Seoul

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Coordinates: 37°33′36″N 126°59′24″E / 37.56000°N 126.99000°E / 37.56000; 126.99000
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This article is about the capital city of South Korea. For other uses, see Seoul (disambiguation).

Seoul
서울
Hanseong, Gyeongseong, Keijō
Special city
Seoul Special City
서울특별시
Skyline of Seoul at night
Deoksugung
Korean National Assembly
Lotte World and Lotte World Tower
Gwanghwamun
Seongsan Bridge over the Han River
Namsan)[8]
MascotHaechi
TreeGinkgo
Websiteseoul.go.kr
Seoul
Hangul
Revised RomanizationSeoul
McCune–ReischauerSŏul
Seoul Special City
Hangul
서울특별시
Hanja
Revised RomanizationSeoul Teukbyeolsi
McCune–ReischauerSŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi

Seoul,

Gyeonggi province and Incheon metropolitan city, emerged as the world's fourth largest metropolitan economy in 2014, trailing only Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles, hosting more than half of South Korea's population. Although Seoul's population peaked at slightly over 10 million, it has gradually decreased since 2014, standing at approximately 9.97 million residents as of 2020. Seoul is the seat of the South Korean government
.

Seoul's history traces back to 18 BC when it was founded by the people of

Gyeongseong." The Korean War
brought fierce battles, with Seoul changing hands four times and leaving the city mostly in ruins. Nevertheless, the city has since undergone significant reconstruction and rapid urbanization.

Seoul was rated Asia's most livable city, with the second-highest quality of life globally according to Arcadis in 2015 and a GDP per capita (PPP) of approximately $40,000. 15 Fortune Global 500 companies, including industry giants such as Samsung,[9] LG, and Hyundai, are headquartered in the Seoul Capital Area, which has major technology hubs, such as Gangnam and Digital Media City.[10] Seoul is ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and the Global Financial Centres Index, and is one of the five leading hosts of global conferences.[11] The city has also hosted major events such as the 1986 Asian Games, the 1988 Summer Olympics, and the 2010 G20 Seoul summit.

Seoul is geographically set in a mountainous and hilly terrain, with

IFC Seoul, and Parc1. Seoul was named the World Design Capital in 2010 and has served as the national hub for the music, entertainment, and cultural industries that have propelled K-pop and the Korean Wave
to international prominence.

Toponomy

Main article: Names of Seoul

The city has been known in the past by the names Wiryeseong (위례성; 慰禮城, during the Baekje era), Bukhansangun (북한산군; 北漢山郡 during the Goguryeo era), Namcheon (남천; 南川,[13] during the Silla era), Hanyang (한양; 漢陽, during the Northern and Southern States period), Namgyeong(남경; 南京, during Goryeo era), Hanseong (한성; 漢城, during the Joseon era), and Keijō (京城) or Gyeongseong (경성; 京城) during Japanese rule.[14]

During Japan's annexation of Korea, Hanseong (漢城) was renamed Keijō (京城) by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the Hanja '漢' (a transliteration of an ancient Korean word Han (한) meaning "great"), which also refers to Han people or the Han dynasty in Chinese and in Japanese is a term for "China".[15]

After World War II and the liberation of Korea, the city took its present name, which originated from the Korean word meaning "capital city", which is believed to have descended from an ancient word, Seorabeol (서라벌; 徐羅伐), which originally referred to Gyeongju, the capital of Silla.[16] Ancient Gyeongju was also known in documents by the Chinese-style name Geumseong (金城, literally "Gold Castle or City" or "Metal Castle or City"), but it is unclear whether the native Korean-style name Seorabeol had the same meaning as Geumseong.[citation needed]

Unlike most place names in Korea, "Seoul" has no corresponding Hanja (Chinese characters used in the Korean language). On 18 January 2005, the Seoul government changed its official name in Chinese characters from the historic Hancheng (simplified Chinese: 汉城; traditional Chinese: 漢城; pinyin: Hànchéng) to Shou'er (首尔; 首爾; Shǒu'ěr).[17][18]

History

Main article: History of Seoul
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Seoul.

