Kurt Wolff (aviator)

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Kurt Wolff
Note the war souvenirs in the background.
Nickname(s)delicate little flower
Born6 February 1895
Greifswald, Pomerania
Died15 September 1917(1917-09-15) (aged 22)
near Moorslede, Belgium
Allegiance German Empire
Service / branchLuftstreitkräfte
Years of service1912–1917
RankOberleutnant
UnitKampfstaffel 26 (Bomber Squadron 26);
Kampfgeschwader 7 (Combat Squadron 7);
Kampfgeschwader 40 (Combat Squadron 40);
Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 11 (Hunting Team 11)
CommandsRoyal Prussian Jagdstaffel 29 (Hunting Team 29)
Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 11 (Hunting Team 11)
AwardsPrussian: Pour le Mérite
House Order of Hohenzollern
Iron Cross
Bavarian: Bavarian Military Merit Order, 4th Class with Swords
Iron Cross, both second and first class

Pour le Merite
was customarily awarded after a fighter ace's 20th victory, Wolff's was not received until after his 29th.

On 6 May 1917, after this 29th victory, Wolff was transferred to command

Flying Circus, his replacement as Jagdstaffel 11 commander was killed. Wolff was transferred to command his old squadron; he scored his 32nd and 33rd victories with them. On 11 July, he was wounded and grounded after a crash landing. On 12 September 1917, the day after he returned to duty, he was promoted to Oberleutnant. Three days later, Wolff made his final patrol, leading a patrol of five in a prototype Fokker Triplane. In a chaotic dogfight with Sopwith Camels from No. 10 Naval Squadron, Wolff nearly collided with his assailant, Norman MacGregor
. As Wolff fell out of sight, MacGregor claimed an "out of control" victory. Wolff was probably dead before the triplane's explosive impact.

Early life

Kurt Wolff was born in

Fliegertruppen (Flying Troops) in July.[1]

Fighter pilot

See also: Aerial victory standards of World War I § Germany

Training and first posting

Wolff's first flight was almost his last. The instructor crashed the aircraft, killing himself; Wolff's shoulder was dislocated. Eventually, Wolff received his pilot's badge in late 1915 and was assigned to a series of two-seater bomber units over the next year.[1]

On 12 October 1916 he was posted to La Brayelle Airfield in northern France to join the then victoryless Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 11 (Hunting Team 11). For months, Wolff and his comrades in the squadron had had no success in aerial combat. That changed when command was given to the Red Baron, Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) Manfred von Richthofen. Under the Red Baron's leadership, Jagdstaffel 11 began to score victories, and Wolff became an excellent fighter pilot.[2] Like his commanding officer, Wolff soon became an avid collector of souvenirs from the aircraft he shot down. Wolff's room at his airfield soon became decorated with serial numbers, airplane parts and machine guns salvaged from his victims.[3]

Albatros D.III German fighter c. 1917.

Like all the Jagdstaffel 11 aircraft, Wolff's Albatros D.III was painted in the unit's basic red livery. To this, he added individual markings for inflight identification by having his plane's elevators and tailplane painted green.[4] He first claimed an aerial victory on 6 March 1917, a Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2d of No. 16 Squadron RFC. Four more victories followed during March, making Wolff an ace.[5]

Bloody April

By the end of March 1917, the

air superiority during April 1917, despite ongoing heavy casualties among their aircrew.[6]

The British lost almost 250 aircraft to German action during Bloody April, 1917; the blood cost came to over 400 British aviators killed or wounded.[7] Among Jagdstaffel 11 aces, Sebastian Festner shot down 10 British airplanes;[8] Lothar von Richthofen shot down 15;[9]

Karl Emil Schaefer 16;[10]
Royal House Order of Hohenzollern on 26 April.[5] Wolff's rapid victory pace had outrun the awards section; at 20 victories, he became eligible for the Pour le Mérite, but could not receive it before the yet-to-be awarded Hohenzollern.[14]

