List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia
This is a list of palaces and manor houses in Latvia built after the 16th century. This list does not include castles, which are listed in a separate article. And as there are more than 1000 manor houses and palaces in Latvia, this list is incomplete.[1]
Kurzeme
Name | Parish | Municipality | Established | Status | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tadaiķi parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 19th century | Preserved | During the Soviet occupation, the building housed
apartments, a shop, and a post office |
||
Aizvīķi parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | around 1870 | Preserved | Since 1952 it houses a nursing home. | ||
Aizpute parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | Finished in 1762 | Preserved | The building houses the Aizpute
Local History Museum |
||
Laža parish
|
South Kurzeme Municipality | Completed in 1742 | Preserved | It houses the Apriķi Primary School | ||
Embūte parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | built around 1867 | Preserved | Formerly housed a school but now
is a museum. |
||
Kazdanga parish
|
South Kurzeme Municipality
|
Built in 1860 | Preserved | It currently houses a museum | ||
Cīrava parish
|
South Kurzeme Municipality | 1752 | Preserved | Reconstructed in the 1960s | [2] | |
Cēre parish | Tukums Municipality | Rebuilt in the 1860s | Preserved | It currently houses the Cēre Primary School | ||
Vecpils parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | Unknown | Destroyed | A guest house by the name of "Vecpils muiža" was constructed on the former site of the manor. | ||
Embūte parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | Possibly built in 1886 | Ruins | The manor was left abandoned after the 1970s | ||
Grobiņa parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 1913 | Preserved | |||
Balgale parish
|
Talsi Municipality | Built in 1820 | Preserved | Currently is private property | [3] | |
Cīrava parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | Early 19th century | Preserved | It currently houses the Dzērve Primary School | ||
Embūte parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 18th century | Ruins | Built upon the foundations of the old manor, it is now in ruin right next to the
Embūte castle ruins, as well as the Embūte church ruins. |
||
Ezere parish
|
Saldus municipality
|
Built in 1750 | Preserved | It houses the Ezere Secondary School | ||
Talsi | Talsi municipality | Built in 1883 | Preserved | It houses the Talsi Regional Museum | ||
Gavieze parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 19th century | Preserved | The manor itself is an elementary school,
but a culture house has been established in the former stable |
||
Grobiņa parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | late 18th-early 19th
century |
Preserved | It houses the State Social Care Center | ||
Īvande parish
|
Kuldīga municipality | After 1850 | Preserved | Stands next to the Īvande Old Manor | ||
Īvade parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | early 18th century | Preserved | Stands next to the Īvande Manor | ||
Jaunauce parish
|
Saldus municipality
|
Early 19th century | Preserved | It houses the Jaunauce Primary School | ||
Jaunlutriņi parish
|
Saldus municipality
|
Beginning of the 1800s | Preserved | It houses the Jaunlutriņu Elementary School | ||
Kabile parish
|
Kuldīga municipality
|
Between 1734 and 1740 | Preserved | Remodelled in the 1860s | ||
Kalēti parish | South Kurzeme municipality | 1876 | Preserved | Today, the manor houses the Kalēti Primary School, but the Music and Art School
works creatively in the left wing of the building. |
||
Rudbārži parish
|
Kuldīga Municipality | Around 1855 | Preserved | Made available for public events | [4] | |
Saldus parish
|
Saldus municipality
|
Completed in 1874 | Preserved | It houses the Saldus Agricultural School | [5] | |
Medze parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | rebuilt in 1843 | Preserved | The manor is being sold | ||
Kazdanga parish
|
South Kurzeme Municipality | 1800 | Preserved | Burned in 1905 and renovated in 1907 | [6] | |
Laidi parish
|
Kuldīga municipality
|
Early 19th century | Preserved | It houses the Laidi Primary School | ||
