Seoul

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Coordinates: 37°33′36″N 126°59′24″E / 37.56000°N 126.99000°E / 37.56000; 126.99000
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This article is about the capital city of South Korea. For other uses, see Seoul (disambiguation).

Seoul
서울
Gyeongbokgung Palace, a traditional Korean building
Clockwise from top: Seongsan Bridge over the Han River; Deoksugung; Gangnam District; skyline at night; Gyeongdong Market; Cheonggyecheon; and Gyeongbokgung Palace
Seoul is located in Earth
Seoul
Seoul
Seoul (Earth)
Coordinates: 37°33′36″N 126°59′24″E / 37.56000°N 126.99000°E / 37.56000; 126.99000
Korean magpie
ColorSeoul Red[6]
FlowerForsythia
FontSeoul fonts (Seoul Hangang and Seoul Namsan)[7]
MascotHaechi
TreeGinkgo
Nominal GDP
(Special City)		US$384 billion[8]
Nominal GDP per capita
(Special City)		US$39,558[8]
Websiteseoul.go.kr
Seoul
Seoul in Hangul (RS).svg
"Seoul" in hangul
Korean name
Hangul
Revised RomanizationSeoul
McCune–ReischauerSŏul
Seoul Special City
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationSeoul Teukbyeolsi
McCune–ReischauerSŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi

Seoul (/soʊl/; Korean: [sʰʌul] (listen); lit. 'Capital'), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.[9] According to the 2020 census, Seoul has a population of 9.9 million people, and forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area with the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Considered to be a global city and rated as an Alpha – City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC),[10] Seoul was the world's fourth largest metropolitan economy in 2014, following Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles.

Seoul was rated Asia's most livable city with the second highest

LG, and Hyundai. Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences.[13] Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics, and the 2010 G20 Seoul summit
.

Seoul was the capital of various Korean states, including

Korean wave
, as the city is a center for Korean culture with numerous entertainment companies.

Toponomy

Main article: Names of Seoul

The city has been known in the past by the names Wiryeseong (위례성; 慰禮城, during the Baekje era), Namcheon (남천; 南川,[15] during the Silla era), Hanyang (한양; 漢陽, during the Goryeo era), Hanseong (한성; 漢城, during the Joseon era), and Keijō (京城) or Gyeongseong (경성; 京城) during Japanese rule.[16]

During Japan's annexation of Korea, Hanseong (漢城) was renamed Keijō (京城) by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja '漢' (a transliteration of an ancient Korean word Han (한) meaning "great"), which also refers to Han people or the Han dynasty in Chinese and in Japanese is a term for "China".[17]

After

Korea's liberation, the city took its present name, which originated from the Korean word meaning "capital city", which is believed to have descended from an ancient word, Seorabeol (Korean: 서라벌; Hanja: 徐羅伐), which originally referred to Gyeongju, the capital of Silla.[18] Ancient Gyeongju was also known in documents by the Chinese-style name Geumseong (金城, literally "Gold Castle or City" or "Metal Castle or City"), but it is unclear whether the native Korean-style name Seorabeol had the same meaning as Geumseong.[citation needed
]

Unlike most place names in Korea, "Seoul" has no corresponding hanja (Chinese characters used in the Korean language). On January 18, 2005, the Seoul government changed its official name in Chinese characters from the historic Hancheng (simplified Chinese: 汉城; traditional Chinese: 漢城; pinyin: Hànchéng) to Shou'er (simplified Chinese: 首尔; traditional Chinese: 首爾; pinyin: Shǒu'ěr).[19][20]

History

Main article: History of Seoul
For a chronological guide, see
The Fortress Wall of Seoul

Early history

Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, began around 4000 BC.[21]

Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje (founded in 18 BC) in the northeastern area of modern Seoul.[21] There are several city walls remaining in the area that date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, an earthen wall located southeast Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site.[22] As the Three Kingdoms competed for this strategic region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century.[23]

However, according to Samguk Sagi, both Baekje and Silla described the land as frontier border of Baekje, not as the capital region.[24][25] Moreover, Jinheung Taewang Stele found at current day Bukhansan tells that the place was underdeveloped as of 6th century AD,[15] suggesting that the first capital Wiryeseong was not located in or nearby Seoul.

