List of Celtic place names in Galicia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Iberian peninsula which have names containing the Celtic elements -brigā or -bris < -brixs 'hill, hillfort
'

The

Celtic language, and thus have Celtic etymology, and which are or were located inside the limits of modern Galicia
.

Ancient Celtic toponyms

The Roman lighthouse known as 'Torre de Hércules', and in the past as 'Faro Bregancio', in A Coruña.
Doors to the 'castro' of San Cibrao de Lás, ancient Labiobriga or Lansbriga.
The Miño river as seen from the oppidum of Santa Tegra, A Guarda.
The Tambre river, ancient Tamaris.
'Tres Bispos' peak, in Lugo province, in the westernmost extreme of the ancient Vindius mountains.

In Galicia, approximately half of the non Latin toponyms transmitted from antiquity in the works of classical geographers and authors (

epigraphic Roman inscriptions, have been found to be Celtic,[1][2]
being the other half mostly Indo-European but either arguably non Celtic, or lacking a solid Celtic etymology. Here is a non exhaustive list of toponyms which have been found to be, probably, Celtic.[3] The most characteristic element is *-bri(s),[4] from Proto-Celtic *brigs,[5] with its derivative *brigā, both meaning 'hill', and thence 'hillfort' and 'town'. The only type of settlement known in Galicia during the Iron Age are forts and fortified towns (castros) built in hills and peninsulas. Many of them were abandoned after the Roman conquest.