Wolff in command

Wolff was awarded the

Karl Allmenroeder, who had fallen in combat.[15]

Wolff's youthful looks and frail physical stature masked his deadly skills as a combat pilot. As the Adjutant of Jagdstaffel 11, Karl Bodenschatz's estimate of Wolff was:

"...Leutnant Kurt Wolff. At first glance, you could only say 'delicate little flower'. A slender, thin little figure, a very young face, whose entire manner is one of extreme shyness. He looks as if you could tip him backwards with one harsh word. But below this friendly schoolboy's face dangles the order Pour le Mérite. And so far, these modest looking eyes have taken 30 enemy airplanes from the sky over the sights of his machine guns, set them afire, and made them smash to pieces on the ground."[16]

During Wolff's assignment to Jagdstaffel 29 as its commander, Jagdstaffel 11 was one of four squadrons incorporated into the first German fighter wing,

Flight Sub-Lieutenant Herbert Rowley of No. 1 Naval Squadron. Wolff crash landed his aircraft on the Courtrai railway line. The crash ripped off the undercarriage and flipped the aircraft over. The wreck came to rest with Wolff's head within inches of smashing on a metal fence. His rescuers toted him off to the hospital. Wolff would not return from sick leave until 11 September.[17] The day after his return, he was promoted to oberleutnant (lieutenant).[5]

Final fight

The first two

Fokker Triplane prototypes had been allocated to Jagdgeschwader 1. Upon his return on 11 September, Wolff was eager to fly one of the prototypes in Richthofen's absence. Four days later, on 15 September he found his opportunity. Despite heavily overcast skies, he took off in Richthofen's prototype Triplane. He was flying the lone Triplane, leading a patrol of five Albatros fighters.[18]

An informal photo of Kurt Wolff.

Meanwhile, three new Sopwith Camels of No. 10 Squadron Royal Naval Air Service, sallied forth from their lines on an offensive patrol. Somewhere in the vicinity of Moorslede, Belgium, at 16.30 hours the trio was the target of a diving attack by Wolff and his patrol. In the confusion of the dogfight, the British pilots mistakenly thought four triplanes were involved. As Wolff singled out a Camel to shoot down, he was suddenly fired on from behind by Flight Sub-Lieutenant Norman MacGregor. MacGregor fired a quick burst from 25 yards range, then had to zoom to avoid colliding with the Fokker. Glancing behind him and downwards, he noted only that Wolff was in a vertical dive. McGregor's combat claim was for an 'out of control' victory.[19]

It seems probable that Wolff was killed by MacGregor's bullets in midair and was already dead when his Triplane crashed and burst into flames north of Wervik near Moorslede at 17.30 hours (German time).[20][note 1] Wolff's remains were taken back to Memel for burial. His interment in a military ceremony included display of his native Bavaria's Military Merit Order, 4th Class with Swords, in addition to his Prussian awards.[20]

Awards

Before winning the

Pour le Merite on 4 May 1917, Kurt Wolff was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross, the House Order of Hohenzollern, and the Bavarian Military Merit Order, Fourth Class with Swords.[3]

Victory list

Main article: List of aerial victories of Kurt Wolff

Opposing pilots are singly listed as casualties. Double listings are pilot and observer respectively.

