Asturias
Asturias
Asturies (Asturian) | |
---|---|
Principado de Asturias (Spanish) Principáu d'Asturies (Asturian) Principao d'Asturias (Galician–Asturian) | |
9th | |
Official languages | Spanish (Asturian has special status[5]) |
Patron saint | Our Lady of Covadonga |
Website | asturias.es |
Asturias (/æˈstʊəriəs, ə-/,[6][7] Spanish: [asˈtuɾjas]),[8] officially the Principality of Asturias,[9] is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.
It is coextensive with the province of Asturias and contains some of the territory that was part of the larger Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. Divided into eight comarcas (counties), the autonomous community of Asturias is bordered by Cantabria to the east, by León (Castile and León) to the south, by Lugo (Galicia) to the west, and by the Cantabrian sea to the north.
Asturias is situated in a mountainous setting with vast greenery and lush vegetation, making it part of
The most important cities are the communal capital,
History
Asturias was inhabited first by
With the conquest of Asturias by the
In the 10th century, the Kingdom of Asturias gave way to the
In the 18th century, Asturias was one of the centres of the
During the
The
Asturias played an important part in the events that led up to the
As a result, Asturias remained loyal to the republican government during the
On 30 December 1981,
Administrative and territorial division
Asturias is organised territorially into 78 municipalities, further subdivided into parishes.
Asturias is also divided into eight comarcas, which are not administrative divisions. They are only used as a system to homogenize the statistical data made by the Principality.
Municipalities of Asturias
Rank | Name
|
Comarca | Pop. | Rank | Name
|
Comarca | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gijón Oviedo |
1 | Gijón | Gijón | 271,717 | 11 | Llanera | Oviedo | 13,695 | Avilés Siero |
2 | Oviedo | Oviedo | 219,910 | 12 | Llanes | Oriente | 13,473 | ||
3 | Avilés | Avilés | 77,791 | 13 | Laviana | Nalón | 12,882 | ||
4 | Siero | Oviedo | 51,509 | 14 | Cangas del Narcea | Narcea | 12,124 | ||
5 | Langreo | Nalón | 39,183 | 15 | Valdés | Eo-Navia | 11,394 | ||
6 | Mieres |
Caudal | 37,537 | 16 | Lena | Caudal | 10,701 | ||
7 | Castrillón | Avilés | 22,273 | 17 | Aller | Caudal | 10,413 | ||
8 | San Martín del Rey Aurelio | Nalón | 15,817 | 18 | Carreño | Gijón | 10,301 | ||
9 | Corvera de Asturias | Avilés | 15,525 | 19 | Gozón | Avilés | 10,282 | ||
10 | Villaviciosa | Gijón | 14,470 | 20 | Grado | Oviedo | 9,703 |
Parishes
The parroquia or parish is the subdivision of the Asturian municipalities. Currently, there are 857 parishes integrating the 78 municipalities in the region, and they usually coincide with the ecclesiastic divisions.
Geography and climate
The
The Asturian coastline is extensive, with hundreds of beaches, coves and natural sea caves. Notable examples include the Playa del Silencio (Beach of Silence) near the fishing village of Cudillero (west of
The key features of Asturian geography are its rugged coastal cliffs and the mountainous interior. The climate of Asturias is heavily marked by the Gulf Stream. Falling within the Cantabrian belt known as Green Spain it has high precipitations all year round. Summers are mild and, on the coast, winters also have relatively benign temperatures, rarely including frost. The cold is especially felt in the mountains, where snow is present from October till May. Both rain and snow are regular weather features of Asturian winters. In coastal or near-coastal areas, daytime high temperatures generally average around 12 °C (54 °F) – 13 °C (55 °F) during winter and 22 °C (72 °F) – 23 °C (73 °F) in summer.[14]
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Pollution and conservation
This part of Spain is one of the best conserved in the entire country, and full of vegetation and wild spaces. It holds two of the most important natural parks in Spain, and is very renowned for the Picos de Europa and Somiedo areas.
The Gijón area was marked and singled out as one of the pollution hotspots in Western Europe in a 2015 report from the International Institute for Applied Science Systems, where predictions for 2030 conditions were made.[18][19] Gijón was marked much higher than any other Spanish metro area, in spite of the much larger populations in cities such as Madrid and Barcelona. This was attributed to heavy industrial activities. Since outdoor air pollution is a major cause of premature death in Europe,[20] the excessive pollution is a major concern for Asturias. The majority of Asturias population live within a 25 kilometres (16 mi) range from the port of Gijón, so pollution would be likely to heavily affect the population.