  • Aediobri:[6] From a votive inscription to the god BANDVE AEDIOBRICO. To *aydu- 'fire' or *(p)ētu- '(grass)land, territory',[7] and *brixs 'hill(fort)'. Cf. Irish brí 'hill' and Welsh brig 'crest', and the people of the Aedui in Gaul.
  • Asseconia or Assegonion:[8] A town. Maybe to *Ad-sego- 'The very strong one'.
  • Aviliobris:[9] Castle (hillfort) in NW Galicia. To *Awelyobrixs 'Windy Hill'. Cf. Breton/Welsh awel 'wind'.
  • Adrobricam urbem:[10] City of the Artabri. To *brig- 'hill(fort)'.
  • Alanobricae – Eiras in San Amaro
  • Albiones:[11] A people living in between the rivers Navia and Eo. To *albiyo- '(upper) world' or 'country'.[12]
  • Arrotrebae:[11] A people living by the seashore, in NW Galicia. To *trebā 'settlement', and *aryo-, either 'free man'[13] or a derivative of *(p)are- 'in front of'.[14]
  • Aunios:
    Suevi
    newcomers in the 5th century.
  • Berisamo:[18] A hillfort of the Cileni. Probably to the superlative *Bergisamo- 'The highest one'.[19]
  • Beriso:[18] A hillfort of the Cabarci, probably to the comparative *Bergiso- 'The higher one'.[19]
  • Bonisana:[20] A town. To *bonu- 'foundation, base, butt'. Cf. Old Iris bun 'foundation, base, estuary'.
  • Brevis:[18] A town. To *brīwā 'bridge'.
  • Brigantia:
    Briganti
    .
  • Callaecia[15] 'The land of the Callaeci', to *kallā- 'wood'[22] with a local complex suffix -āik-. Later it became Gallicia, modern Galicia or Galiza.
  • Calubriga:[23] A hillfort. To *brigā 'hill(fort)', and a first element of unclear meaning.
  • Cambetum:[24] A town. To *kambo- 'crooked, twisted'.
  • Canibri:[23] A town. To *kani- 'good, nice' and *brigs 'hill(fort)'. Cf. Old Irish cain 'good, nice'.
  • Celtici: Either a descriptive name applied by classical geographers to a group of peoples living in Western Galicia, or a Celtic
    endonym based on the *kelt- theme also present in a series of Hispano-Celtic names: CELTIATUS, CELTIATIS, ARCELTI, CONCELTI, CELTIUS.[25][26]
  • Cistonia:[27] A town. To *kistā- 'woven basket',[28] and eventually 'chariot'.[29]
  • Coelerni:[30] A people living in southern Galicia. To *koyl- 'thin (naked, bold)'. Cf. Old Irish cóil 'meagre, lean'.
  • Coeliobriga:[27] An oppidum near Celanova, most probably the capital of the Coelerni. To *koyl- and *brigā.
  • Copori: A people dwelling in central Galicia, from the confluence of the Sar and Ulla rivers in the west, until Lugo in the east. Their name is probably non-Celtic, but note the Pictish *copor- 'confluence',[31] maybe to *kom-bero- 'confluence' (or 'bring together').[32]
  • Ebora:[33] Harbour, by the mouth of the Tambre river. To *eburo- 'yew'.
  • Ebronanto (Valerio of Bierzo, Ordo Cerimonialis, c. 650). A state near modern Rubiá. To *Eburo-nantu 'Yew-Valley'.
  • Equasei:[34] A people living in southern Galicia. To *ekʷo- 'horse'.[35] Cf. Old Irish ech 'horse'.
  • Ercoriobri:[36] A hillfort of the Albiones. A composite with first element *(p)are-koro- 'blow, shot' (cf. Old Breton ercor 'blow, stroke'),[37] or *Ēri-corio- 'army/tribe of the west',[38] and *brixs 'hill / hillfort'.
  • Gigurri:[14] A people living in actual Valdeorras. From *Gigur-yo, maybe 'the gander (people)'. Cf. Old Irish gigrann 'gander'.
  • Glandomirum:[39] To *glendos- 'valley, shore'.
  • Iria: modern Padrón. To *(p)īweryā- 'Fertile land'.[40][41] Cognate to Éire and Ériu.
  • Laniobriga:[42] Probable ancient name of the hillfort of San Cibrao de Lás, San Amaro, although the lecture of the inscription which contains this toponym is disputed.[43] To *(p)lānyobrigā 'Hillfort of the Plain'.[44]
  • Laniobre:[42] Bishopric during the 7th century. To *(p)lānyobrixs.
  • Lemavi:[45] A people inhabiting the valley of Lemos. To *Lēmawoi ‘The Elm people’, to *lēmo- 'elm'.
  • Limia:
    Limia or Portuguese: Lima, near to its sources it became a large lagoon or marshy area, today desiccated. From *līmā- 'flood'.[48]
     Cf. Welsh llif idem.
  • Lubri:[42] Hillfort of the Celtici. The first element, *lū-, can be an evolution of *luw- 'to set free, escape', or of *low- 'to flow', among other possibilities. Maybe Lubri 'The Free Hillfort'.
  • Medullium: Mountain by the Miño river, near the Ocean, where a very large number of opposing
    Gallaecians would have been besieged by the Romans,[49] the former giving themselves death when the situation became desperate. To *med-o- 'judge', *med-yo- 'middle' or *medu- 'mead'.[50]
    Cf. place-names Medulli, Medullis, Medulla, in Gaul.
  • Minius:[46] Largest river in Galicia, modern Galician: Miño or Portuguese: Minho. To *mīno- 'tender, soft', cf. Old Irish mín idem.
  • Miobri:[51] Hillfort of the Celtici. Probably to *Meyobrixs 'Minor Hill(fort)'.[52] A dedication to COSO MEOBRIGO (*Meyobri-ko) may also refer to this castle, or to another one under the same name.
  • Morodon:[53] A town by the ocean. To *mor- 'sea' and *dūno- 'fort'. Cf. the British toponym Moridunum.
  • Navia:[20][54] River, still known under the same name today. To *nāwiā- 'boat (vase, bowl)'.[55]
  • Nemetobriga:[36] Probably the capital of the Tiburi, in SE Galicia. To *nemeto- 'sanctuary' and *brigā 'hill(fort)'. See: Nemeton.
  • Nerii:[56] A Celtici tribe dwelling near or around today's Fisterra. To *nero- 'hero'.
  • Novium:[57] A town sometimes considered to be modern Noia. From *nowyo- 'new'.
  • Ocelum:[58] A town, near Lugo. To *ok-elo- 'promontory'.[59]
  • Olca:[60] A castle by Rodeiro, in the highlands of middle Galicia. To *(p)olkā 'arable lands'.[61]
  • Olina:[62] A town. To *olīnā- 'elbow, angle'.
  • Ontonia:[63] A town. From *φonth2-on-yā '(the one of the) path'.
  • Querquerni: A people living in southern Galicia. To Indo-European *perkʷos 'oak', with Celtic assimilation.[64]
  • Seurri: A people living in both banks of the middle curse of the Miño river. To *seg-ur-yo-, 'the powerful ones'.[65]
  • Talabriga:[66] Castle of the Limici. To *talu- 'front, forehead, protuberance, shield'[67] and *brigā 'hill(fort)'.
  • Tamaris:[20][68] River, modern Tambre. To *tamo- 'dark'.
  • Trileukon:[20] A promontory, modern Punta dos Aguillóns or Cabo Ortegal. To *trīs- 'three' or 'very', and *louko- 'bright, shining'.
  • Verubri:[69] Name of a castle, as deduced of a dedication to the god BANDUE VERUBRIGO (*Weru-bri-ko or *U(p)ero-bri-ko). To *weru- 'broad' or *u(p)er- 'superior', and *brixs 'hill(fort)'.
  • Vindius: The Cantabrian Mountains, a mountain range, usually more than 2000 meters high, running from Galicia till Cantabria. To *windo- 'white', so 'The White (mountains)'.