No. Date/time Victim Squadron Location Casualties
1 6 March 1917 @ 1230 hours Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2d No. 16 Squadron RFC Givenchy, France[5]
KIA; Albert Edward Watts, KIA[21]
2 9 March 1917 @ 1020 hours Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8 No. 40 Squadron RFC Annay, France[5] 2nd Lt Thomas Aloyims Shepard
POW[22]
3 17 March 1917 @ 1145 hours
Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter
 No. 43 Squadron RFC Southwest of Athies, France[5] 2nd Lts Arthur Leslie Constable, KIA; Charles Duncan Knox, KIA[23]
4 30 March 1917 @ 1145 hours Nieuport 17 No. 60 Squadron RFC East of Gavrelle, France[5] Lt William Patrick Garnett KIA[24]
5 31 March 1917 @ 0750 hours Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b No. 11 Squadron RFC Gavrelle, France[5] Lt Leslie Arthur Trew Strange, POW; 2nd Lt William Gerard Talbot Clifton, POW/died of wounds[25]
6 6 April 1917 @ 1015 hours Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8 No. 59 Squadron RFC Bois-Bernard, France[5] Lt A. Clayton Pepper, POW; Lt William Leonard Day KIA[26]
7 7 April 1917 @ 1745 hours Nieuport 27 No. 60 Squadron RFC Mercatel, France[5] 2nd Lt Charles Sidney Hall, KIA[27]
8 8 April 1917 @ 1430 hours Airco DH.4 No. 55 Squadron RFC Northeast of Blécourt, France[5] Lt Bernard Evans, KIA; 2nd Lt Basil Walwyn White, KIA[28]
9 11 April 1917 @ 0910 hours Bristol F.2 Fighter No. 48 Squadron RFC North of Fismes, France[5] Cpt David Mary Tidmarsh, POW; 2nd Lt Cator Barclay Holland WIA/POW[29]
10 13 April 1917 @ 0856 hours Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8 No. 59 Squadron RFC North of Vitry, France[5] Lts Arthur Horace Tanfield, KIA; Andrew Ormerod KIA[30]
11 13 April 1917 @ 1235 hours Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b No. 11 Squadron RFC South of Bailleul, France[5] Lt Charles Eric Robertson and 2nd Lt Horace Denoon Duncan downed uninjured in British lines[31]
12 13 April 1917 @ 1630 hours Nieuport 17 No. 29 Squadron RFC South of Monchy, France[5] 2nd Lt Basil Scott-Foxwell[32]
13 13 April 1917 @ 1852 hours Martinsyde G.100 No. 27 Squadron RFC Rouvroy[5] 2nd Lt Michael Topham, KIA[33]
14 14 April 1917 @ 0920 hours Nieuport 17 No. 60 Squadron RFC Southeast of Drocourt, France[5] 2nd Lt John Herbert Cock, KIA
15 14 April 1917 @ 1829 hours
Spad S.VII
 No. 19 Squadron RFC East of Bailleul, France[5] Lt Edward Walter Capper, KIA[34]
16 16 April 1917 @ 1030 hours Nieuport 17 No. 60 Squadron RFC Northeast of
Roeux, France[5]
 Lt John MacCreary Elliot, KIA[35]
17 21 April 1917 @ 1730 hours Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2g No. 16 Squadron RFC West of Willerval, France[5] Cpt Eric John Dauben Routh,
WIA; 2nd Lt Alexander George Riddell Mackenzie unhurt[36]
18 21 April 1917 @ 1745 hours
Nieuport 23
 No. 29 Squadron RFC East of Fresnes, France[5] 2nd Lt Cecil Victor de Burgh Rogers, KIA[36]
19 22 April 1917 @ 1710 hours Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b No. 11 Squadron RFC Hendecourt, France[5] Sgt John Kenneth Hollis, POW; Lt Bernard Joseph Tolhurst, KIA[37]
20 22 April 1917 @ 2005 hours Morane Parasol No. 3 Squadron RFC Havrincourt, France[5] Lt Frank Leslie Carter, KIA; 2nd Lt Albert Stanley Morgan, KIA[35]
21 26 April 1917 @ 1635 hours Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2g No. 5 Squadron RFC East of Gavrelle, France[5] Lt Humphrey Brian Thomasson Hope, KIA; 2nd Lt Lawson Ellis Allan, MIA[38]
22 27 April 1917 @ 2020 hours Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b No. 11 Squadron RFC South of Gavrelle, France[5] 2nd Lt Percy Robinson, knocked unconscious; 2nd Class Aero Mechanic H. W. Tilley, injuries unknown[39]
23 28 April 1917 @ 1120 hours Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2g No. 16 Squadron RFC South of Oppy, Pas-de-Calais, France[5] 2nd Lt John Victor Wischer, WIA/POW; 2nd Lt Arthur Adolf Baerlein WIA/POW[40]
24 29 April 1917 @ 1210 hours Spad S.VII No. 19 Squadron RFC Sailly, France[5] 2nd Lt Norman Carter Buckton, unhurt; 2nd Lt Garth Richard O'Sullivan, unhurt[41]
25 29 April 1917 @ 1700 hours Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b No. 18 Squadron RFC South of Pronville-en-Artois, France[5] Major Hubert Dunsterville Harvey-Kelly, KIA[42]
26 29 April 1917 @ 1745 hours Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2f No. 16 Squadron RFC West of Gavrelles, France[5] 2nd Lt George Hastings Stone Dinsmore, unhurt; 2nd Lt George Beaumont Bate, KIA[43]
27 30 April 1917 @ 1735 hours Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2e No. 13 Squadron RFC West of Fresnes, France[5] 2nd Lt Wiiliam Kennedy Trollope, died of wounds; 2nd Lt Augustine Bonner, KIA[44]
28 1 May 1917 @ 1050 hours Sopwith Triplane
RNAS
 South of Seclin[5]
Flight Sub-Lieutenant Edmund Daniel Roach, KIA[45]
29 1 May 1917 @ 1855 hours Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b No. 25 Squadron RFC South of Bois Bernard, France[5] Lt Gerald Sidney French, WIA/POW; Lt Geoffrey Parker Harding, POW[46]
30 13 May 1917 @ 1155 hours
SPAD
Service Aéronautique
 		Beine, France[5] Sgt Fernand Albert Garrigou[47]
31 27 June 1917 @ 2030 hours Nieuport 23 No. 29 Squadron RFC Southwest of Noyelles[5] Lt David Charles Graeme Murray, WIA/POW[48]
32 6 July 1917 @ 2120 hours Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8 No. 4 Squadron RFC Zillebeke, Belgium[5] Lt John Yates Taylor, KIA; Lt George Mutch, KIA[48]
33 7 July 1917 @ 1100 hours Sopwith Triplane No. 1 (Naval) Squadron, RNAS Comines, France[5] Flight Sub-Lieutenant Kenneth H. Millward, KIA[49]