Early history

Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, began around 4000 BC.[19]

Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje (founded in 18 BC) in the northeastern area of modern Seoul.[19] There are several city walls remaining in the area that date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, an earthen wall located southeast Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site.[20] As the Three Kingdoms competed for this strategic region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century.[21]

However, according to Samguk Sagi, both Baekje and Silla described the land as frontier border of Baekje, not as the capital region.[22][23] Moreover, Jinheung Taewang Stele found at current day Bukhansan tells that the place was underdeveloped as of 6th century AD,[13] suggesting that the first capital Wiryeseong was not located in or nearby Seoul.

In July or August 553, Silla took the control of the region from Baekje, and the city became a part of newly established Sin Province (신주; 新州).[22][23] Sin (新) has both meaning of "New" and "Silla", thus literally means New Silla Province.

In November 555, Jinheung Taewang made royal visit to Bukhansan, and inspected the borderline.[24] In 557, Silla abolished Sin Province, and established Bukhansan Province (북한산주; 北漢山州).[25] The word Hanseong (한성; 漢城; lit. Han Fortress) appears on the stone wall of "Pyongyang Fortress", which was presumably built in the mid to late 6th century AD over period of 42 years, located in Pyongyang, while there is no evidence that Seoul had name Hanseong dating the three kingdoms and earlier period.[26][27][28][29][30]

In 568, Jinheung Taewang made another royal visit to the northern border, visited Hanseong, and stayed in Namcheon on his way back to the capital. During his stay, he set Jinheung Taewang Stele, abolished Bukhansan Province, and established Namcheon Province (남천주; 南川州; South River Province), appointing the city as the provincial capital.[13][31] Based on the naming system, the actual name of Han River during this time was likely Namcheon (Nam River) itself or should have the word ending with "cheon" (천; 川) not "gang" (강; 江) nor "su" (수; 水). In addition, "Bukhansan" Jinheung Stele clearly states that Silla had possession of Hanseong (modern day Pyongyang), thus Bukhansan has to be located north of Hanseong. Modern day Pyongyang was not Pyongyang, Taedong River was likely Han River, and Bukhansan was not Bukhansan during the three kingdoms period.[13][32] Moreover, Pyongyang was a common noun meaning capital used by Goguryeo and Goryeo dynasties, similar to Seoul.[33]

In 603, Goguryeo attacked Bukhansanseong (북한산성; 北漢山城; Bukhan Mountain Fortress), which Silla ended up winning.[34][35] In 604, Silla abolished Namcheon Province, and reestablished Bukhansan Province in order to strengthen the northern border. The city lost its provincial capital position and was put under Bukhansan Province once again.[36] This further proves that Bukhansan was located in the North of modern-day Pyongyang as changing the provincial name and objective would not be required if Bukhansan was located within Seoul.

In the 11th century Goryeo, which succeeded Unified Silla, built a summer palace in Seoul, which was referred to as the "Southern Capital". It was only from this period that Seoul became a larger settlement.[19]

Joseon dynasty

Further information:
Joseon dynasty, Downtown Seoul, and Seongjeosimni
Fortress Wall of Seoul
Seongjeosimni was included in five administrative divisions of Hanseong, in late period of Joseon dynasty

Seoul was

Fortress Wall surrounding the Hanyang city was partially finished around 1396.[37]
: 96–111 

The city of Hanyang was governed by Hanseongbu [ko] (한성부), an agency of the national government dedicated to affairs on administration of capital city. Hanseongbu divided the Hanyang city into two major category; Areas inside the Fortress Wall, and areas 10 Ri (Korean mile) around the Fortress Wall. Former areas were typically named as Seong-jung (성중; 城中) or Doseong-an (도성 안; lit. Inside the fortress) and latters were named as Seongjeosimni (Korean: 성저십리; Hanja: 城底十里; lit. 10 Ris around the fortress). The Doseong-an area later gained informal but popular name Sadaemun-an (사대문 안), which literally means 'areas inside of the Four Great Gates', and became the one and only downtown (city center) of Hanyang city.[38]: 90–100 

In the late 19th century, after hundreds of years of isolation, Seoul opened its gates to foreigners and began to modernize. Seoul became the first city in East Asia to introduce electricity in the royal palace, built by the Edison Illuminating Company[39] and a decade later Seoul also implemented electrical street lights.[40]

Korean Empire

Main article: Korean Empire
Seoul, capital city of the Korean Empire, in 1905

After

Seoul Electric Company, Seoul Electric Trolley Company, and Seoul Fresh Spring Water Company were all joint Korean–U.S. owned enterprises.[41]