Britonia

Main article: Britonia

In the 5th or 6th centuries a colony of

Toledo, until the 8th century. A series of place-names have been attributed to them:[71]

  • A Bertonía: A hamlet in Sober.
  • Bertoña: A village in A Capela. It was the centre of a region called Britonia up until the 11th century, comprising the modern municipalities of A Capela and Moeche. Several other places were called Britonia in the neighbourhood.
  • Bretoña: A village in
    Barro
    .
  • Bretoña: A parish and a town in A Pastoriza. It is usually considered the heir to the ancient capital of the Britons of Galicia.

There also existed a village called Bretonos near the city of Lugo, in the Middle Ages.[72]

Modern and mediaeval toponyms

While there are Celtic toponyms all over Galicia, most Celtic and pre-Latin toponyms can be found along the coastal areas, most notably in the Rías Altas region around A Coruña, and in the valley of the Ulla river.

Regions, Mountains and Islands

Some Galician regions - usually called 'comarcas' when spanning over several municipalities, or concellos (councils) otherwise - maintain names either directly inherited from pre-Roman tribal and sub-tribal names, or simply with pre-Roman origin:

  • Arousa (Arauza, 899 CE): Island and municipality in Arousa bay, Pontevedra. Probably Celtic,[73]
    to *(p)are-auso- 'cheek'.
  • Bergantiños (Bregantinos, 924): Region, to *brigantīno-[74] 'king', or to *brigantigno-,[75] both etymons would have yielded the same result. Cf. Middle Welsh brenhin 'king'.
  • Carnota (Carnota, 915 AD): Coastal council and ancient territory, it is presided by the Monte do Pindo, an anciently sacred granite mountain. It was also the name of a mountain near Doroña, Vilarmaior.[76] To *karn- 'pile, heap',[77] with a hypocoristic suffix.
  • Céltigos[78] (Celticos in 569): Region, to the local tribe of the Celtici (plural accusative Celticos), who inhabited the westernmost regions of Galicia. For the *kelt- element, see the article on the names of the Celts. With the same origin, and implying further migrations:
Céltigos, a village, in Sarria.
Céltigos, a parish, in
Frades
.
Céltigos, a parish, in Ortigueira.
  • Cervantes: Mountainous country and municipality in eastern Galicia. To *kerbo- 'pointed, sharp'.[79]
  • Entíns (Gentines, 1110), a parish in Outes, anciently a much larger region: From *gentīnos 'prince; chief of a kinship',[80] cognate with Gothic kindins 'governor'.
  • Larouco (Latin Larauco): A 1400-metre-high mountain, in Baltar; also a municipality and a parish by the Sil river; there is also a village under the name Larouce, in O Carballiño. Probably from *(p)lārHw-ko-, a derivative of 'plain/field'.[81] Cf. Old Irish lár 'ground, surface, middle'.
  • Lemos (Lemabus, 841 CE): A large valley, south of Lugo. Its name is an evolution of the name of the Lemavi people, who inhabited these lands. To Celtic *lēmo- 'elm'.
  • Nendos[78] (Nemitos, 842): Region and ancient territory, to Celtic *nemeto- 'sacred place, sanctuary',[74] and 'privileged person'.[82]
  • Tambo[83] (Tanao, 911): Small island in Pontevedra bay, to Celtic *tanawos 'thin'.[74] Cf. Breton tanaw, idem.

