Lampião
Lampião | |
---|---|
Cangaceiro | |
Known for | Banditry, murder, robbery, extortion |
Spouse | Maria Déia (Maria Bonita) |
Children | Expedita Ferreira |
Parent(s) | José Ferreira da Silva, Maria Lopes |
"Captain" Virgulino Ferreira da Silva (Brazilian Portuguese: [viʁɡulĩnu feˈʁejɾɐ da ˈsiwvɐ]; 7 June 1897 – 28 July 1938), better known as Lampião (older spelling: Lampeão, Portuguese pronunciation: [lɐ̃piˈɐ̃w], meaning "lantern" or "oil lamp"), was probably the twentieth century's most successful traditional bandit leader.[1] The banditry endemic to the Brazilian Northeast was called Cangaço. Cangaço had origins in the late 19th century but was particularly prevalent in the 1920s and 1930s. Lampião led a band of up to 100 cangaceiros, who occasionally took over small towns and who fought a number of successful actions against paramilitary police when heavily outnumbered. Lampião's exploits and reputation turned him into a folk hero, the Brazilian equivalent of Jesse James or Pancho Villa.[2]
Biography
Early life
Virgulino was born on June 7, 1897, near the village of
The backlands had little in the way of law and order, even the few police in existence were usually in the pocket of a local "
Bandit leader
Lampião became associated with an established bandit leader, Sebastião Pereira. After only a few months of operating together, in 1922, Pereira decided to retire from banditry; he moved to the State of Goiás and lived there peacefully into advanced old age. Lampião then took over leadership of the remnants of Pereira's band.[8] For the next 16 years, he led his band of cangaceiros, which varied greatly in number from around a dozen to up to a hundred, in a career of large-scale banditry through seven states of the Brazilian Northeast.[9]
Depending on the terrain and other conditions, the bandits operated either on horseback or on foot. They were heavily armed, and wore leather outfits, including hats, jackets, sandals, ammunition belts, and trousers, to protect them from the thorns of the caatinga, the dry shrub and brushwood typical of the dry hinterland of Brazil's Northeast. The police and soldiers stationed in the backlands often dressed in an identical manner; on more than one occasion Lampião impersonated a police officer, especially when moving into a new area of operations, in order to gain information.[8]
The firearms and ammunition of the cangaceiros were mostly stolen, or acquired by bribery, from the police and paramilitary units and consisted of
A strange and contradictory piety ran through Lampião's psyche: while robbing and killing people, he also prayed regularly and reverenced the Church and priests. He wore many religious symbols on his person; presumably, he invested them with talismanic qualities.[11] Like many others in the region he particularly revered Padre Cícero, the charismatic priest of Juazeiro.[12] He was noted for his loyalty to those he befriended or to whom he owed a debt of gratitude. He generously rewarded his followers and those of the population who shielded or materially helped him (coiteiros), and he was entirely reliable if he gave his word of honour. Lampião was capable of acts of mercy and even charity, however, he systematically used terror to achieve his own survival. His enmity, once aroused, was implacable and he killed many people merely because they had an association with someone who had displeased him. He is recorded as having said "If you have to kill, kill quickly. But for me killing a thousand is just like killing one". For the cangaceiros murder was not only casual, they took pride in their efficiency in killing. They were excellent shots and were skilled in the use of long, narrow knives (nicknamed peixeiras – "fish-filleters") which could be used to dispatch a man quickly.[13]
Lampião's band attacked small towns and farms in seven states, took hostages for ransom, extorted money by threats of violence, tortured, fire-branded, and maimed; it has been claimed that they killed over 1,000 people and 5,000 head of cattle and raped over 200 women. The band fought the police over 200 times and Lampião was wounded six times.[14][15]
A typical example of Lampião's activities, and his ambivalent nature, is his descent on the small town of Queimadas in Bahia, which took place in December 1929. His band entered the town, and immediately shut down the telegraph office to stop news from spreading. The seven policemen in the town and their sergeant were shut in the jail, whilst the jail's previous occupants were set free. The wealthiest citizens of the town were then levied for a forced monetary contribution. The bandits, however, paid for items, including soap and perfume, taken from the town's shops. The seven policemen were summarily executed by shots to the head, but their sergeant was left unharmed as he was liked by the townspeople. In the evening Lampião organised a baile, a dance for the townspeople and his cangaceiros. He also ordered a cinema show to be presented. The bandits were under strict instructions not to molest the local young women, and such was Lampião's authority that none were. The bandits left the town at 4:00 in the morning; Lampião rode a borrowed mule, which he later duly returned to its owner.[16] On one occasion he attacked a large town, Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in June 1927. The bandits began their assault on the town to the sound of a bugle; when advancing they shouted vivas and sang their special song, Mulher Rendeira (The Lacemaker). However, the inhabitants had time to organise a defence, and 300 armed townsmen drove off Lampião's 60 cangaceiros.[17]