Footnote

  1. ^ British and German times often differed by an hour during the Summer. This may explain the time discrepancy of the reports of the combat.

Endnotes

  1. ^ a b Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 141.
  2. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 141–142.
  3. ^ a b Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 162.
  4. ^ Franks (2000), p. 32.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993), p. 233.
  6. ^ Kilduff (1997), p. 76.
  7. ^ Hart (2006), pp. 249–250.
  8. ^ Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993), pp. 105–106.
  9. ^ Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993), p. 187.
  10. ^ Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993), pp. 196–197.
  11. ^ Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993), pp. 187–189.
  12. ^ Franks (2000), pp. 32–33.
  13. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 141–176.
  14. ^ Kilduff (1997), p. 92.
  15. ^ Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993), p. 60.
  16. ^ Bodenschatz (2008), pp. 14–15.
  17. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 186–187.
  18. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 187.
  19. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 187–188.
  20. ^ a b Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 188.
  21. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 143.
  22. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 144.
  23. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 145–146.
  24. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 146–148.
  25. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 148–149.
  26. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 149–150.
  27. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 152–153.
  28. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 153–154.
  29. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 155–156.
  30. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 157.
  31. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 158.
  32. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 159.
  33. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 160–161.
  34. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 162–163.
  35. ^ a b Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 163–164.
  36. ^ a b Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 165–166.
  37. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 166–168.
  38. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 169–170.
  39. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 170.
  40. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 170–171.
  41. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 172–174.
  42. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 174–176.
  43. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 176–177.
  44. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 178–179.
  45. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 179–180.
  46. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 180–182.
  47. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 183.
  48. ^ a b Franks & Giblin (2003), pp. 184–185.
  49. ^ Franks & Giblin (2003), p. 186.

References

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