Rivers

Many Galician rivers preserve old Celtic and pre-Roman Indo-European names, most notably larger ones. Others have lost its pre-Latin name, but its old namewas recorded in Medieval scriptures:

  • Ambía[84] (Ambia, 949 CE): A tributary to the Arnoia. To Proto-Celtic *ambe- 'river'.[85]
  • Barbanza: A short mountain river in A Coruña province, to *bhr̥u̯-n̥ti̯-ah2‑ 'boiling > waterfall'.[86]
  • Chonia:
    Tambre River
    . To Proto-Celtic *klowni- 'meadow'.
  • Deva (Deva, 961 CE):[88] At least two Galician rivers are called Deva, both tributaries to the Minho: the first flows through the municipalities of Arbo and A Cañiza, the second through Pontedeva (literally 'Bridge-upon-Deva'). To Celtic *dēwā 'goddess'.[89][90] There is also a small village called Deva in Cervantes, Lugo. Cf. also rivers Deva in Asturias and river Dee, Wales, ancient Dēva.[91]
  • Dubra
    Tambre River. From Proto-Celtic *dubrā- 'dark',[74] which in several Celtic languages developed semantically into the substantive 'water'. The municipality of Val do Dubra ('Dubra's Valley') receives its name from this river. Compare with the Asturian Dobra, and the rivers Douvres in France and Dover in England.[92]
  • Landro:.[93] River which flows through the town of Viveiro into the Bay of Biscay. To *(p)lān- '?River of the plane',[94] or to *land- 'open land (valley)'.
  • Limia:[46] To Celtic *līmā- 'flood',[48]
    so probably 'The river of the flooded area'. In the past it formed a large swampy area near its sources which was mostly desiccated during the 20th century.
  • Mandeo (Mandeum, 803 CE):[95] Probably to *mandus 'pony'.[85]
  • Mendo (Minuete, 964 CE):[96] A river which flows thought Betanzos into the sea, together with the larger Mandeo. To *menwo- 'small, minute', 'Minor River'. Cf. Irish menb 'idem'.
  • Miño or Minho:[46] Largest river in Galicia, to *mīno- 'tender, soft'. Cf. Old Irish mín idem.
  • Nanton,[97] river, tributary of the Tambre, from Proto-Celtic *nanto- 'stream, valley'. Another different one, the Río das Gándaras also bore the same name in the past (Nantoni, 955 CE).[98]
  • Navia:[20] Large river which marked the frontier of Galicia and Asturias during the first centuries of the common era.[99][100] It flows thought a canyon for much of its course. To *nāwiā- 'boat (vase, bowl)'.[55] Cf Spanish nava 'valley in between mountains'. Another river, a tributary of the Sil river born by the 1700 meters high mountains of Serra de Queixa, in the province of Ourense, is also named Navea.
Waterfalls at the mouth of the Xallas river

Parishes and Villages

Most of the 3794 parishes, small rural districts, of Galicia continue medieval and Roman villas, frequently founded near, or even on top, of old Iron Age hillforts. Many of these parishes preserve old pre-Latin names.

Composites containing Celtic *-brig- 'hill'

The most frequent element among the Celtic toponyms of Galicia[4] is *brigs,[107] meaning 'hill, high place', and by extension 'hillfort'. Usually it is the second element in composite toponyms ending in -bre, -be or -ve,[108] being cognate of Irish Gaelic brí 'hill', with the same origin: Proto-Celtic *-brigs > -brixs > -bris. A few toponyms ending in -bra proceed from a derivative -brigā 'hill(fort)', which also originated Breton and Welsh languages bre 'hill'. Some of these toponyms are:[109]