As well as engaging in criminal activities for gain or revenge Lampião's band also fought a number of pitched battles with the volantes – mobile units of paramilitary police. Probably the largest of these battles was fought on 28 November 1926 near Serra Grande, twenty miles from Vila Bela. Lampião with around 100 cangaceiros fought off 295 soldiers, killing 10 and wounding a dozen more.[18] At around this time Lampião took to calling himself the "governor of the backlands", only partly in jest.[19]
Lampião was joined in 1930 by his girlfriend, Maria Déia, nicknamed
In 1935 Lampião and his band were filmed by Benjamin Abrahão Botto. Once reassured that the camera did not conceal a gun, Lampião co-operated enthusiastically with the filming. The film-stock was soon confiscated by the police, and Abrahão died in 1938. This cinematographic record was rediscovered in 1957, but had physically deteriorated to a great extent. However, several scenes survived, a unique example of moving images of Lampião, Maria Bonita and many other cangaceiros.[24]
Death
On July 28, 1938, Lampião and his band were betrayed by one of his supporters, Joca Bernardes, and were ambushed in one of his hideouts, the Angicos farm, in the
The end of Cangaço
In the early 1920s a large number of Cangaço bandit groups were in existence. When Lampião became a cangaceiro, joining the Cangaço was almost the equivalent of a career choice. At the time of Lampião's death, he was the only independent bandit leader remaining. However, his major subordinates, such as Luis Pedro, Ângelo Roque and Corisco, often led bandits in semi-independent operations at a considerable distance from the main camp, sometimes across state borders. It was Lampião's intelligence and charisma that ensured that large-scale banditry remained viable in the changing environment of late 1930s Brazil. Within two years of his death Cangaço was a thing of the past. A number of potential bandit leaders, such as Corisco, and lesser bandits were killed; many more gave themselves up to the authorities on assurance of escaping the death penalty. Ângelo Roque gave himself up, along with eight companions, in April 1940 at Bebedouro. Some bandits even turned on colleagues, killing and decapitating them; they then reported to the police with the severed head to show that their renunciation of banditry was sincere.[28]
Notable band members
Lampião was active for a number of years and thus many men and women passed through his band. More notable ones included:
- Antônio Ferreira – Lampião's eldest brother, died in an accident in 1926.
- Levino Ferreira – Lampião's brother, killed in battle with police in July 1925.
- Ezequiel Ferreira – Lampião's youngest brother, killed in battle with police in April 1931.
- Luis Pedro – a lieutenant and member of the band for over a decade, he returned to die by Lampião's side even though he may have been able to escape. He accidentally killed Antônio Ferreira in 1926 when a gun went off during a wrestling bout. When told of his brother's death Lampião said that Luis must take his place.
- Corisco (Cristino Gomes da Silva Cleto) – feared for his cruelty. There was speculation that he would take control of the band after Angicos, where he had not been present. Seeking vengeance for Angicos, Corisco interrogated Joca Bernardes the informant who had betrayed Lampião, who shifted the blame on someone else, Domingos Ventura. Corisco then murdered this entirely innocent person and his whole family, including two women. He was killed by police in 1940.[29]
- Dadá (Sérgia Ribeiro da Silva), the wife of Corisco. She lost a leg as a result of injuries sustained in the fight in which Corisco was killed; she died in 1994.
- Ângelo Roque – a trusted lieutenant who was also not present when Lampião was killed. He operated until 1940 when he surrendered to police after being assured that he would not be executed for his crimes. He was initially sentenced to 95 years in prison, which was later reduced to 30 years and then commuted in 1950.
- Volta Sêca ("Dry Gulch" Antônio dos Santos) – joined the bandits aged 14 as a message-carrier. He was later interviewed in prison and his accounts were an important source for the history of Lampião's activities. He composed and sang a number of songs about, or associated with, Lampião's bandits; many years later, in 1957, these were recorded for a sound documentary by Todamérica.