A Spanish government study conducted in 2010 regarding life expectancy in relative communities, Asturias was ranked lowest (tied with
The coal fired electric generating plant, Aboño, completed a Spanish government/EU demand to install equipment to drastically reduce its emissions. Also, the other two major polluters - Arcelor Gijón and Arcelor Avilés - have announced an investment of 100 million euros to do the same. These factories have been a major cause of the area's high airborne pollution.[citation needed]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1900 | 627,000 | — |
1910 | 685,000 | +9.3% |
1920 | 744,000 | +8.6% |
1930 | 792,000 | +6.5% |
1940 | 837,000 | +5.7% |
1950 | 888,000 | +6.1% |
1960 | 989,000 | +11.4% |
1970 | 1,046,000 | +5.8% |
1981 | 1,129,572 | +8.0% |
1991 | 1,093,937 | −3.2% |
2001 | 1,062,998 | −2.8% |
2011 | 1,075,813 | +1.2% |
2012 | 1,077,360 | +0.1% |
2013 | 1,068,165 | −0.9% |
2014 | 1,061,756 | −0.6% |
2015 | 1,051,229 | −1.0% |
2016 | 1,042,608 | −0.8% |
2017 | 1,034,960 | −0.7% |
2018 | 1,028,244 | −0.6% |
2019 | 1,022,800 | −0.5% |
2020 | 1,018,784 | −0.4% |
2021 | 1,011,792 | −0.7% |
Source: INE |
According to the 2020 census, the region has a population of 1,018,784 which constitutes 2.1% of the population of Spain, with the population density numbering 96 people per square kilometre.
Asturian population has the highest mortality rate in Spain and the lowest total fertility rate (1.03), the lowest in the European Union.[22]
Immigration is not as high as in other Spanish regions as immigrants only represent, according to the 2017 census, 3.65% of population.
Languages
The only official language in Asturias is
Religion
In 2019, the Centre for Sociological Research carried a study showing the population of Asturias was 65.2% Catholic (25.1% practicing), 13.5% agnostic, and 12.8% atheist.[23]
Politics
The organisation and political structure of Asturias is governed by the
The functions of the General Junta are the approval of budgets, and the direction and control of the action of the Council of Government. It is composed of 45 deputies, elected for four years through the universal suffrage within a system proportional representation that the allocation of deputies is based on D'Hondt method.
Results of the elections to the General Junta
Deputies in General Junta since 1983 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Election | Distribution | President | |||||||
1983 |
|
Pedro de Silva (PSOE) | |||||||
1987 |
| ||||||||
1991 |
|
Juan Luis Rodríguez-Vigil (PSOE) Antonio Trevín (PSOE) | |||||||
1995 |
|
Sergio Marqués (PP / URAS) | |||||||
1999 |
|
Vicente Álvarez Areces (PSOE) | |||||||
2003 |
| ||||||||
2007 |
| ||||||||
2011 |
|
Francisco Álvarez-Cascos (FAC) | |||||||
2012 |
|
Javier Fernández (PSOE )
| |||||||
2015 |
| ||||||||
2019 |
|
Adrián Barbón (PSOE) | |||||||
2023 |
|
Economy
For centuries, the backbone of the Asturian economy was agriculture and fishing. Milk production and its derivatives was also traditional, but its big development was a byproduct of the economic expansion of the late 1960s. Nowadays, products from the dairy cooperative Central Lechera Asturiana are being commercialised all over Spain.
The main regional industry in modern times, however, was coal mining and steel production: in the times of Francisco Franco's dictatorship, it was the centre of Spain's steel industry. The then state-owned ENSIDESA steel company is now part of the privatised Aceralia, now part of the ArcelorMittal Group. The industry created many jobs, which resulted in significant migration from other regions in Spain, mainly Extremadura, Andalusia and Castile and León.
The steel industry is now in decline when measured in terms of number of jobs provided, as is the mining. The reasons for the latter are mainly the high costs of production to extract the coal compared to other regions. Regional economic growth is below the broader Spanish rate, though in recent years growth in service industries has helped reduce Asturias's high rate of unemployment. Large out-of-town retail parks have opened near the region's largest cities (Gijón and Oviedo), whilst the ever-present Spanish construction industry appears to continue to thrive.