  • Bérgoa: village in Ponteareas, and Bregua, village in Culleredo. From Bergula, to Proto-Celtic *berg- 'hill'.[110]
  • Bergaña: village in Valdoviño. To Proto-Celtic *brig- 'hill'.[110]
  • Bergaza, Bergazo: several villages in Quiroga, Coles, O Corgo, and a hill in Xove. To Proto-Celtic *brig- 'hill'.[110]
  • Berganzos: place in Xove. To Proto-Celtic *brig- 'hill'.[110]
  • Ferrol
    , and several other places and hills all along Galicia, including a municipality. To Proto-Celtic *brig- 'hill'.
  • Briallo:[111] A pair of villages, in Cesuras and Ponteceso. Also the plural Briallos, a parish in Portas and a village in Pantón. To *brig- 'hill', with a pre-Latin suffix -alyo-, or a Latin one -aculo-.
  • Alcabre: A parish in Vigo. To *Alko-bris 'Elk-Hill'.
  • Alcobre (Arcobre in 991): A village in Vila de Cruces. To *Arcobris.[112] First element can be related to Indo-European *areq- 'to protect, to enclose' (Latin arx 'fort, stronghold').
  • Alxibre: A village in Riotorto, probably to *Alisibris[113] 'Alder-Hill'.
  • Anzobre (Anazobre, 971 CE; Anezovre, 966 CE): A village in Arteixo. To *Antyobris, with a first element of unclear meaning,[114] probably to *anto- 'limit, border', or to *anatia- 'soul'.[85]
  • Añobre (Arnobre in 1122): A parish in
    Arno
    , in Italy).
  • Añobres: A village in Muxía. Probably to *ānniyobris 'Ring-hill' (Cf. Old Irish ainne 'ring'),[74] or to *(p)anyobrixs 'Hill(fort) by the water'.[115]
  • Baiobre: A village in Arzúa. Probably to *Badyobris 'Yellow-hill'.[116]
  • Bañobre: Two villages in Guitiriz and Miño. First element could be *wāgno- 'Depression, slope, meadow, marsh'.[74]
  • Barallobre: Two villages in
    Fene
    (Baraliobre in 1110). First element is the same with the Galician substantive baralla 'confrontation, debate, judgement, speech', of unknown origin.
  • Bedrobe (Bredovre, 1385 CE): A village in Tordoia. First element could be *brito- 'judgement'.[117][118]
  • Biobra (Viobra, 1252 CE): A parish in Rubiá. To *Widubrigā 'Forest/Wood-hillfort'.[119]
  • Callobre: Two parishes in Miño (it was Caliovre in 1114) and A Estrada, and two villages in Oza dos Ríos (it was Caliobre in 887) and Ortigueira. First element could be *kallī- 'forest'[120] or *kalyo- 'hard'.[121]
  • Canzobre (Caranzobre, 1399 CE): A village in Arteixo, to *Carantyobris. First element can be *karant- 'beloved, friend'.[122]
  • Castrove (alpe Castovre in 1025): A hill near Pontevedra. The first element is difficult, but cf. Gaulish personal name Casticus, and Latin castrum 'castle'.[123]
  • Cecebre (Zerzebre, 942 CE): A parish in Cambre. First element can be *kirk- 'ring'.,[124] or a zero-grade of *korko- 'swamp'.[125]
  • Cezobre: A village in Agolada. Probably to*Kaytyobris 'Wood-hill'.[126] Note also Setúbal, in Portugal, ancient Caetobriga.
  • Cillobre: Two villages in
    Touro. The first element can be *kēlyo- 'companion', so 'Companion-Hill(fort)'.[127]
  • Ciobre: A village in Narón. The first element can be *kiwo- 'fog'.[128]
  • Coebre (Colobre, 935 CE): A village in Cesuras. The first element can be *kʷolu- 'wheel'[129]
  • Cortobe: A village in Arzúa, maybe to a first element *corto- '?Round'[130]
  • Fiobre: A village in Bergondo. The first element can be an evolution of *widu- 'wood'.[131] Note the Portuguese inscription NIMIDI FIDUENEARUM HIC.[132]
  • Illobre: A village in Betanzos and a parish in Vedra. The first element can be *īlyo- 'swollen'.[133] Cf. Gaulish name Iliomarus.