In July or August 553, Silla took the control of the region from Baekje, and the city became a part of newly established Sin Province (신주; 新州).[24][25] Sin (新) has both meaning of "New" and "Silla", thus literally means New Silla Province.

In November 555, Jinheung Taewang made royal visit to Bukhansan, and inspected the borderline.[26] In 557, Silla abolished Sin Province, and established Bukhansan Province (북한산주; 北漢山州).[27] The word Hanseong (한성; 漢城; Han Fortress) appears on the stone wall of "Pyongyang Fortress", which was presumably built in the mid to late 6th century AD over period of 42 years, located in Pyongyang, while there is no evidence that Seoul had name Hanseong dating the three kingdoms and earlier period.[28][29][30][31][32]

In 568, Jinheung Taewang made another royal visit to the northern border, visited Hanseong, and stayed in Namcheon on his way back to the capital. During his stay, he set Jinheung Taewang Stele, abolished Bukhansan Province, and established Namcheon Province (남천주; 南川州; South River Province), appointing the city as the provincial capital.[15][33] Based on the naming system, the actual name of Han River during this time was likely Namcheon (Nam River) itself or should have the word ending with "cheon" (천; 川) not "gang" (강; 江) nor "su" (수; 水). In addition, "Bukhansan" Jinheung Stele clearly states that Silla had possession of Hanseong (modern day Pyongyang), thus Bukhansan has to be located north of Hanseong. Modern day Pyongyang was not Pyongyang, Taedong River was likely Han River, and Bukhansan was not Bukhansan during the three kingdoms period.[15][34] Moreover, Pyongyang was a common noun meaning capital used by Goguryeo and Goryeo dynasties, similar to Seoul.[35]

In 603, Goguryeo attacked Bukhansanseong (북한산성; 北漢山城; Bukhan Mountain Fortress), which Silla ended up winning.[36][37] In 604, Silla abolished Namcheon Province, and reestablished Bukhansan Province in order to strengthen the northern border. The city lost its provincial capital position and was put under Bukhansan Province once again.[38] This further proves that Bukhansan was located in the North of modern day Pyongyang as changing the provincial name and objective would not be required if Bukhansan was located within Seoul.

In the 11th century Goryeo, which succeeded Unified Silla, built a summer palace in Seoul, which was referred to as the "Southern Capital". It was only from this period that Seoul became a larger settlement.[21]

Joseon

When Joseon replaced Goryeo, the capital was moved to Seoul (also known as Hanyang or Hanseong), where it remained until the fall of the dynasty. The Gyeongbok Palace, built in the 14th century, served as the royal residence until 1592. The other large palace, Changdeokgung, constructed in 1405, served as the main royal palace from 1611 to 1872.[21] After Joseon changed its name to the Korean Empire in 1897, Hwangseong also designated Seoul.[clarification needed]

Originally, the city was entirely surrounded by

Dongdaemun).[40] During the Joseon dynasty, the gates were opened and closed each day, accompanied by the ringing of large bells at the Bosingak belfry.[41] In the late 19th century, after hundreds of years of isolation, Seoul opened its gates to foreigners and began to modernize. Seoul became the first city in East Asia to introduce electricity in the royal palace, built by the Edison Illuminating Company[42] and a decade later Seoul also implemented electrical street lights.[43]

Much of the development was due to trade with foreign countries like

Seoul Electric Company, Seoul Electric Trolley Company, and Seoul Fresh Spring Water Company were all joint Korean–U.S. owned enterprises.[44] In 1904, an American by the name of Angus Hamilton visited the city and said, "The streets of Seoul are magnificent, spacious, clean, admirably made and well-drained. The narrow, dirty lanes have been widened, gutters have been covered, roadways broadened. Seoul is within measurable distance of becoming the highest, most interesting and cleanest city in the East."[45]

Japanese annexation of Korea

After the

Gyeongseong ("Kyongsong" in Korean and "Keijo" in Japanese). Japanese technology was imported, the city walls were removed, some of the gates demolished. Roads became paved and Western-style buildings were constructed. The city was liberated by U.S. forces at the end of World War II.[21]

Contemporary history

In 1945, the city was officially named Seoul, and was designated as a

special city in 1949.[21]