Asturias has benefited extensively since 1986 from European Union investment in roads and other essential infrastructure, though there has also been some controversy regarding how these funds are spent, for example, on miners' pensions.
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 23.3 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 1.9% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 24,400 euros or 81% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 98% of the EU average.[24] This makes the region the 10th richest in Spain, a big decrease from the 1970s/1980s - the heyday of the Spanish mining industry, when Asturias was commonly regarded as one of the most prosperous regions in Southern Europe. Asturias has been growing below the Spanish national average since the decline of the mining industry, and grew just 0.82% in 2008, the lowest of all regions in Spain. On the plus side, unemployment in Asturias is below the average of Spain; it stood at 13.7% in 2017.[25]
Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unemployment rate | 9.1% | 8.0% | 10.0% | 14.1% | 16.6% | 18.8% | 23.8% | 22.3% | 20.8% | 20.3% | 14.6% | 14.6% | 12.9% | 13.1% | 13.5% |
Transportation
Air
Asturias is served by Asturias International Airport (OVD), 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Oviedo, near the northwest coast and the industrial town of Avilés.
Eastern Asturias is also easily accessible from
Sea
El Musel (the Port of Gijón) is able to receive cruise ships of any size. Companies such as P&O, Swan Hellenic or Hapag Lloyd choose the Port of Gijón every year for their calls in the Atlantic European Coast. The following areas are available for cruise vessels:
- Moliner quay: 313 m berthing with 14 m draught.
- 7ª Alignment: 326 m with 12 m draught.
- Espigón II. South alignment. 360 m berth with 9 m draught.
These locations allow a high degree of access control, with security guaranteed for both vessels and passengers alike. The city centre is only 4 km (2.5 mi) away and the Port Authority provides dedicated coach connection allowing passengers to take advantage of the cultural, gastronomic and commercial opportunities that Gijón has to offer.
Between 2010 and 2014, the city of Gijón was connected by ferry with the French city of Nantes.[26] This connection was also known as the "sea highway" and it had a frequency of two ferries per day in both directions. The route was cancelled in September 2014.[27]
Train
Spain's national Renfe rail network also serves Asturias well; trains regularly depart to and from the Spanish interior. Major stops are the regional capital, Oviedo, and the main coastal city, Gijón. Meanwhile, the Renfe Feve rail company links the centre of the region with Eastern and Western Asturias. Under the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pajares Base Tunnel opened for commercial services end of November 2023,[28] introducing AVE high speed trains.[29][30]
Bus
There is also a comprehensive bus service run by the
, to name just a few.Main sights
Key attractions
Gijón, the biggest city of Asturias, is a coastal city known for cultural and sports events,[31][32][33] and a beach tourism centre in northern Spain. It also is known for the traditional Asturian gastronomy and for being an Asturian cider production spot.[citation needed] Museums in the city include the Universidad Laboral de Gijón, including a modern art museum and theatre.
Avilés is the third largest city in Asturias, where "La villa del adelantado" (as locals call it, in reference of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés) is a meeting point. "Saint Nicholas of Bari" or "Capilla de los Alas" in Romanesque and Romanesque-Gothic style, respectively; Palacio de Balsera, in Modernist style or St. Thomas of Canterbury church (dating from the 13th century) are examples which show the historical patrimony to be found in the city.[citation needed] The Centro Niemeyer, designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, is an example of contemporary architecture in Asturias.
The Picos de Europa National Park, and other parts of the Asturian mountain range: The Picu Urriellu mountain (2519 m or 8262 ft), also known as El Naranjo de Bulnes, is a molar-shaped peak which, reputedly, glows orange in the evening sun, hence its name. Weather permitting, it can be viewed from Camarmeña village, near Poncebos, south of Arenas de Cabrales.
The shrine to the Virgin of Covadonga and the mountain lakes (Los Lagos), near Cangas de Onís: Legend has it that in the 8th century, the Virgin blessed Asturian Christian forces with a well-timed signal to attack Spain's Moorish conquerors, thereby taking the invaders by surprise in the Battle of Covadonga. The Reconquista and eventual unification of all Spain is therefore said to have started in this very location.[34]
The paleolithic art in the caves of Asturias is a declared World Heritage Site with the Paleolithic Art of Northern Spain.