  • Iñobre: A village in Rianxo, in a small hill by the bay of Arousa. Probably to *(p)en-yo-bris 'Hill by the Swamp/Water'.[134][135]
  • Ixobre: A village in Ares. Probably to *Isyo-bris.[136] Its first element would be *iso- 'fast, powerful'[137] (cf. Isère, a river in France).
  • Landrove: A parish in Viveiro, by the Landro river. So it can simply mean 'the hill by the Landro river'; from the Celtic element *landā- 'open land'.[138]
  • Laxobre: A village in Arteixo. The first element is the same with the Galician substantive laxe 'stone slab, plain stone', medieval form lagena, to Celtic *(p)lāgenā which originated Old Irish láigean 'broad spearhead', Welsh llain 'blade'.[139]
  • Vilouchada, parish and village in Trazo, ancient Lentobre ('uilla que ab antiquis uocitabatur Lentobre et nunc uocitatur Ostulata, subtus castro Brione', 818 CE).[140] To *Lentrobrixs '?Hillfort by the Slope', to *lentrā 'slope', cf. Welsh llethr idem.
  • Lestrobe: Two villages in Dodro, and Trazo. To *Lestrobris, where the first element is Proto-Celtic *lestro- 'vessel, container; beehive'.[141] So maybe *Lestrobris = 'Hill(fort) by the valley / depression'.
  • Maiobre: A village in Ares, from *Magyobris 'Great Hill(fort)'.[142]
  • Montrove, village in Oleiros. Probably a Latin and Celtic hybrid meaning, literally, 'hill-hill'.[140]
  • O Grove (Ogrobre, 912 CE): Municipality with two parishes and a town, in a peninsula by the Atlantic Ocean. From *Okro-brixs 'Hillfort by the edge/angle'[143][144] There are other three villages under the name Ogrobe, in Pontedeume, Mondoñedo, and Taboada.
  • Obre: A parish in Noia (it was Olobre in 1113)[136] and another one in Paderne. The first element can be *olo- 'behind, beyond'.[145]
  • Ombre (Anobre, 971): 5 villages in A Coruña province (in Pontedeume, O Pino, Culleredo, Miño and Brion) at or near the banks of the Tambre, Mero and Eume rivers; from Proto-Celtic *fano- 'water: swamp' .[146][147]
  • Pezobre: A parish in Santiso. First element appears to be the same one which originated the Galician word peza 'piece', from Proto-Celtic *kwezdi- through Gaulish *pettia-.[35]
  • Rañobre: A village in Arteixo. First element could have multiple origins, but maybe to *(p)rasn-yo- 'share, part'.
  • Sansobre: A village in Vimianzo. Probably to *Sent-yo-bris,[148] where the first element is either Celtic *sentu- 'path', or *sentiyo- 'neighbour',[149] or even *santo- 'separated'.[150]
  • Sillobre (Siliobre, 830 CE): A parish in
    Fene. First element is probably *sīl 'descendant, seed'.[74]
  • Xiabre: A hill in
    Sanabria
    , Senabria in 929.
  • Trobe (Talobre, 914 CE): A parish in Vedra. To *Talo-bris,[140] cf. *talu- 'forehead, protuberance', *talamon- 'ground'.[74]
  • Tallobre: A village in Negueira de Muñiz. From *Talyo-bris, with similar origin and meaning.
  • Tiobre (Toyobre, 1037 CE): A parish in Betanzos. The first element is probably related to Celtic *togyā 'roof, covering', *tegos 'house'.[74]
  • Tragove, a town in a peninsula in Cambados, by Arousa bay. Probably to *Tragobris 'Hillfort by the beach', from Celtic *trāg- 'beach, ebb, low tide'.[74]
  • Vendabre, ancient village (Uendabre, 887 CE):[148] To *windo- 'white' and *brixs. Cf. Vindobona, ancient name of Vienna.
  • Boebre (Volebre, 922 CE): A parish in Pontedeume. The first element is probably related to *welH- 'to rule'.[151]