Pūre parish
|
Tukums municipality
|
Between 1855 and 1856 | Preserved | It houses the Dzirciems boarding school | ||
Laža parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 1871 | Preserved | It houses the Laža boarding school | ||
Tadaiķi parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 2nd half of the 18th century | Preserved | Currently it is being sold | ||
Vaiņode parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 17th century | Preserved | Private property | ||
Durbe parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 1825 | Preserved | |||
Ārlava parish
|
Talsi municipality
|
Built around 1880 | Preserved | Built by architect T. Seiler | [7] | |
|
Nīca parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 18th century? | Original look has been
lost, but it is technically preserved. |
It houses the social home "Ārītes" | |
Padure parish
|
Kuldīga municipality
|
Late 1830s to early 1840s | Preserved, but on sale | It housed the Padure's library until 2005 | [8] | |
Ģibuļi parish
|
Talsi municipality
|
Built in 1700 | Preserved | It houses the Pastende primary school | ||
Pelči parish
|
Kuldīga municipality
|
Built in 1903–1904 | Preserved | One of the early Latvian manors | [9] | |
Pope parish
|
Ventspils municipality
|
Originally built in 1653 | Preserved | It houses the Pope primary school | ||
Priekule parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 18th century | Preserved | It houses a highschool | ||
Virga parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 1st mentioned in 1357 | Preserved | Houses the Mežupe Primary School
(children with special needs study here) |
||
Dunalka parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 1834 | Preserved | Houses the Rāva school | ||
Reģi | Kuldīga Municipality | Built in 1890 | Partially preserved | It had a fire in 2007 | ||
|
Rudbārži parish
|
Kuldīga Municipality | Built in 1835 | Preserved | It houses the Oskars Kalpaks Rudbārži School | |
Valdgale parish
|
Talsi municipality
|
Built in 1886 | Preserved | [10] | ||
Snēpele parish
|
Kuldīga municipality
|
In the 19th century | Preserved | It houses the Snēpele Primary School | [11] | |
Laža parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 19th century | Preserved | |||
Lībagi parish
|
Talsi municipality
|
Between 1820 and 1848 | Preserved | Converted into apartments after 1925 | [12] | |
Saka parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | Preserved | Private property | |||
Gavieze parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 19th century | Ruins | Destroyed in 1943 | ||
Medze parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 1734 | Preserved | Open to tours | ||
Kalvene parish
|
Kuldīga Municipality | Early 19th century | Preserved | It houses the Kalvene elementary school | [13] | |
Īve parish
|
Talsi municipality
|
Built in 1805 | Preserved | It houses the Tiņģere elementary school | ||
Vaiņode parish
|
South Kurzeme Municipality | Built in 1912 | Ruins | Destroyed during Second World War | ||
Vandzene parish
|
Talsi municipality
|
Beginning of the 1800s | Preserved | It houses the Vandzene secondary school | ||
Vārme parish
|
Kuldīga municipality
|
Built in the 19th century | Preserved | It houses the Vārme primary school | ||
Vērgale parish
|
South Kurzeme Municipality | Built in the 18th century | Preserved | It currently houses the Vērgale school | [14] | |
Zentene parish
|
Tukums municipality
|
Between 1845 and 1850 | Preserved | It housed the Zentene School from 1938 | [15] | |
Virga parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | After 1583 | Preserved | It has a statue of Swedish king | ||
Vērgale parish | South Kurzeme Municipality | 19th century | Preserved | It's now a hotel |
Zemgale
Name | Parish | Municipality | Established | Status | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vāne parish
|
Tukums Municipality | Completed in 1823 | Partially preserved | From 1939 to 1985 it housed a forestry school | [16] | |
Baldone | Ķekava Municipality | Built in 1901 | Preserved | |||
Bēne parish
|
Dobele Municipality | End of the 16th century | Preserved | Rebuilt between 1876 and 1878 | [17] | |
Biksti parish
|
Dobele municipality
|
In the 19th century | Preserved | It houses the Biksti Elementary School | [18] | |
Vilce parish
