opposition politicians to sign a petition calling for constitutional reform and free elections, and in 1974 he became one of the founding members of the Citizens' Conference for the Restoration of Democracy [ko].[52][53]

Retirement and death

In 1977 Kim was elected the sixth president of the Korea Liberation Association [ko], an organisation for Korean independence activists and their families.[54] He was re-elected as the seventh president in 1979.[55][56]

Kim died at his home in

Young Nak Presbyterian Church, the church of which Kim had been a member, presided over the funeral.[58] Roughly 1,500 people visited the family home to pay their respects, including Chun Doo-hwan, United States Forces Korea commander John A. Wickham Jr., and fellow independence activist Lee Kap-sung [ko].[59]

Works

Notes

  1. Gyeongsin School [ko] in Seoul which is a predecessor of Yonsei University. See 이한순 [Yi Han-sun] (1995). 신천군(信川郡) [Sinchŏn County]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Academy of Korean Studies
    . Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  2. Qing Dynasty
    government
  3. ^ For further details about this custom and its later evolution in South Korean law, see Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code.
  4. ^ 김용재; 金勇哉; reported to be age 72 in 1999.
  5. ^ 순국선열유족회장 구성서; 殉國先烈遺族會長 具聖書. Official website
  6. ^ 조국수호국민협의회; 祖國守護國民協議會