Toponyms based on a superlative

Another frequent type of Celtic toponyms in Galicia are those whose names are formed as a superlative,[152] either formed with the suffix -mmo- or with the composite one -is-mmo-:

Other pre-Latin toponyms

Other villages and parishes have names with pre-Latin, probably Celtic, origin, specially in the coastal areas of A Coruña and Pontevedra provinces and all along the valley of the Ulla river. Among them:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Curchin (2008) pp. 109, 130-131.
  2. ^ Vallejo (2009) pp. 272-273.
  3. ^ In general, cf. Falileyev (2007), Curchin (2008), Luján (2006). Reconstructed Proto-Celtic forms are usually given according to the forms proposed by Matasovic (2009). As in the rest of the article, an asterisk marks an otherwise hypothetical form.
  4. ^ a b Koch (2006) p. 790
  5. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 358
  6. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 258.
  7. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *fētu-.
  8. ^ Curchin (2008) p.117; Luján (2006) p. 726.
  9. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 117.
  10. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 115; Luján (2006) p. 728; Delamarre (2012) p. 41
  11. ^ a b Luján (2006) p. 723.
  12. ^ Delamarre (2003) p. 37; Koch (2006) s.v. albio, albiones.
  13. ^ Delamarre (2003) p. 37
  14. ^ a b Prósper (2008) p. 37.
  15. ^ a b Curchin (2008) p. 111.
  16. ^ Delamarre (2012) p. 67
  17. ^ Delamarre (2003) p. 61.
  18. ^ a b c d Curchin (2008) p. 118.
  19. ^ a b Prósper (2002) p. 360.
  20. ^ a b c d e Falileyev (2007) s.v.
  21. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *brig-, *brigo-.
  22. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *kallī-.
  23. ^ a b Curchin (2008) p. 119; Luján (2006) p. 728.
  24. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 119
  25. ^ Cf. Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby Archived 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ^ Búa (2018) p. 176.
  27. ^ a b Curchin (2008) p. 120.
  28. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009). s.v.
  29. ^ Delamarre (2003) p. 117.
  30. ^ Curchin (2008) p.120; Delamarre (2003) s.v. coilos.
  31. ^ Koch (2006) p. 1593.
  32. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) p. 214.
  33. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 121.
  34. ^ Pliny, Natural History III.28.
  35. ^ a b cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v.
  36. ^ a b Luján (2006) p. 728.
  37. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *fare-koro-.
  38. doi:10.3406/onoma.2009.1510
    . Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  39. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 122.
  40. ^ cf. Curchin (2008) p. 122.
  41. ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2009). "IRIA (*ĪRYĀ) "L'OPULENTE, LA FERTILE" (LIGURIE, GALICE, DALMATIE)". Veleia. 26: 355–358. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  42. ^ a b c Curchin (2008) p. 123.
  43. ^ cf. Prósper (2002) p. 258.
  44. ^ Falileyev (2007) s.v. lān(i)o-.
  45. ^ Lujan (2006) p. 725.
  46. ^ a b c d Curchin (2008) p. 113
  47. ^ Delamarre (2012) p. 178
  48. ^ a b cf. Ward (1996) s.v.
  49. ^ Orosius, Historiarum adversum paganos, VI.21.
  50. ^ Cf. Falileyev (2007) s.v. Medulli.
  51. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 124.
  52. ^ cf. Delamarre (2003) s.v. meion.
  53. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 124; Luján (2006) p. 727.
  54. ^ Delamarre (2012) p. 204
  55. ^ a b Delamarre (2003) s.v. nauson.
  56. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 112; Luján (2006) p.724.
  57. ^ Curchin (2008) p.124; Luján (2006) p.727; Delamarre (2012) p. 178
  58. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 125.
  59. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *akro-.
  60. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 125; Lujan (2006) p. 727.
  61. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *folkā-.
  62. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 125; Luján (2006) p.727.
  63. ^ Delamarre (2012) p. 211
  64. ^ Curchin (2008) p.116; Luján (2006) p. 724.
  65. ^ Prósper (2008) pp. 38-40.
  66. ^ Luján (2006) p. 729.
  67. ^ Ward (1996) s.v.; Delamarre (2003) p. 288.
  68. ^ Delamarre (2012) p. 246
  69. ^ Curchin (2008) p. 129; Prósper (2002) p. 259.
  70. ^ Koch (2006) s.v. Britonia.
  71. ISBN 978-84-95622-58-7
    .
  72. ^ “Inter Bretonos et Sancto Petro de Mera“, 1078 CE, in Flórez, España Sagrada 40: 420.
  73. ^ cf. Falileyev s.v. araus(i)o-.
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Matasovic (2009) s.v.
  75. ^ Koch (2003) s.v. Brigantes
  76. ^ 'discurrente ad aulam Sancte Marie, inter IIos montes Leboreiro et Carnota, secus flumen Doronia', c. 1110.
  77. ^ a b c Moralejo 2010, 106.
  78. ^ a b Mariño Paz, p. 32.
  79. ^ a b Moralejo 2010, 107.
  80. ^ Búa (2018) p. 125.
  81. ^ Bascuas (2006) p. 813.
  82. ^ Koch (2006) s.v. Bretha Nemed.
  83. ^ Mariño Paz, p. 32
  84. ^ a b Bascuas (2008) p. 531