In 1904, an American by the name of Angus Hamilton visited the city and said, "The streets of Seoul are magnificent, spacious, clean, admirably made and well-drained. The narrow, dirty lanes have been widened, gutters have been covered, roadways broadened. Seoul is within measurable distance of becoming the highest, most interesting and cleanest city in the East."[42]

Japanese annexation of Korea

Main articles: Keijō and Korea under Japanese rule
March 1st Movement in Seoul, 1919

After the

Gyeongseong ("Kyongsong" in Korean and "Keijō
" in Japanese). The city saw significant transformation under Japanese colonial rule. Imperial Japan removed the city walls, paved roads, and built Western-style buildings.

Seoul was deprived of its special status as the capital city and downsized under imperial Japan, compared to the traditional notion among people of the

Yeongdeungpo-gu was annexed into Seoul on April 1, 1936 to function as an industrial complex for steel and other metalworking
factories.

The city was liberated by U.S. forces at the end of World War II.

Contemporary history

15 August 1945

In 1945, following the liberation from Japanese colonial rule, the American military assumed control of Korea, including its capital city, then referred to as Kyeongseongbu in line with Japanese nomenclature. The

special city (or special metropolitan city; 특별시) in the Local Autonomy Act of 1949. Seoul has retained its status as the only special city in South Korea (i.e., 서울특별시).[citation needed
]

The City of Seoul is hereby constituted a municipal corporation to be known as SEOUL. The boundaries of the municipal corporation are the present limits of the City of Seoul consisting of the following eight districts: Chong Koo, Chong No Koo, Sur Tai Moon Koo, Tong Tai Moon Koo, Sung Tong Koo, Ma Po Koo, Yong San Koo, and Yang Doung Po Koo, and as such may be extended as provided by law.

— U.S. Army Military Government in Korea, Charter of the City of Seoul

Seoul under the U.S. military government between 1945 and 1948 was much smaller than it is today. It only covered the

Eight Gates, and the districts incorporated during Japanese rule to prosecute imperial Japan's war efforts.[44]

U.S. Marines engaged in urban warfare during the battle for Seoul, part of the Korean War
, in late September 1950.

During the Korean War, Seoul changed hands between the Soviet/Chinese-backed North Korean forces and the American-backed South Korean forces four times: falling to the North Koreans in the June 1950 First Battle of Seoul, recaptured by UN forces in the September 1950 Second Battle of Seoul, falling to a combined Chinese/North Korean force in the January 1951 Third Battle of Seoul, and finally being recaptured once more by UN forces in Operation Ripper during the spring of 1951.[45][46] The extensive fighting left the city heavily damaged after the war. The capital was temporarily relocated to Busan.[19] One estimate of the extensive damage states that after the war, at least 191,000 buildings, 55,000 houses, and 1,000 factories lay in ruins. In addition, a flood of refugees had entered Seoul during the war, swelling the population of the city and its metropolitan area to an estimated 1.5 million by 1955.[47]

Bird's eye view of Seoul from the Namsan cable car, 1962

Following the war, Seoul began to focus on reconstruction and modernization. As

Gwangju-gun, Siheung-gun, Gimpo-gun, and Bucheon-gun, expanding the northeastern borders of Seoul. In September, Seoul again annexed present-day Gangnam.[48][49] The two consecutive expansions more than doubled the size of Seoul from approximately 268 km2 (103 sq mi) to 613 km2 (237 sq mi).[50]

After annexation, Gangnam's development was spurred by key infrastructure projects: the construction of the Hannam Bridge (1966–1969) and Gyeongbu Expressway (1968–1970). As Seoul's population kept growing, Park's regime focused its development plans on Gangnam. The main hurdle for Gangnam's development was floods because the area is low-lying and prone to flooding. Then Seoul mayor Kim Hyun-ok ordered construction of an expressway that doubled as embankment, which became the present-day Gangbyeon Expressway. The construction started in March 1967 and completed in September of the same year. Similar projects transformed previously flood-prone areas into usable land for development. Such areas include the current Ichon-dong, the Banpo apartment complex, Apgujeong-dong and Jamsil-dong.