During the Korean War, Seoul changed hands between the Soviet/Chinese-backed North Korean forces and the American-backed South Korean forces several times, leaving the city heavily damaged after the war. The capital was temporarily relocated to Busan.[21] One estimate of the extensive damage states that after the war, at least 191,000 buildings, 55,000 houses, and 1,000 factories lay in ruins. In addition, a flood of refugees had entered Seoul during the war, swelling the population of the city and its metropolitan area to an estimated 1.5 million by 1955.[46]

Following the war, Seoul began to focus on reconstruction and modernization. As South Korea's economy started to grow rapidly from the 1960s, urbanization also accelerated and workers began to move to Seoul and other larger cities.[46] From the 1970s, the size of Seoul administrative area greatly expanded as it annexed a number of towns and villages from several surrounding counties.[47]

Until 1972, Seoul was claimed by North Korea as its de jure capital, being specified as such in Article 103 of the 1948 North Korean constitution.[48]

LG Group headquartered there.[50]

Seoul was the host city of the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics as well as one of the venues of the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Various views of Seoul from the 63 Building in July, 2019

Geography

The Han River
at sunrise

Seoul is in the northwest of South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.25 km2 (233.69 sq mi),[3] with a radius of approximately 15 km (9 mi), roughly bisected into northern and southern halves by the Han River. The Han River and its surrounding area played an important role in Korean history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to take control of this land, where the river was used as a trade route to China (via the Yellow Sea).[51] The river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its estuary is located at the borders of the two Koreas, with civilian entry barred. Historically, the city was during the Joseon dynasty bounded by the Seoul Fortress Wall, which stretched between the four main mountains in central Seoul: Bugaksan, Inwangsan, Naksan and Namsan. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas. Due to its geography and to economic development policies, Seoul is a very polycentric city. The area that was the old capital in the Joseon dynasty, and mostly comprises Jongno District and Jung District, constitutes the historical and political center of the city. However, for example, the city's financial capital is widely considered to be in Yeouido, while its economic capital is Gangnam District.[citation needed]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Seoul
Seoul
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
17
 
 
2
−6
 
 
28
 
 
5
−3
 
 
37
 
 
11
2
 
 
73
 
 
18
8
 
 
104
 
 
24
14
 
 
130
 
 
28
19
 
 
414
 
 
29
22
 
 
348
 
 
30
23
 
 
142
 
 
26
18
 
 
52
 
 
20
11
 
 
51
 
 
12
4
 
 
23
 
 
4
−3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.7
 
 
36
22
 
 
1.1
 
 
41
26
 
 
1.5
 
 
52
35
 
 
2.9
 
 
64
46
 
 
4.1
 
 
74
56
 
 
5.1
 
 
82
66
 
 
16
 
 
84
72
 
 
14
 
 
86
73
 
 
5.6
 
 
79
64
 
 
2.1
 
 
68
51
 
 
2
 
 
53
38
 
 
0.9
 
 
40
26
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Seoul has a

East Asian monsoon taking place from June until September. August, the hottest month, has average high and low temperatures of 32.6 and 23.4 °C (91 and 74 °F) with higher temperatures possible. Heat index
values can surpass 40 °C (104.0 °F) at the height of summer. Winters are usually cold to freezing with average January high and low temperatures of 1.5 and −5.9 °C (34.7 and 21.4 °F), and are generally much drier than summers, with an average of 24.9 days of snow annually. Sometimes, temperatures drop dramatically to below −10 °C (14 °F), and on some occasions as low as −15 °C (5 °F) in the mid winter period of January and February. Temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) have been recorded.