Asturias also has examples of industrial heritage as a consequence of its industrial activities in the 19th and 20th centuries. It had metallurgical and chemical factories, mines, bridges and railways, including in the towns of Langreo, Mieres and Avilés.
The Asturian coast: especially the beaches in and around the summer resort of Llanes, the Playa del Silencio near Cudillero fishing village, or the "white" village of Luarca (Severo Ochoa hometown).
Other places of interest
- Ceceda village: east of Oviedo along the N634 road. Of particular interest in this exemplary settlement are the traditional horreos (grain silos), raised on stilts so as to keep field mice from getting at the grain.
- The Dobra River: south of Cangas de Onís, known for its unusual colour.
- The senda costera (coastal way) between Pendueles and Llanes: This partly paved nature route takes in some of Asturias' most spectacular coastal scenery, such as the noisy bufones (blowholes) and the Playa de Ballota.
- Caldoveiro Peak, a scenic mountain hiking area
- The unusual rock formation on the beach at Buelna village: east of Llanes. Best viewed at low tide.
Culture
Architecture
Asturias has a rich artistic legacy that emphasizes
The
The Gothic style is not as abundant, but there are good examples of this style, such as the Cathedral of San Salvador in Oviedo.
The Baroque style is more present by means of palace architecture, with such notable examples as the Palace of Camposagrado and Velarde - the latter seat of Museum of Fine Arts of Asturias. The Baroque style stands out in public civil engineering and bridge tolls (Olloniego); the milestones, the chairs or seats present along the road to Madrid and the resort of Caldas de Priorio (Oviedo) building.
In 1985, the UNESCO declared the pre-Romanesque monuments and the Cathedral of Oviedo as World Heritage Sites.
In popular architecture, the traditional granaries in Asturias, called hórreos, are known for their demographic extension and their functional evolution, its basic characteristic being its mobility: it can be easily dismounted and transported to another location. The Panera is the evolution of the hórreo, with examples exceeding 100 square metres (1,076 square feet) of area covered. The purpose of the horreo is to store objects and crops. With the arrival of maize and the beans, they were endowed with exterior corridors and railings for drying the harvests.
Asturias is home to the only architectural work in Spain (as well as the largest in Europe) of the Brazilian architect and disciple of
In the capital of the Principality stands one of the most representative buildings of modern architecture, the Palace of Congresses of Oviedo, by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, who also awarded the Prince of Asturias of Award for the Arts in 1999.
Special importance has been placed in recent years on the recovery of industrial heritage through various routes and industrial museums, especially in the central area of the region.
Festivals and holidays
Some of the most famous festivals in Asturias take place in the small town of Llanes. These festivals celebrate the important saints and the Virgin Mary adored by the town. The associations that prepare the festivals have a rivalry between them and each year they try to outdo each other with more impressive shows. The three most important are the festival of San Roque (St. Roque) held on the 16th of August, the festival of Nuestra Señora Virgen de La Guia (Our Lady, Virgin Mary, the Guide) held on the 8th of September, and the festival of Santa Maria Magdalena (St. Mary Magdalene) held on the 22nd of July. The Magdalena is well known for its march of logs where boys as young as 3 and men carry logs through the town until they reach the end point and start a large bonfire.
Food and drink
While Asturias is especially known for its
).Apple groves foster the production of the region's traditional alcoholic drink, a natural cider (sidra). Since it is natural and bottled without gas, it produces a weak carbonation, and when Asturian cider is served, it is poured in a particular way, el escanciado: the bottle is held above the head allowing for a long vertical pour, causing the cider to be aerated as it splashes into the glass below. After drinking most of the content, it is customary to splash a little out onto the ground, as a way to clean the glass of any lees for the next serving. Traditionally, the same glass is refilled and passed around, with everyone drinking from it in turn.
Asturian cheeses, especially Cabrales, are also eaten throughout Spain and beyond; Asturias is often called "the land of cheeses" (el país de los quesos).