Young people watching the 2002 FIFA World Cup

Until 1972, Seoul was claimed by North Korea as its de jure capital, being specified as such in Article 103 of the 1948 North Korean constitution.[51]

Seoul was the host city of the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics as well as one of the venues of the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

LG Group headquartered there.[53]

Geography

Satellite picture of Seoul

Seoul is in the northwest of South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.25 km2 (233.69 sq mi),

Seoul Fortress Wall
, which historically bounded the city, goes over these mountains. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas.

Parks

Main article: List of parks in Seoul
Han River Park

Seoul has a large quantity of parks. One of the most famous parks is

Seoullo 7017 Skypark
opened, spanning diagonally overtop Seoul Station.

There are also many parks along the Han River, such as Ichon Hangang Park, Yeouido Hangang Park, Mangwon Hangang Park, Nanji Hangang Park, Banpo Hangang Park, Ttukseom Hangang Park and Jamsil Hangang Park. The Seoul National Capital Area also contains a green belt aimed at preventing the city from sprawling out into neighboring Gyeonggi Province. These areas are frequently sought after by people looking to escape from urban life on weekends and during vacations.

Air quality

See also: Air pollution in South Korea
Asian dust
in Seoul

PM2.5 concentration in 2014 was 24 micrograms per cubic meter (1.0×10−5 gr/cu ft), which is 2.4 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines[59] for the annual mean PM2.5. The Seoul Metropolitan Government monitors and publicly shares real-time air quality data.[60]

Since the early 1960s, the

PM10 and nitrogen dioxide by reducing emissions.[62] As a result, the annual average PM10 concentrations decreased from 70.0 μg/m3 in 2001 to 44.4 μg/m3 in 2011[63] and 46 μg/m3 in 2014.[58] As of 2014, the annual average PM10 concentration was still at least twice than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines.[59] The 2nd Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015–2024) added PM2.5 and ozone to its list of managed pollutants.[64]

Asian dust, emissions from Seoul and in general from the rest of South Korea, as well as emissions from China, all contribute to Seoul's air quality.[55][65] Besides air quality, greenhouse gas emissions represent hot issues in South Korea since the country is among top-10 strongest emitters in the world. Seoul is the strongest hotspot of greenhouse gas emissions in the country and according to satellite data, the persistent carbon dioxide anomaly over the city is one of the strongest in the world.[66]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Seoul
Snow in Seoul

Seoul has a

East Asian monsoon taking place from June until September. August, the hottest month, has average high and low temperatures of 30.0 and 22.9 °C (86 and 73 °F) with higher temperatures possible. Heat index
values can surpass 40 °C (104.0 °F) at the height of summer. Winters are usually cold to freezing with average January high and low temperatures of 2.1 and −5.5 °C (35.8 and 22.1 °F), and are generally much drier than summers, with an average of 24.9 days of snow annually. Sometimes, temperatures drop dramatically to below −10 °C (14 °F), and on some occasions as low as −15 °C (5 °F) in the mid winter period of January and February. Temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) have been recorded.

Climate data for Seoul (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1907–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		29.8
(85.6) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		38.4
(101.1) 		39.6
(103.3) 		35.1
(95.2) 		30.1
(86.2) 		25.9
(78.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.0
(51.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		4.2
(39.6) 		17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		0.7
(33.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		7.5
(45.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		12.8
(55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		8.9
(48.0)
Record low °C (°F) −22.5
(−8.5) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		2.4
(36.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		13.5
(56.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−23.1
(−9.6) 		−23.1
(−9.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 16.8
(0.66) 		28.2
(1.11) 		36.9
(1.45) 		72.9
(2.87) 		103.6
(4.08) 		129.5
(5.10) 		414.4
(16.31) 		348.2
(13.71) 		141.5
(5.57) 		52.2
(2.06) 		51.1
(2.01) 		22.6
(0.89) 		1,417.9
(55.82)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.1 5.8 7.0 8.4 8.6 9.9 16.3 14.7 9.1 6.1 8.8 7.8 108.6
Average snowy days 7.1 5.1 2.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 6.4 23.9
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		56.2 54.6 54.6 54.8 59.7 65.7 76.2 73.5 66.4 61.8 60.4 57.8 61.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 169.6 170.8 198.2 206.3 223.0 189.1 123.6 156.1 179.7 206.5 157.3 162.9 2,143.1
Percent possible sunshine 52.3 53.6 51.0 51.9 48.4 41.2 26.8 36.2 47.2 57.1 50.2 51.1 46.4
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 8 9 10 9 7 4 3 2 6
Source 1: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[70][71][72]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),[73] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[74]