  85. ^ a b c Delamarre (2003) s.v.
  86. ^ Búa (2019) p. 67.
  87. ^ Monteagudo (1999) p. 266
  88. ^ Mariño Paz (1999) p. 34.
  89. ^ Búa (2019) p. 86.
  90. ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v. *dēwo-.
  91. ^ Koch (2006) p. 318.
  92. ISBN 978-2-87772-483-8
    .
  93. ^ Monteagudo (1999) p. 278
  94. ^ Cf. Delamarre (2003) s.v. lano-.
  95. ^ Moralejo (2007) pp. 144-148
  96. ^ Moralejo (2007) pp. 148-150; Monteagudo (1999) p. 288
  97. ^ Mariño Paz (1998) p. 32; Prósper (2002) p. 312.
  98. ^ Monteagudo (1999) p. 291.
  99. ^ Sánchez Albornoz, Claudio (1929). "Divisiones tribales y administrativas del solar del reino de Asturias en la época romana". Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. 95: 315–395. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  100. ^ González, José Manuel (1964). "Otros ríos asturianos de nombre prerromano (Eo, Navia, Ibias, Varayo, Esva)" (PDF). Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología. 14: 134–148. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  101. ^ Monteagudo (1999) p. 299
  102. ^ Falileyev (2007) s.v. Tamaris
  103. ^ a b Monteagudo (1999) p. 305
  104. ^ Monteagudo (1999) p. 309
  105. ^ Búa (2019) p. 78.
  106. ^ Búa (2019) p. 80.
  107. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *brig-
  108. ^ Toponyms ended in -ve, -be generally derive from toponyms ended in -bre / -vre, through metathesis or dissimilation. Cf. Moralejo (2007) p. 39.
  109. ^ In general, and for most of these toponyms: Prósper (2002) pp. 357-382.
  110. ^ a b c d Moralejo 2010, 104-105.
  111. ^ Moralejo (2007) p. 352.
  112. ^ Cf. Falileyev (2007) s.v. Arcobriga.
  113. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 380.
  114. ^ Cf. Falileyev s.v. anat-
  115. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 376.
  116. ^ Cf. Falileyev s.v. ba/odio-.
  117. ^ Cf. Delamarre (2003) s.v. britu-
  118. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *briti-
  119. ^ Búa (2019) p. 65.
  120. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *kallī-.
  121. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 377.
  122. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *karant-.
  123. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 374.
  124. ^ cf. IEW s.v. *(s)ker-3.
  125. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 364.
  126. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *kayto-
  127. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. kēlyo-.
  128. ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v. *kiwo-.
  129. ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v. kʷol-u-.
  130. ^ Falileyev s.v. corto-.
  131. ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v. *widu-.
  132. ^ CIL II, 5607a.
  133. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 377; Delamarre (2003) s.v. *illio-.
  134. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 377
  135. ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v. *feno-.
  136. ^ a b Prósper (2002) p. 378.
  137. ^ Falileyev s.v. *iso-
  138. ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v. *landā-.
  139. ^ Ward s.v. *lāgenā.
  140. ^ a b c Prósper (2002) p. 375.
  141. ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v. *lestro-
  142. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 378; cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *magyo-.
  143. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 375.
  144. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. akro-.
  145. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v.
  146. ^ Matasovic (2009) p. 127.
  147. ^ Bascuas (2002) p. 235-236.
  148. ^ a b c Prósper (2002) p. 379.
  149. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *sentu-.
  150. ^ Falileyev s.v.
  151. ^ Cf. Falileyev s.v. Vologatae, and Matasovic (2009) s.v. *walo-.
  152. ^ Prósper (2005) pp. 267-284.
  153. ^ Prósper (2005) p. 266.
  154. ^ Prósper (2005) p. 269; Moralejo (2007) p. 44.
  155. ^ Prósper (2005) p. 278.
  156. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v.*ufo.
  157. ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v. māro-
  158. ^ Moralejo 2010, 106-107.
  159. ^ a b Prósper (2005) p. 282.
  160. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v.*sego-.
  161. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *owxsV- 'high'
  162. ^ Moralejo 2010, 100.
  163. ^ Matasovic (2009), s.v., Delamarre (2003) s.v. arganton
  164. ^ Moralejo (2007) p. 350.
  165. ^ Moralejo 2010, 103-104.
  166. ^ a b c Matasovic (2009) s.v., Delamarre (2003) s.v.
  167. ^ Monteagudo (1999) p. 256.
  168. ^ Among other possibilities. Cf. Moralejo 2010, 106.
  169. ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *mrogi, Moralejo (2007) pp. 179-184.
  170. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 312.
  171. ^ Prósper (2005) p. 269.
  172. ^ Búa (2019) p. 60.
  173. ^ cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *Salano-
  174. ^ Matasovic (2009), s.v.
  175. ^ Ares (2014) pp. 161-164.

References

Other resources
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