Climate data for Seoul (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1907–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		29.8
(85.6) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		38.4
(101.1) 		39.6
(103.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		30.1
(86.2) 		28.0
(82.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		39.6
(103.3)
Average high °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.0
(51.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		4.2
(39.6) 		17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		0.7
(33.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		7.5
(45.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		12.8
(55.0)
Average low °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		8.9
(48.0)
Record low °C (°F) −22.5
(−8.5) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.5
(56.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−23.1
(−9.6) 		−23.1
(−9.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 16.8
(0.66) 		28.2
(1.11) 		36.9
(1.45) 		72.9
(2.87) 		103.6
(4.08) 		129.5
(5.10) 		414.4
(16.31) 		348.2
(13.71) 		141.5
(5.57) 		52.2
(2.06) 		51.1
(2.01) 		22.6
(0.89) 		1,417.9
(55.82)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.1 5.8 7.0 8.4 8.6 9.9 16.3 14.7 9.1 6.1 8.8 7.8 108.6
Average snowy days 7.1 5.1 2.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 6.4 23.9
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		56.2 54.6 54.6 54.8 59.7 65.7 76.2 73.5 66.4 61.8 60.4 57.8 61.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 169.6 170.8 198.2 206.3 223.0 189.1 123.6 156.1 179.7 206.5 157.3 162.9 2,143.1
Percent possible sunshine 52.3 53.6 51.0 51.9 48.4 41.2 26.8 36.2 47.2 57.1 50.2 51.1 46.4
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 8 9 10 9 7 4 3 2 6
Source 1: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[55][56][57][58][59]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),[60] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[61]
Climate data for Namsan Park, Jung District, Seoul (1994–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		4.1
(39.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		23.7
(74.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.6
(85.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		2.6
(36.7) 		16.7
(62.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.7
(53.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		6.4
(43.5) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		11.9
(53.4)
Average low °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		7.4
(45.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		10.5
(50.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		8.2
(46.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 10.9
(0.43) 		21.5
(0.85) 		30.3
(1.19) 		59.7
(2.35) 		84.6
(3.33) 		114.3
(4.50) 		333.8
(13.14) 		263.4
(10.37) 		103.6
(4.08) 		39.1
(1.54) 		40.9
(1.61) 		15.2
(0.60) 		1,117.3
(43.99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.4 3.8 5.2 6.7 7.0 7.9 12.9 12.1 7.0 4.8 7.0 4.4 82.2
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration[62]
Climate data for Seoul–Gimpo International Airport (1981–2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		28.6
(83.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.6
(78.1) 		19.7
(67.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		16.9
(62.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.8
(25.2) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		4.5
(40.1) 		11.3
(52.3) 		16.9
(62.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		25.2
(77.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		13.3
(55.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		11.5
(52.7)
Average low °C (°F) −9.1
(15.6) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		7.3
(45.1) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		6.4
(43.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 18.1
(0.71) 		20.0
(0.79) 		40.7
(1.60) 		58.0
(2.28) 		96.2
(3.79) 		119.4
(4.70) 		357.2
(14.06) 		307.5
(12.11) 		155.4
(6.12) 		49.7
(1.96) 		47.6
(1.87) 		19.0
(0.75) 		1,288.7
(50.74)
Source: Aviation Meteorological Office[63]

Air quality

See also:
Pollution in South Korea
   Very Unhealthy
   Unhealthy
   Unhealthy for sensitive groups
   Moderate
  Good
According to the Environmental Performance Index 2016, South Korea ranked 173rd out of 180 countries in terms of air quality. More than 50 percent of the populations in South Korea are exposed to dangerous levels of fine dust.[64][65]

PM2.5 concentration in 2014 was 24 micrograms per cubic meter (1.0×10−5 gr/cu ft), which is 2.4 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines[71] for the annual mean PM2.5. The Seoul Metropolitan Government monitors and publicly shares real-time air quality data.[72]

Since the early 1960s, the

PM10 and nitrogen dioxide by reducing emissions.[74] As a result, the annual average PM10 concentrations decreased from 70.0 μg/m3 in 2001 to 44.4 μg/m3 in 2011[75] and 46 μg/m3 in 2014.[70] As of 2014, the annual average PM10 concentration was still at least twice than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines.[71] The 2nd Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015–2024) added PM2.5 and ozone to its list of managed pollutants.[76]

Asian dust, emissions from Seoul and in general from the rest of South Korea, as well as emissions from China, all contribute to Seoul's air quality.[67][77] A partnership between researchers in South Korea and the United States is conducting an international air quality field study in Korea (KORUS-AQ) to determine how much each source contributes.[78]

Besides air quality, greenhouse gas emissions represent hot issues in South Korea since the country is among top-10 strongest emitters in the world. Seoul is the strongest hotspot of greenhouse gas emissions in the country and according to satellite data, the persistent carbon dioxide anomaly over the city is one of the strongest in the world.[79]

Government

Main article: Seoul Metropolitan Government
Seoul City Hall

The Seoul Metropolitan Government is the local government for Seoul, and is responsible for the administration and provision of various services to the city, including correctional institutions, education, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. It is headed by a mayor and three vice mayors, and is divided into 25 autonomous districts and 522 administrative neighborhoods.[80][81]

Administrative districts

Main article: List of districts of Seoul
Districts of Seoul

Seoul is divided into 25

dong" (동; 洞) or neighborhoods. Some gu have only a few dong while others like Jongno District have a very large number of distinct neighborhoods. Gu of Seoul consist of 423 administrative dongs (행정동) in total.[82]
Dong are also sub-divided into 13,787 tong (통; 統), which are further divided into 102,796 ban in total.