References

  1. ^ 金鍾文 [Kim Jong-mun] (2014). 金弘壹의 생애와 독립운동 [The Life and Resistance Activities of Kim Hong-il]. Journal of Korean Modern and Contemporary History (in Korean). 68: 177–209. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h 임중빈 [Im Jung-bin] (1995). 김홍일(金弘壹) [Kim Hong-il]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  3. doi:10.15799/kimos.2014..47.002
    . Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  4. ^
    Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs (South Korea)
    . August 1998. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  5. ^ 김형민 [Kim Hyeong-min] (19 September 2017). '윤봉길 도시락 폭탄'을 기획한 장군 김홍일 [Kim Hong-il, the general who planned 'Yun Bong-gil's lunchbox bomb']. Sisain [ko]. Vol. 522. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  6. ^ <임시정부 수립 80돌>'臨政 지원' 蔣介石 친필문서 첫 공 [80th anniversary of the establishment of the Provisional Government: the first hand-written letter from Chiang Kai-shek]. Seoul Shinmun. 13 April 1999. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  7. ^ 독립운동가 김홍일, 한국광복군 참모장 [Independence activist Kim Hong-il, Chief of Staff of the Korean Liberation Army]. NaverCast. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  8. ^ 강주화 [Kang Joo-hwa] (15 August 2015). 윤봉길 도시락 폭탄, 우리 작은 할아버지 작품이에요 [Yun Bong-gil's lunchbox bomb was our great-uncle's creation]. Kukmin Ilbo. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  9. ^ Kim 2014, p. 177
  10. ISBN 978-89-89768-85-2. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  11. ^ 남보람 [Nam Boram] (October 2016). 김홍일 장군의 '국방개론'을 통해 본 창군이념. 1 [Foundational principles of the army as seen through General Kim Hong-il's 'Outline of National Defense', Part 1]. Jayu. 518. Korea Retired Admirals and Generals Association: 20–25. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via National Assembly Digital Library.
    남보람 [Nam Boram] (November 2016). 김홍일 장군의 '국방개론'을 통해 본 창군이념. 1 [Foundational principles of the army as seen through General Kim Hong-il's 'Outline of National Defense', Part 2]. Jayu. 519. Korea Retired Generals and Admirals Association: 22–27. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via National Assembly Digital Library.
  12. doi:10.29212/mh.2016..99.223
    . Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  13. ISBN 9780275971250
    .
  14. ISBN 9781404218345
    .
  15. ^ Lee 2016, pp. 254–256
  16. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 4 November 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  17. ^ 金弘一告別酒會 [Farewell banquet for Kim Hong-il] (in Traditional Chinese). Central News Agency (Taiwan). 10 June 1960. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  18. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 1 June 1960. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  19. ^ 金大使에 勳章 國府政府서 授與 [Ambassador Kim presented with awards by Nationalist Government]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 11 May 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  20. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 4 August 1960. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  21. ^ 革命内閣드디어成立 [Revolutionary cabinet finally established]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 21 May 1961. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  22. ^ 外交使節團의協調에感謝 金外務辭任談 [Foreign Minister Kim resigns due to adjustment of diplomatic delegation]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 22 July 1961. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  23. ^ 金弘一特使니젤訪問후歸國 [Special Ambassador Kim Hong-il returns to country after visit to Niger]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 30 December 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  24. ^ 駐中 金大使辭表? 參議員 出馬爲해 [Ambassador to China Kim Resigns? Will run for Senate]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 19 May 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  25. ^ 各黨,選擧對策에 混線 參議員公薦둘러싸고 [Confusion in all parties' electoral policies, besieged by official nominations for Senators]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 25 June 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  26. ^ 參議員開票狀況 [Senate poll results]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 30 July 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  27. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 13 December 1961. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  28. ^ 韓國獨立黨등록 代表는金弘一 [Korea Independence Party registers, representative is Kim Hong-il]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 30 October 1963. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  29. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 3 November 1963. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  30. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 30 November 1963. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  31. ^ 總選의綜合分析 [Overall analysis of the general election]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 29 November 1963. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  32. ^ Koo et al. 1965
  33. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 28 July 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  34. ^ '國會 解散 總選實施하라' 祖國守護協서 聲明 ['Dissolve the National Assembly and hold a new general election': statement by Fatherland Protection Council]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 19 August 1965. p. 3. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  35. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 27 August 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library. The actual statement was published as a front-page advertisement in the Kyunghyang Shinmun, and can be seen at 國軍將兵에게 보내는 呼訴文 [A Plea Sent to Armed Forces personnel]. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    (in Korean). 27 August 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  36. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 30 August 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  37. ^ 金弘壹씨등4名追加起訴『內亂煽動』으로 [Additional charges of 'inciting rebellion' against four including Kim Hong-il]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 8 September 1965. p. 3. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  38. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 25 October 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  39. ^ 新民黨 創黨 [New Democratic Party founded]. Kyunghang Shinmun (in Korean). 7 February 1967. Retrieved 23 June 2021 – via Naver News Library.
  40. ^ 175名의 새國會議員 [The 175 members of the new National Assembly]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 10 June 1967. p. 5. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  41. The Dong-a Ilbo
    . 17 July 1969. p. 2. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  42. ^ 柳珍山당수辭退 [Yu Chin-san resigns as party head]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 8 May 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  43. ^ 金黨代表代行'6월중 全黨대회' [Acting Party Representative Kim: 'All-party convention in mid-June']. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 10 May 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  44. ^ 8代國會議員 [Members of the 8th National Assembly]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 27 May 1971. p. 5. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  45. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 21 July 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  46. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 26 September 1972. p. 1. Retrieved 16 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  47. ^ 野黨紛爭史 [History of opposition party disputes]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 26 May 1976. p. 3. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  48. ^ 金弘壹씨系 新民黨 떠나기로 鄭一亨씨는 殘留 [Kim Hong-il faction leaves New Democratic Party, Chyung Yil-hyung remains]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 18 January 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  49. ^ 金弘壹씨新民脫党 民統党에參与할듯 [Kim Hong-il will leave New Democratic Party and join Democratic Unification Party]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). 19 January 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  50. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 1 March 1973. p. 4. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  51. ^ 統一黨간부들, 總選참여를후회 [Unification Party leaders regret participation in general election]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 3 March 1973. p. 2. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  52. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 24 December 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  53. The Dong-a Ilbo
    (in Korean). 25 December 1974. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  54. ^ 光復會6대會長에金弘壹장군 [General Kim Hong-il to be sixth Korea Liberation Association president]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 20 May 1977. p. 7. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  55. ^ 光復會회장등 8명面談 時局收拾방안 意見교환 [Discussions with eight Korea Liberation Association members including president for exchange of opinions on plans for handling current affairs]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). 29 November 1979. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  56. ^ 연혁 1970~1979 [History 1970–1979] (in Korean). Korea Liberation Association. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  57. ^ 光復會회장金弘壹씨 別世 [Korea Liberation Association president Kim Hong-il passes away]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). 9 August 1980. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  58. ^ 故 金弘壹장군 家族葬 엄수 [Solemn family funeral for late general Kim Hong-il]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 12 August 1980. p. 7. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  59. ^ 고김홍일장군 장례식 엄수 [Solemn funeral for late general Kim Hong-il]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). 12 August 1980. p. 7. Retrieved 11 May 2018.

External links

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