Sport
Asturias has two main football teams:
Racing driver
Literature
These are some notable people of Asturian Literature:
- Antón de Marirreguera (17th century)
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744–1811)
- Ramón de Campoamor(1817–1901)
- Leopoldo Alas, "Clarín" (1851–1901)
- Armando Palacio Valdés (1853–1938)
- Ramón Pérez de Ayala (1880–1962)
- Alfonso Camín (1890–1982)
- Alejandro Casona (1903–1965)
- Carlos Bousoño (1923-2015)
- Ángel González (1925–2008)
- Corín Tellado (1927–2009)
- Gonzalo Suárez (1934)
- Rafael Reig (1963)
- Aurelio González Ovies (1964)
- Xuan Bello (1965)
- Jorge Moreno (1973)
Music
The music of Asturias is varied. The most characteristic instrument in traditional music is the Asturian bagpipe, or Gaita asturiana, which has a single drone.[35][36] The bagpipe is often accompanied by the hand drum, whistles and accordion.
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in traditional folk music, and several music ensembles have gained regional and international recognition for their ethnomusicological study and presentation of indigenous Asturian music. Notable examples include traditional pipers such as Xuacu Amieva and Tejedor and fusionist José Ángel Hevia (whose music video[37] provides views of both the gaita and the Asturian landscape), and the groups Llan de Cubel, Xera, Nuberu and Felpeyu.[38][39][40] Additionally, numerous rock, ska and heavy metal groups have also found relative success within Asturias, many of which incorporate elements of traditional Asturian music into their sound.[41]
Anthem
The Asturian anthem Asturias, patria querida (Asturias, beloved fatherland), which was a popular song adopted as the region's anthem and formalised by Ley 1/1984, de 27 de Abríl.
Orquesta Sinfónica del Principado de Asturias
The Orquesta Sinfónica del Principado de Asturias is the premier orchestra in the Principality of Asturias.[42] It is based in the Auditorio Príncipe Felipe in Oviedo, but also performs in the main concert venues in Gijón and Avilés. Rossen Milanov is the Music Director.[43]
Other
Notable people
- Spain national football teamsince July 9, 2018.
- Juan Carreño de Miranda, court painter
- Fernando Alonso, Formula One racing driver, 2005 and 2006 world champion
- Leopoldo Alas "Clarín", 19th-century author of La Regenta, a seminal work in the Spanish literary canon
- Armando Palacio Valdés, 19th and 20th-century novelist and critic
- Francisco Álvarez Cascos, minister in Spain's government 1996–2000 and 2000–2004
- Arsenaland Spain international football player, European Champion 2008 and 2012
- Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, key lawmaker during the Spanish transition to democracy
- Ángel González, major Spanish poet of the 20th century
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, philosopher, politician, Enlightenment thinker
- Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, statesman, economist, and Enlightenmentwriter
- Agustín Argüelles, liberal politician
- Saint Augustine, Florida
- Gonzalo Méndez de Canço, governor of the Spanish Florida (1596-1603)
- Felipe VI, King of Spain
- Severo Ochoa, 1959 Nobel Prize winner for physiology or medicine
- Rafael del Riego, general and liberal politician
- Carmen Polo, wife of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco
- Chechu Rubiera, cyclist
- Victor Manuel, Spanish singer-songwriter
- José Andrés, chef
- Amalia Ulman, artist
- David Villa, New York City FC and Spain international football star, European Champion 2008, World Champion 2010
- Juan Manuel Mata, Manchester United F.C.player, Spain international football star, World Champion 2010 and European Champion 2012
- Swansea City and Rayo Vallecanoplayer
- Xaviel Vilareyo, national poet, writer and musician
- Samuel Sánchez, cyclist, Olympic gold medalist
- Melendi, is a Spanish pop singer-songwriter
- Pablo Carreño, professional tennis player
- Margarita Salas, scientist
- Miguel Díaz-Canel, President of Cuba
-
king of Asturias
-
José Andrés, famous chef
-
Queen Letizia, current Queen consort of Spain
-
Fernando Alonso
Events
- Princess of Asturias Awards
- Asturian Revolution (Asturian History)
- Gijón International Film Festival (Entertainment)
- Avilés International Cinema and Architecture Festival (Entertainment)
See also
- Arama 36/37: Association for the Recovery of Asturian Military Architecture 1936–1937
- Asturian architecture between the years 711 to 925
- Asturian mythology
- Asturcón pony
- Asturian cinema
- Churches in Asturias
- List of oldest church buildings
References
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- ^ Asturian: Asturies [asˈtuɾjes; -ɾjɪs])
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