Demographics

See also: List of cities in South Korea
Seoul population pyramid in 2022
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19501,021,000—    
19602,361,000+8.74%
19705,312,000+8.45%
19808,244,000+4.49%
199010,518,000+2.47%
20009,879,000−0.62%
20109,796,000−0.08%
20209,963,000+0.17%
source:[83]

Seoul proper is noted for its population density, which is almost twice that of New York City and eight times greater than Rome. Its metropolitan area was the most densely populated among OECD countries in Asia in 2012, and second worldwide after that of Paris.[84] As of 2015, the population was 9.86 million,[85] in 2012, it was 10.44 million. As of 2021, the population is 9.59 million.[86][87] As of the end of June 2011, 10.29 million Republic of Korea citizens lived in the city. This was a 0.24% decrease from the end of 2010. The population of Seoul has been dropping since the early 1990s, the reasons being the high costs of living, urban sprawling to Gyeonggi region's satellite bed cities and an aging population.[85]

As of 2016, the number of foreigners living in Seoul was 404,037, 22.9% of the total foreign population in South Korea.

Chinese citizens of Korean ancestry. This was an 8.84% increase from the end of 2010 and a 12.85% increase from June 2010. The next largest group was Chinese citizens who are not of Korean ethnicity; 29,901 of them resided in Seoul. The next highest group consisted of the 9,999 United States citizens who were not of Korean ancestry. The next highest group were Taiwanese citizens, at 8,717.[89]

The two major religions in Seoul are

Muism (indigenous religion) and Confucianism. Seoul is home to one of the world's largest Christian congregations, Yoido Full Gospel Church, which has around 830,000 members.[90] According to the 2015 census, 10.8% of the population follows Buddhism and 35% follows Christianity (24.3% Protestantism and 10.7% Catholicism). 53.6% of the population is irreligious.[91]

Religion in Seoul (2015)[91]

  Not religious (53.6%)
  Protestantism (24.3%)
  Buddhism (10.8%)
  Catholicism (10.7%)
  Other (0.6%)

Seoul is home to the world's largest modern university founded by a Buddhist Order, Dongguk University.[92] Native Seoulites tend to speak the Gyeonggi dialect of Korean.[citation needed]

Economy

See also: Economy of South Korea
Gangnam
Commercial Area

Seoul is the business and financial hub of South Korea. Although it accounts for only 0.6 percent of the nation's land area, 48.3 percent of South Korea's bank deposits were held in Seoul in 2003,

The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Seoul 15th in the list of "Overall 2025 City Competitiveness" regarding future competitiveness of cities.[97]

Manufacturing

The traditional, labor-intensive manufacturing industries have been continuously replaced by

Lotte
.

Finance

Yeouido
, the main financial district of Seoul

Seoul hosts large concentration of headquarters of International companies and banks, including 15 companies on Fortune 500 list such as

LG and Hyundai.[102] Most bank headquarters and the Korea Exchange are located in Yeouido (Yeoui island),[98] which is often called "South Korea's Wall Street" and has been serving as the financial center of the city since the 1980s.[103]
The Seoul international finance center & SIFC MALL, Hanhwa 63 building, the Hanhwa insurance company head office. Hanhwa is one of the three largest South Korean insurance companies, along with Samsung Life and Gangnam & Kyobo life insurance group.

Commerce

Main article: Shopping in Seoul
Myeong-dong
is one of the most popular destinations in Seoul.
Buildings in a commercial distrtict

The largest wholesale and retail market in South Korea, the

Namdaemun Gate, is the oldest continually running market in Seoul.[106]

COEX Mall. Wholesale markets include Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market and Garak Market
.

