Laguna del Negro Francisco
Laguna del Negro Francisco | |
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closed lake in the country. It is situated 200 kilometres (120 mi) northeast of the city of Copiapó. The lake is about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide with a surface area of about 20.7 square kilometres (8.0 sq mi) and a depth of about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). A peninsula, probably formed by a moraine and subsequently modified by wind-driven accumulation of sand, separates the lake into a north-northwesterly and a south-southeasterly half with different colour and water composition.
The lake is of tectonic origin and lies within a basin bordered by mountain ranges to the east and the west and two volcanoes north and south. It formed when the water rights to the Astaburuaga River .
Geography and geomorphologyLaguna del Negro Francisco lies 200 kilometres (120 mi) northeast of the city of National Forest Corporation building is close to the southwestern shore of the lake.[4] The area has been called a "scenic beauty".[5]
The lake lies at an elevation of 4,125 metres (13,533 ft),[1] is 10 by 4 kilometres (6.2 mi × 2.5 mi) wide[6] and has a surface area of 20.7 square kilometres (8.0 sq mi), but a depth of only about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in);[1] the Ministry of Public Works estimated a mean depth of 7 metres (23 ft) in 1941.[7] The water surface can fluctuate between 17–31 square kilometres (6.6–12.0 sq mi) from year to year.[8] The lake is subdivided into a northern or northwestern and a southern or southeastern part by a The land around the lake is formed by alluvial deposits such as gravels, sands and silts.[1] A number of mountains surround the lake, such as the 6,080 metres (19,950 ft) high Copiapó and the 5,880 metres (19,290 ft) Jotabeche.[7]
The Astaburuaga River enters the lake on its eastern shore;[12] it originates on the mountains east of Laguna del Negro Francisco where it is nourished by snowmelt.[8] Other tributaries are the Quebrada Azufre in the northwest, Rio de la Sal in the northeast and Rio La Gallina in the southwest;[4] the tributaries of Laguna del Negro Francisco feature wetlands[6] and marsh vegetation has developed at the mouth of the Astaburuaga.[12] Hydrology and biologyThe lake is polymictic,[1] meaning that the water in the lake is usually layered but mixes over several times in the year.[13] Aragonite, calcite, dolomite, gypsum and halite precipitate out of the water.[14] In sediments remnants of characeae, diatoms, ostracods and Ruppia have been found;[15] today only one ostracod species persists in the lake.[16] Flamingos exist in the area and the lake is an important site for birds.[17]
The watershed of Laguna del Negro Francisco covers a surface area of 930 square kilometres (360 sq mi). The lake has no closed basin in Chile;[21] however during former lake level highstands the lake overflowed at 4,236 metres (13,898 ft) into the Salar de Maricunga.[15] The lake was once thought to be the source of the Copiapó River.[6]
GeologyGeologically, the lake is located in a 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) Climate and lifeThere is little information on the climate of the lake, but average temperatures are 1–2 °C (34–36 °F) and precipitation mostly falls during winter from cold desert.[24]
Vegetation is scarce at these altitudes Lacustrine historyIn the past, the Astaburuaga River did flow to the Salar de Maricunga; tectonic subsidence of the Negro Francisco Basin eventually led to a river capture involving a former tributary of the Astaburuaga reversing into the Negro Francisco basin and finally capturing the Astaburuaga itself.[22] This event is responsible for the formation of Laguna del Negro Francisco within the basin, as without the Astaburuaga's input there would not be enough water to sustain a permanent lake.[29]
Older Mediterranean parts of Chile it ended together with the Pleistocene for not yet clear reasons.[31] Underwater shorelines also exist, indicating that at times the lake level was lower than today.[32]
During the peat bogs formed in valleys.[34]
After 1,800 years before present, the lake became saltier again, either because of salt accumulation or because the lake shrank; the latter possibility is more likely. More recent fluctuations have occurred as well; a dry period may be associated with the little ice age.[34] Between 1985 and 2016, glacier coverage declined by about 32%.[35] In 2012-2015 environmental degradation in the area has become apparent, accompanied by a shrinkage of water surfaces and dropping groundwater levels.[36]
Human useIn prehistory, first Inca were active in the valleys south and southwest from Laguna del Negro Francisco[38] and also on the Copiapó and Jotabeche.[39]
A 1921 publication mentioned a project to divert waters of the Astaburuaga River for irrigation purposes.[40] Later, projects were devised which envisaged capturing the discharge into the lake in a canal and transfer the water through a tunnel into the Figueroa River,[25] (one of the headwaters of the Copiapó River;[41]) or to divert the Astaburuaga River into the Salar de Maricunga and from there into the Copiapó River catchment.[25] In 2009, a mining company held rights to divert about 0.34 cubic metres per second (12 cu ft/s) from the Astaburuaga River.[42] The waters of the lake itself are not suited for either drinking or irrigation purposes.[25] NotesReferences
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