Government

Main article: Seoul Metropolitan Government
Seoul City Hall

The Seoul Metropolitan Government is the local government for Seoul, and is responsible for the administration and provision of various services to the city, including correctional institutions, education, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. It is headed by a mayor and three vice mayors, and is divided into 25 autonomous districts and 522 administrative neighborhoods.[75][76]

Administrative districts

Main article: List of districts of Seoul
Districts of Seoul

Seoul is divided into 25

dong" (동; 洞) or neighborhoods. Some gu have only a few dong while others like Jongno District have a very large number of distinct neighborhoods. Gu of Seoul consist of 423 administrative dongs (행정동) in total.[77] Dong are also sub-divided into 13,787 tong (통; 統), which are further divided into 102,796 ban in total.[citation needed
]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19501,021,000—    
19602,361,000+8.74%
19705,312,000+8.45%
19808,244,000+4.49%
199010,518,000+2.47%
20009,879,000−0.62%
20109,796,000−0.08%
20209,963,000+0.17%
source:[78]

Seoul proper is noted for its population density, which is almost twice that of New York City and eight times greater than Rome. Its metropolitan area was the most densely populated among OECD countries in Asia in 2012, and second worldwide after that of Paris.[79] As of 2015, the population was 9.86 million,[80] in 2012, it was 10.44 million. As of 2021, the population is 9.59 million.[81][82] As of the end of June 2011, 10.29 million Republic of Korea citizens lived in the city. This was a 0.24% decrease from the end of 2010. The population of Seoul has been dropping since the early 1990s, the reasons being the high costs of living, urban sprawling to Gyeonggi region's satellite bed cities and an aging population.[80]

As of 2016, the number of foreigners living in Seoul was 404,037, 22.9% of the total foreign population in South Korea.

Chinese citizens of Korean ancestry. This was an 8.84% increase from the end of 2010 and a 12.85% increase from June 2010. The next largest group was Chinese citizens who were not of Korean ethnicity; 29,901 of them resided in Seoul. The next highest group consisted of the 9,999 United States citizens who were not of Korean ancestry. The next highest group were Taiwanese citizens, at 8,717.[84]

Religion

The two major religions in Seoul are

Muism (indigenous religion) and Confucianism. Seoul is home to one of the world's largest Christian congregations, Yoido Full Gospel Church, which has around 830,000 members.[85] According to the 2015 census, 10.8% of the population follows Buddhism and 35% follows Christianity (24.3% Protestantism and 10.7% Catholicism). 53.6% of the population is irreligious.[86] Seoul is home to the world's largest modern university founded by a Buddhist Order, Dongguk University.[87]

Education

Further information:
List of universities in Seoul
Entrance of Seoul National University

Compulsory education lasts from grade 1–9 (six years of elementary school and three years of middle school).[88] Students spend six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Secondary schools generally require students to wear uniforms. There is an exit exam for graduating from high school and many students proceeding to the university level are required to take the College Scholastic Ability Test that is held every November. Although there is a test for non-high school graduates, called school qualification exam, most Koreans take the test.

Seoul is home to various

specialized schools, including three science high schools, and six foreign language High Schools. Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education comprises 235 College-Preparatory High Schools, 80 Vocational Schools, 377 Middle Schools, and 33 Special Education Schools as of 2009
.

Seoul is home to the majority of South Korea's most prestigious universities, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korea University. Seoul ranked 2nd on the QS Best Student Cities 2023.[89]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Seoul
See also: Economy of South Korea
Gangnam Commercial Area
Lotte World and Lotte World Tower
Samsung Town in the Gangnam station area of Seoul
Dongdaemun Design Plaza

Seoul is the business and financial hub of South Korea. Although it accounts for only 0.6 percent of the nation's land area, 48.3 percent of South Korea's bank deposits were held in Seoul in 2003,

The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Seoul 15th in the list of "Overall 2025 City Competitiveness" regarding future competitiveness of cities.[94]

Manufacturing

See also: Manufacturing in South Korea

The traditional, labor-intensive manufacturing industries have been continuously replaced by

Lotte
.