The Yongsan Electronics Market is the largest electronics market in Asia. Electronics markets are Gangbyeon station metro line 2 Techno mart, ENTER6 MALL & Shindorim station Technomart mall complex.[111]

35 mm cinema screen.[112]

Korea World Trade Center Complex, which comprises COEX mall, congress center, 3 Inter-continental hotels, Business tower (Asem tower), Residence hotel, Casino and City airport terminal was established in 1988 in time for the

Seoul Olympics
. The 2nd World trade trade center is being planned at Seoul Olympic stadium complex as MICE HUB by Seoul city. Ex-Kepco head office building was purchased by Hyundai motor group with 9billion USD to build 115-storey Hyundai GBC & hotel complex until 2021. Now ex-kepco 25-storey building is under demolition.

Technology

Seoul has been described as the world's "most wired city",[113] ranked first in technology readiness by PwC's Cities of Opportunity report.[114] Seoul has a very technologically advanced infrastructure.[115][116]

Seoul is among the world leaders in

DMB
inside subway cars. 5G will be introduced commercially in March 2019 in Seoul.

Architecture

See also: Architecture of South Korea
Bukchon Hanok Village
, a traditional Seoul village built during the Joseon era

The traditional heart of Seoul is the old

Bukhan Mountain, and to the south is the smaller Namsan. Further south are the old suburbs, Yongsan District and Mapo District. Across the Han River are the newer and wealthier areas of Gangnam District, Seocho District
and surrounding neighborhoods.

Historical architecture

Sungnyemun
(commonly known as Namdaemun)

Seoul has many historical and cultural landmarks. In Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site, Gangdong District, neolithic remains were excavated and accidentally discovered by a flood in 1925.[124]

Urban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the late 14th century. The

Emperor Gojong
at the end of the Joseon Dynasty.

Seoul has been surrounded by walls that were built to regulate visitors from other regions and protect the city in case of an invasion.

Sungnyemun and Heunginjimun, commonly known as Namdaemun (South Great Gate) and Dongdaemun (East Great Gate). Namdaemun was the oldest wooden gate until a 2008 arson attack, and was re-opened after complete restoration in 2013.[126] Located near the gates are the traditional markets and largest shopping center, Namdaemun Market and Dongdaemun Market
.

There are also many buildings constructed with international styles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Independence Gate was built in 1897 to inspire an independent spirit. Seoul Station was opened in 1900 as Gyeongseong Station.

Modern architecture

Lotte World Tower

Various high-rise

Tower Palace, Namsan Seoul Tower, and the Lotte World Tower
, dominate the city's skyline. The tallest building is Lotte World Tower, reaching a height of 555m. It opened to the public in April 2017. It is also the 4th highest building in the world.

The

Yoo Kerl of iArc, and the Lotte World Tower, the 5th tallest building in the world designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox
.

In 2010 Seoul was designated the World Design Capital for the year.[127]

Culture

Museums

Main article: List of museums in Seoul
The National Museum of Korea
The War Memorial of Korea

Seoul is home to 115 museums,[128] including four national and nine official municipal museums. Among the city's national museum, The National Museum of Korea[129] is the most representative of museums in not only Seoul but all of South Korea. Since its establishment in 1945, the museum has built a collection of 220,000 artifacts.[130] In October 2005, the museum moved to a new building in Yongsan Family Park.

The National Folk Museum is located on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung Palace in the district of Jongno District and uses replicas of historical objects to illustrate the folk history of the Korean people.[131] The National Palace Museum of Korea is also located on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung Palace. Finally, the Seoul branch of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, whose main museum is located in Gwacheon, opened in 2013, in Sogyeok-dong.

Bukchon Hanok Village and Namsangol Hanok Village are old residential districts consisting of hanok Korean traditional houses, parks, and museums that allows visitors to experience traditional Korean culture.[132][133]

The

War Memorial, one of nine municipal museums in Seoul, offers visitors an educational and emotional experience of various wars in which Korea was involved, including Korean War themes.[134][135] The Seodaemun Prison is a former prison built during the Japanese occupation, and is used as a historic museum.[136]

The

Kimchi Field Museum
provide information regarding Korean culinary history.

