Lazar the Serb
Lazar the Serb | |
---|---|
Born | mid-14th century |
Died | after 1404 |
Known for | Inventing the first mechanical clock in Russia, which was also the country's first public clock |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Invention |
Lazar (
Life
A
This hour-marker is called an hour-measure; each hour a hammer strikes the bell, measuring and counting the hours of the night and of the day . . . No man strikes it, but it is somehow wondrous strangely fashioned to look like a man and sound and move of itself, by man's cunning, with great invention and cleverness.
— A description of Lazar's clock[14]
The clock tower has not survived, and its exact location is undetermined, although it is believed to have been located at or near the
Legacy
The Serbian Orthodox Church decided to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the monk Lazar's invention and construction of the great clock tower in the Moscow
The Serbian mathematician Dr. Dragan Trifunović noted Lazar and his invention as part of Serbian mathematics of the Middle Ages,[4] saying that "as a mathematician it was interesting how Lazar forged the clock. He had to have knowledge of Archimedes' division of circuit tracks and estimation of the extent to forge three types of gear wheels. I have proposed to the Kremlin to put up a plaque with an inscription where the clock tower once stood."[4]
Along with Pachomius the Serb, Lazar is one of the notable Serbs in Russian medieval history.[21]
See also
- List of Moscow Kremlin towers
- Teodosije the Hilandarian (1246–1328), one of the most important Serbian writers in the Middle Ages
- Saint Archangels Monastery
- Agiou Pavlou monastery
- Lazar the Hilandarian(fl. 1404), the first known Serbian and Russian watchmaker
- Pachomius the Serb (fl. 1440s–1484), hagiographer of the Russian Church
- Miroslav Gospel
- Gabriel the Hilandarian
- Constantine of Kostenets
- Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'
- Gregory Tsamblak
- Isaija the Monk
- Elder Siluan
- Grigorije of Gornjak
- Atanasije (scribe)
- Rajčin Sudić
- Nicodemus of Tismana
- Dimitar of Kratovo
- Marko Pećki
Annotations
- ^ His name was Lazar (Russian and Serbian: Лазар). Russian documents call him Monk Lazar the Serb (чернец Лазарь Сербии, Србин Лазар черњец).[3] Modern sources also specifically call him Lazar the Serb (Russian: Лазарь Сербии, Лазар Серб,[18] Serbian: Србин Лазар), Lazar the Hilandarian (Russian: Лазар Хиландарец,[18] Serbian: Лазар Хиландарац) and Monk Lazar (Serbian: Монах Лазар).[21]
Notes
- ^ Parry 2010, p. 233
- ^ Upadhya 1994, p. 65
- ^ a b c d e Архимандрит Мојсије 2004
- ^ a b c d e f Trifunović 2006
- ^ Tsonev 1976, Mŭdrostta na starite charkove, p. 24:
*... монах Лазар [86, стр. 416]. Неговото идване в Русия от манастирите на Атон подсказва, че бившите земи на Византийската империя и след падането на Балканите под турска власт продъл- Фиг. 2. 1. Часовников механизъм с ...
- ^ a b c d e Radetić 2004
- ^ a b Uliyanov 2005
- ^ a b Matica srpska 1965, p. 284
- ^ a b Tošić & Tadić 2004
- ^ a b Raduga Publishers 1984, p. 63.
- ^ Astronomska opservatorija u Beogradu 1999, p. 93
In the year 1404 a monk from the Mons Athos named Lazar, a born Serb, made in Moscow, at the court of the great duke Vasilij Dimitrović, the first tower clock which struck hours
- ^ a b Blečić 2011
- ^ Rossum 1996, p. 109
- ^ a b Rossum 1996, p. 110
- ^ British Scientific Instrument Research Association 1961, p. 4
- ^
A mechanical tower clock appeared in Russia in 1404 during the reign of Prince Vasilii Dmitrievich, son of Dmitrii of Don. This clock was mounted in Moscow on the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower of the Kremlin.
- ^ Sovinformbiuro 1972
For a long time Lazar Serbin' s clock . . .
- ^ a b c Григорьян & Меркулова 1981, p. 71
- ^ Miller 1989, p. 382
- ^ Radetić 2004:
"U leto 6912. (1404) veliki knez (Vasilij Prvi) naumi časnik (časovnik) i postavi ga na svome dvoru kod crkve Sv. Blagovesti... Majstor i umetnik ovoga beše neki monah, koji je došao sa Svete gore, rodom Srbin, po imenu Lazar, a cena ovome beše 150 rubalja..."
- ^ a b Davidović 2003, p. 25
References
- Архимандрит Мојсије (December 3, 2004). "600-ТО ГОДИШЊИЦА ЧАСОВНИКА ЛАЗАРА ХИЛАНДАРЦА У МОСКВИ". Belgrade: Hilandar.
- Astronomska opservatorija u Beogradu (1999). Publications de l'Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Belgrade. Nauchna knjiga.
- Blečić, Petar (March 27, 2011). "Srbi časovničari dva veka pre Švajcaraca". Belgrade: Blic Online.
- Davidović, Blagoje (2003). Srbi u istoriji Rusije. Narodna knjiga–Alfa. p. 25.
- British Scientific Instrument Research Association (1961). Soviet Instrumentation and Control Journal. British Scientific Instrument Research Association.
- Григорьян, Ашот Тигранович; Меркулова, Наталья Михайловна (1981). Исследования по истории механики. Институт истории естествознания и техники (Академия наук СССР). p. 71.
- Matica srpska (1965). Zbornik Matice srpske za književnost i jezik. Novi Sad: Matica srpska.
- Miller, David B. (April 1989). "Monumental Building as an Indicator of Economic Trends in Northern Rus' in the Late Kievan and Mongol Periods, 1138–1462". The American Historical Review. 94 (2). Oxford University Press: 360–390. JSTOR 1866831.
- Radetić, M. (December 4, 2004). "Šest vekova Lazarevog sata". Novosti.
- The Kolomenskoye Museum-Preserve: a guide. ISBN 978-5-05-000070-5.
- Rossum, Gerhard Dohrn-van (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 109–111. ISBN 0-226-15511-0.
- Sovinformbiuro (1972). The Daily Review, Volume 18. Agentstvo pechati "Novosti".
- Tošić, Gordana; Tadić, Milutin (2004). Hilandarski monah Lazar, prvi srpski časovničar. Kalenić. ISBN 86-84183-06-1.
- Trifunović, Dragan (November–December 2006). "Matematika u srpskom narodu". Planeta 21.
- Uliyanov, Oleg Germanovich (2005). "The Deesis painted by Andrey Rublev". Makariyevskiye Readings. Issue XII: Hierarchy in ancient Russia. Russia. pp. 172–223. Retrieved 2013-03-31.