Business and finance

See also: Yeouido and Korea Exchange
Yeouido, the main financial district of Seoul

According to the Global Financial Centerss Index report released in 2024, Seoul ranked 10th. The city ranked 13th in business environment and financial sector development, seventh in human capital, 10th in infrastructure and 12th in reputation.[99]

Seoul has three

central business districts; the Downtown Seoul(CBD), Gangnam(GBD), and Yeouido(YBD).[100] The Downtown Seoul, which has 600 years of history as unparalleled business district in entire Korea, is now a densely concentrated area around Gwanghwamun and Cheonggyecheon with headquarters of major companies, foreign financial institutions, largest news agencies and law firms. Other two business districts are developed in 1970s and have different characteristic; while Gangnam is well known for tech, luxury and private education industries, Yeouido is famous for securities exchange and asset management.[101][102]

In 2023, the city announced plans to invest $44.7 million over six years to create a dedicated area to attract foreign investment.[99]

Commerce

Main article: Shopping in Seoul
Myeong-dong is one of the most popular destinations in Seoul.
Yongsan
I'park Mall

The largest wholesale and retail market in South Korea, the

Namdaemun Gate, is the oldest continually running market in Seoul.[105]

COEX Mall. Wholesale markets include Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market and Garak Market
.

The

35 mm cinema screen, the CGV Starium.[111]

Korea World Trade Center Complex, which comprises COEX mall, congress center, 3 Inter-continental hotels, Business tower (Asem tower), Residence hotel, Casino and City airport terminal was established in 1988 in time for the

Seoul Olympics
. The 2nd World trade trade center is being planned at Seoul Olympic stadium complex as MICE HUB by Seoul city. Ex-Kepco head office building was purchased by Hyundai motor group with 9billion USD to build 115-storey Hyundai GBC & hotel complex until 2021. Now ex-kepco 25-storey building is under demolition.

Technology

See also: South Korean robotics

Seoul has been described as the world's "most wired city",[112] ranked first in technology readiness by PwC's Cities of Opportunity report.[113] Seoul has a very technologically advanced infrastructure.[114][115]

Seoul is among the world leaders in Internet connectivity, being the capital of South Korea, which has the world's highest

DMB
inside subway cars. 5G will be introduced commercially in March 2019 in Seoul.

A panoramic view of seoul

Culture

Architecture

See also: List of tallest buildings in Seoul and Architecture of South Korea
Bukchon Hanok Village, a traditional Seoul village built during the Joseon era

The traditional heart of Seoul is the old Joseon dynasty city, now the downtown area, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels, and traditional markets are located. Cheonggyecheon, a stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River, was for many years covered with concrete, but was recently restored by an urban revival project in 2005.[120] Jongno street, meaning "Bell Street", has been a principal street and one of the earliest commercial streets of the city,[121][122] on which one can find Bosingak, a pavilion containing a large bell.

Sungnyemun (commonly known as Namdaemun)

Seoul has many historical and cultural landmarks. In Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site, Gangdong District, neolithic remains were excavated and accidentally discovered by a flood in 1925.[123]

Urban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the late 14th century. The Joseon dynasty built the "Five Grand Palaces" in Seoul—

Fortress Wall of Seoul was built early in the Joseon dynasty for protection of the city. After many centuries of destruction and rebuilding, about 2⁄3 of the wall remains, as well as six of the original eight gates. These gates include the south gate Namdaemun and the east gate Dongdaemun. Namdaemun was the oldest wooden gate until a 2008 arson attack, and was re-opened after complete restoration in 2013.[125]

Museums

Main article: List of museums in Seoul
See also: List of museums in South Korea
The National Museum of Korea

Seoul is home to 115 museums,[126] including four national and nine official municipal museums. The National Museum of Korea has a collection of 220,000 artifacts.[127] The National Folk Museum is located on the grounds of Gyeongbokgung and focuses on the daily life of historical Koreans.[128] Bukchon Hanok Village and Namsangol Hanok Village are old residential districts consisting of hanok (traditional Korean houses).[129][130]

The War Memorial covers the history of wars that Korea has been involved with, especially the Korean War.[131][132] Seodaemun Prison is a former prison built during the Japanese occupation, and is used as a historic museum.[133] The Seoul Museum of Art, Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, and Ilmin Museum of Art are art museums in the city.