Folk hero
Despite his history of brutal acts and savagery, there was enough in his undoubted courage, his many fights against heavy odds, his occasional acts of mercy and charity, his conventional piety and calculated courting of publicity to ensure that Lampião entered Brazilian folk-history as a hero.[30] One of the more dispassionate analyses of Lampião concluded that, if he was a hero, he was an anarchist hero who forged a prominent place for himself in a society and political environment where people put their own interests above all other considerations.[31]
In 1957 the songs associated with Lampião's bandits were recorded, as "Cantigas de Lampião".
Joan Baez recorded a version of "Mulher Rendeira ", renamed "O Cangaceiro", on her album Joan Baez/5 – released in October 1964. The lyrics refer directly to Lampião.
The story of Lampião and Maria Bonita became the subject of innumerable folk stories, books, comics books, popular pamphlets (
The ultras group of Sport Club do Recife, called Torcida Jovem do Sport, use the myth of Lampião and Maria Bonita as their 'leaders' and symbols.
For the 2023 edition of the Carnival parade of the Rio de Janeiro samba schools Imperatriz Leopoldinense dedicated their performance to Lampião’s memory, complete with themes and images from his life.[35] Expedita Ferreira, Lampião and Maria Bonita's only child, participated in the parade being featured on the last float in the procession.[36]
References
- ^ Chandler, preface, p. xi
- ^ Chandler, p. 3
- ^ Chandler, p. 21
- ^ Chandler, pp. 22–23
- ^ Singelmann, pp. 67–68. A coronel was a political chief who fabricated votes in elections, made Deputies and Senators, had judges appointed and transferred police commanders.
- ^ Singelmann, p. 75
- ^ Chandler, pp. 25–33
- ^ a b Chandler, p. 5
- ^ Chandler, pp. 58–59
- ^ Chandler, pp. 71, 183
- ^ Chandler, pp. 207–208
- ^ Singelmann, p. 79
- ^ Chandler, pp. 200–204
- ^ Chandler, p. 4
- ^ Singelmann, p. 61
- ^ Chandler, pp. 125–128
- ^ Chandler, pp. 95–99
- ^ Chandler, pp. 82–83
- ^ Chandler, p. 85
- ^ Chandler, p. 149
- ^ Eakin, p. 74
- ^ Chandler, pp. 151–152
- ^ Chandler, p. 152
- ^ Chandler, pp. 201–202
- ^ Chandler, pp. 220–230
- ^ "Bandits' Heads Finally Buried", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 10, 1969, p6. Archived March 28, 2023.
- ^ Chandler, p. 239
- ^ Chandler, pp. 231–234
- ^ Chandler, pp. 230–231
- ^ Chandler, pp. 3–5
- ^ Singelmann, pp. 81–82
- ^ Curran, p. 105
- ^ "Every song has an agenda..." October 23, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- ^ "Encomendas Osesp 2018". osesp.art.br. Archived from the original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
- ^ "Imperatriz Leopoldinense celebra a vida e a morte de Lampião à moda do cordel". g1. February 21, 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
- ^ Boeckel, Cristina (February 21, 2023). "Filha de Lampião desfila pela Imperatriz Leopoldinense". g1. Archived from the original on 2023-05-23. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
Bibliography
- Chandler, Billy Jaynes (1978). The Bandit King: Lampião of Brazil. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-194-8.
- Curran, M.J. (2010) Brazil's Folk-Popular Poetry - a Literatura de Cordel, Trafford Publishing.
- Eakin, M.C. (1998) Brazil: The Once and Future Country, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Singelmann, Peter (1975) Political Structure and Social Banditry in Northeast Brazil. Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1.
External links
Mulher Rendeira – The song of Lampião's bandits
The special song of Lampião's band—Mulher Rendeira on
Olê, Mulher Rendeira, Olê mulher rendá --- "Olê", Lacemaker woman, "Olê" lace woman
A pequena vai no bolso, a maior vai no embornal --- The small [gun] goes in the pocket, the large [gun] in a bag
Se chora por mim não fica, só se eu não puder levar --- Only cry for me, if I cannot take you away
O fuzil de Lampião, tem cinco laços de fita --- The rifle of Lampião, has five ribbons of cloth
O lugar que ele habita, não falta moça bonita --- The place he lives in, does not lack pretty girls