Religious monuments

Myeongdong Cathedral

There are also religious buildings that take important roles in Korean society and politics. The

Wongudan altar was a sacrificial place where Korean rulers held heavenly rituals since the Three Kingdoms period. Since the Joseon dynasty adopted Confucianism as its national ideology in the 14th century, the state built many Confucian shrines. The descendants of the Joseon royal family still continue to hold ceremonies to commemorate ancestors at Jongmyo. It is the oldest royal Confucian shrine preserved and the ritual ceremonies continue a tradition established in the 14th century. Sajikdan, Munmyo and Dongmyo were built during the same period. Although Buddhism was suppressed by the Joseon state, it has continued its existence. Jogyesa is the headquarters of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. Hwagyesa and Bongeunsa are also major Buddhist temples in Seoul
.

The

Myeongdong, Jung District and the biggest Catholic church in Seoul established in 1883. It is a symbol of Catholicism in Korea. It was also a focus for political dissent in the 1980s. In this way the Roman Catholic Church has a very strong influence in Korean society. And Yakhyeon Catholic Church in Jungnim-dong
, Jung District is first Catholic parish in Korea. It has been the first Gothic church ever built in Korea.

There are many Protestant churches in Seoul. The most numerous are

Guinness Book of World Records.[citation needed
]

The St. Nicholas Cathedral, but sometimes called bald church, is the only Byzantine-style church in Seoul. It is located in

Orthodox Metropolis of Korea
. In 2015, it was designated as a Seoul Future Heritage.

Festivals

In October 2012,

better source needed][138]
Hi! Seoul Festival is a seasonal cultural festival held four times a year every spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Seoul, South Korea since 2003. It is based on the "Seoul Citizens' Day" held on every October since 1994 to commemorate the 600 years history of Seoul as the capital of the country. The festival is arranged under the Seoul Metropolitan Government. As of 2012, Seoul has hosted Ultra Music Festival Korea, an annual dance music festival that takes place on the 2nd weekend of June.[139]

Parks

Further information: List of parks in Seoul
Seoul Botanic Park
Han River Park

Despite the city's population density, Seoul has a large quantity of parks. One of the most famous parks is Namsan Park, which offers recreational hiking and views of the downtown Seoul skyline. The N Seoul Tower is located at Namsan Park. Seoul Olympic Park, located in Songpa District and built to host the 1988 Summer Olympics is Seoul's largest park. Among the other largest parks in the city are Seoul Forest, Dream Forest, Children's Grand Park and Haneul Park. The Wongaksa Pagoda 10 tier pagoda is located In Tapgol Park, a small public park with an area of 19,599 m2 (210,962 sq ft). Areas around streams serve as public places for relaxation and recreation. Tancheon stream and the nearby area serve as a large park with paths for both walkers and cyclists.

Seoullo 7017 Skypark
opened, spanning diagonally overtop Seoul Station.

There are also many parks along the Han River, such as Ichon Hangang Park, Yeouido Hangang Park, Mangwon Hangang Park, Nanji Hangang Park, Banpo Hangang Park, Ttukseom Hangang Park and Jamsil Hangang Park. The

Gyeonggi Province
. These areas are frequently sought after by people looking to escape from urban life on weekends and during vacations. There are also various parks under construction or in project, such as the Gyeongui Line Forest Trail, Seoul Station 7017, Seosomun Memorial Park and Yongsan Park.

Seoul is also home to the world's largest indoor

City Hall
public lawn.

Media

Further information:
Media of South Korea
KBS headquarters in Yeouido
, Seoul

Seoul is home of the major South Korean networks

Joongang Ilbo, and Hankook Ilbo
.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Seoul
Seoul Olympic Stadium
Fireworks at the closing ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul

Seoul is a major center of

South Korean sports, and has the largest number of professional sports
teams and facilities in the country.

In the history of South Korea's major professional sports league championships, which include the K League, KBO League, KBL, and V-League, Seoul had multiple championship winners during the same season twice; in 1990, when Lucky-Goldstar FC (currently FC Seoul) won the 1990 K League and the LG Twins won the 1990 KBO League, and in 2016, when FC Seoul won the 2016 K League Classic and the Doosan Bears won the 2016 KBO League.[140]

International competition

Seoul hosted the

2002 FIFA World Cup. Seoul World Cup Stadium
hosted the opening ceremony and first game of the tournament.

World Taekwondo Federation
.