Festivals

See also: List of South Korean festivals
Seoul Street Art Festival concert in Seoul City Hall Square

In October 2012,

better source needed][135]
Seoul Street Art Festival is a seasonal cultural festival held four times a year every spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Seoul, South Korea since 2003. It is based on the "Seoul Citizens' Day" held on every October since 1994 to commemorate the 600 years history of Seoul as the capital of the country. The festival is arranged under the Seoul Metropolitan Government. As of 2012, Seoul has hosted Ultra Music Festival Korea, an annual dance music festival that takes place on the 2nd weekend of June.[136]

Media

Further information:
Media of South Korea
See also:
Seoul Foreign Correspondents’ Club
KBS headquarters in Yeouido, Seoul

Seoul is home of the major South Korean networks

New York Times. It can accommodate up to 50 employees. It has about 20 editors and staff.[137] The Washington Post Seoul Hub is one of the key bases of the Wall Street Journal along with that of London.[138]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Seoul
Seoul Sports Complex

Seoul is a major center of

South Korean sports, and has the largest number of professional sports teams and facilities in the country. In the history of South Korea's major professional sports league championships, which include the K League, KBO League, KBL and V-League, Seoul had multiple championship winners during the same season twice; in 1990, when Lucky-Goldstar FC (currently FC Seoul) won the 1990 K League and the LG Twins won the 1990 KBO League, and in 2016, when FC Seoul won the 2016 K League Classic and the Doosan Bears won the 2016 KBO League.[139]

Seoul hosted the

World Taekwondo Federation
.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Seoul

Seoul has a well developed transportation network. Its system dates back to the era of the

Chungmuro, Yulgongno, and Toegyero. There are nine major subway lines stretching for more than 250 km (155 mi), with one additional line planned. As of 2010
, 25% of the population has a commute time of an hour or longer.

Bus

Main article:
Seoul Buses
Seoul buses

Seoul's bus system is operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government (S.M.G.), with four primary bus configurations available servicing most of the city. Seoul has many large intercity/express bus terminals. These buses connect Seoul with cities throughout South Korea. The Seoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal and Seoul Nambu Terminal are located in the district of Seocho District. In addition, East Seoul Bus Terminal in Gwangjin District and Sangbong Terminal in Jungnang District handles traffics mainly from Gangwon and Chungcheong provinces.

Urban rail

Seoul Station
Main article: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

Seoul has a comprehensive

NeoTrans Co. Ltd., AREX
, and Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation.

Train

KTX Sancheon

Seoul is connected to every major city in South Korea by rail. Most major South Korean cities are linked via the KTX high-speed train, which has a normal operation speed of more than 300 km/h (186 mph). The Mugunghwa and Saemaeul trains also stop at all major stations. Major railroad stations include:[citation needed]

Airports

Seoul is served by two international airports, Incheon International Airport and Gimpo International Airport.

Incheon International Airport

Osaka Kansai and Beijing Capital
also operate from Incheon International.

eighth busiest airport
in terms of international passengers in 2014. In 2016, 57,765,397 passengers used the airport. Incheon International Airport opened terminal 2 on 18 January 2018.

Incheon and Gimpo are linked to Seoul by

AREX to Seoul Station
. Intercity bus services are available to various destinations around the country.

Cycling

Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in Seoul and in the entire country. Both banks of the Han River have cycling paths that run all the way across the city along the river. In addition, Seoul introduced in 2015 a bicycle-sharing system named Ddareungi (and named Seoul Bike in English).[141]

International relations

See also: List of diplomatic missions in South Korea

Seoul is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. In addition, Seoul hosts many embassies of countries it has diplomatic ties with.

Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea

Seoul has 23

sister cities:[142]
[143]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ /soʊl/ sohl; Korean: 서울; IPA: [sʌul] ⓘ; lit. 'Capital'

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External links

  • The dictionary definition of Seoul at Wiktionary
  • Media related to Seoul (category) at Wikimedia Commons
  • Quotations related to Seoul at Wikiquote
  • Seoul travel guide from Wikivoyage

Official sites

Tourism and living information

Preceded by
 Capital of Baekje
18 BC – 475 AD 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Capital of Korea
1394–present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent
Preceded by
New creation
 Capital of South Korea
1948–present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent
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