Domestic sports clubs

Football

Main article: Football in Seoul

Seoul's most well-known football club is FC Seoul.

  • Men's football
Tier League Club Home stadium
Top K League 1 FC Seoul Seoul World Cup Stadium
2nd K League 2 Seoul E-Land Mokdong Stadium
4th K4 League Seoul Jungnang FC Jungnang Public Ground
Seoul Nowon United Nowon Madeul Stadium
  • Women's football
Tier League Club Home stadium
Top WK League Seoul City WFC Seoul World Cup Auxiliary Stadium

Baseball

League Club Home stadium
KBO League
LG Twins Jamsil Baseball Stadium
Doosan Bears
Kiwoom Heroes Gocheok Sky Dome

Basketball

League Club Home stadium
KBL
Seoul SK Knights Jamsil Students' Gymnasium
Seoul Samsung Thunders Jamsil Arena

Volleyball

League Division Club Home stadium
V-League
Men Seoul Woori Card Woori Won Jangchung Arena
Women GS Caltex Seoul KIXX

Handball

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Seoul

Seoul has a well developed transportation network. Its system dates back to the era of the

Chungmuro, Yulgongno, and Toegyero. There are nine major subway lines stretching for more than 250 km (155 mi), with one additional line planned. As of 2010
, 25% of the population has a commute time of an hour or longer.

Bus

Main article: Seoul Buses
Seoul buses

Seoul's bus system is operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government (S.M.G.), with four primary bus configurations available servicing most of the city. Seoul has many large intercity/express bus terminals. These buses connect Seoul with cities throughout South Korea. The Seoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal and Seoul Nambu Terminal are located in the district of Seocho District. In addition, East Seoul Bus Terminal in Gwangjin District and Sangbong Terminal in Jungnang District handles traffics mainly from Gangwon and Chungcheong provinces.

Urban rail

Seoul Station
Main article: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

Seoul has a comprehensive

NeoTrans Co. Ltd., AREX
, and Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation.

Train

KTX Sancheon

Seoul is connected to every major city in South Korea by rail. Most major South Korean cities are linked via the KTX high-speed train, which has a normal operation speed of more than 300 km/h (186 mph). The Mugunghwa and Saemaeul trains also stop at all major stations. Major railroad stations include:

Airports

Seoul is served by two international airports, Incheon International Airport and Gimpo International Airport.

Osaka Kansai and Beijing Capital
also operate from Incheon International.

eighth busiest airport
in terms of international passengers in 2014. In 2016, 57,765,397 passengers used the airport. Incheon International Airport opened terminal 2 on January 18, 2018.

Incheon and Gimpo are linked to Seoul by

AREX to Seoul Station
. Intercity bus services are available to various destinations around the country.

Cycling

Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in Seoul and in the entire country. Both banks of the Han River have cycling paths that run all the way across the city along the river. In addition, Seoul introduced in 2015 a bicycle-sharing system named Ddareungi (and named Seoul Bike in English).[142]

Education

Further information:
List of universities in Seoul

Universities

Entrance of Seoul National University

Seoul is home to the majority of South Korea's most prestigious universities, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korea University.

Seoul ranked 2nd on the QS Best Student Cities 2023.[143]

Secondary education

Compulsory education lasts from grade 1–9 (six years of elementary school and 3 years of middle school).[144] Students spend six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Secondary schools generally require students to wear uniforms. There is an exit exam for graduating from high school and many students proceeding to the university level are required to take the College Scholastic Ability Test that is held every November. Although there is a test for non-high school graduates, called school qualification exam, most Koreans take the test.

Seoul is home to various

specialized schools, including three science high schools, and six foreign language High Schools. Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education comprises 235 College-Preparatory High Schools, 80 Vocational Schools, 377 Middle Schools, and 33 Special Education Schools as of 2009
.

International relations

See also: List of diplomatic missions in South Korea

Seoul is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. In addition, Seoul hosts many embassies of countries it has diplomatic ties with.

Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea

Seoul has 23

sister cities:[145]
[146]

See also

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External links

Official sites

Tourism and living information

Preceded by
 Capital of Baekje
18 BC – 475 AD 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Capital of Korea
1394–present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent
Preceded by
New creation
 Capital of South Korea
1948–present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent
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