|
Jelgava municipality
|
1743 | Preserved | Under renovation | [19] | |
Rundāle parish
|
Bauska Municipality | 1763 | Preserved | It formerly housed a gardening school | [20] | |
Glūda parish
|
Jelgava municipality
|
Built in the 17th century | Preserved | Abandoned | [21] | |
Dāviņi parish
|
Bauska municipality
|
Built in the 18th century | Preserved | Rebuilt in the 19th century | [22] | |
Tukums | Tukums municipality
|
1671 | Preserved | It currently houses the Tukuma Museum | [23] | |
Dzimtmisa | Bauska Municipality | 19th century | Preserved | It currently houses the Dzimtmisa School | [24] | |
Tume parish
|
Tukums municipality
|
Rebuilt in 1901 | Preserved | First mentioned in 1536 | [25] | |
Jelgava | Jelgava municipality
|
1738–1772 | Preserved | Largest Baroque style palace in the Baltic states | [26] | |
Rundāle parish
|
Bauska Municipality | Completed around 1780 | Preserved | Designed by architect Severin Jensen | [27] | |
Lielauce parish
|
Dobele Municipality | In the 19th century | Preserved | Restored from 1901 | [28] | |
Baldone | Bauska Municipality | After 1786 | Preserved | [29] | ||
Mežotne parish
|
Bauska municipality
|
1798–1802 | Preserved | Reconstructed in 2001, used as a hotel | [30] | |
Augstkalne parish
|
Dobele Municipality | Around 1850 | Preserved | It houses the Augstkalne Secondary School | [31] | |
Remte parish
|
Saldus Municipality
|
Built in 1800 | Preserved | It houses the Remte Primary School | [32] | |
Ruba parish
|
Saldus municipality
|
1881–1882 | Preserved | It houses the Ruba Primary School | [33] | |
Rundāle parish
|
Bauska Municipality | Built in the 1730s | Preserved | Completed in 1768 | [34] | |
Skaistkalne parish
|
Bauska Municipality | 1893–1894 | Preserved | It houses the Skaistkalne secondary school | [35] | |
Svēte parish
|
Jelgava municipality
|
Built around 1730 | Preserved | Extensively remodeled from 1774 to 1775 | [36] | |
Svitene parish
|
Bauska Municipality | Beginning of the 1800s | Preserved | It houses the Svitene Primary School | [37] | |
Šķēde parish
|
Saldus municipality
|
Completed in 1761 | Preserved | Private property | [38] | |
Vadakste parish
|
Saldus municipality
|
Between 1911 and 1914 | Preserved | It houses the Vadakste Primary School | [39] | |
Kandava parish | Tukums Municipality | Built in 1882 | Preserved | It currently houses a museum | [40] | |
Vāne parish
|
Bauska Municipality | Built in 1870 | Preserved | It houses the Vāne primary school. | [41] | |
Auce rural area | Dobele Municipality | Between 1839 and 1843 | Preserved | Designed by Friedrich August Stüler | [42] | |
Zaļenieki parish
|
Jelgava municipality
|
Built between 1768 and 1775 | Preserved | It houses the Zaļenieki Vocational School | [43][44] | |
Zante parish
|
Tukums Municipality | Before 1850 | Preserved | It houses the Zante primary school | ||
Zasa parish
|
Jēkabpils municipality
|
Ruins | ||||
Zemīte parish | Tukums Municipality | Built in the 19th century | Preserved | It currently houses a school | [45] |
Sēlija
Name | Parish | Municipality | Established | Status | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asare parish
|
Aknīste municipality
|
Built in 1749 | Ruins | Burned down in January 1926 | [46][47] | |
Bebrene parish | Ilūkste municipality
|
Building completed in 1896 | Preserved | It houses the Bebrene secondary school | [48] | |
Mazzalve parish
|
Nereta municipality
|
18th century | Preserved | It currently houses the Mazzalve School | [49] | |
Gārsene parish
|
Aknīste municipality
|
Built around 1856 | Preserved | It currently houses the Budberg museum | [50] | |
Skrudaliena parish
|
Daugavpils municipality
|
19th century | Preserved | Renovation completed in 2012 | [51] | |
Svente parish
|
Daugavpils municipality
|
Completed in 1912 | Preserved | Under restoration work since 2002 | [52] | |
Mazzalve parish
|
Nereta municipality
|
After 1850 | Preserved | Former manor built in 1801 | [53][54] | |
Zalve parish
|
Nereta municipality
|
Built in the 19th century | Preserved | Lielzalve School was closed in 2009 | [55] | |
Skrudaliena parish
|
Daugavpils municipality
|
1870 | Preserved | The estate remained divided between 1922 and 1939 | [56] | |
Mazzalve parish
|
Nereta municipality
|
Built after 1825 | Preserved | Italian Neo-Renaissance style | [57] | |
Vecsaliena parish
|
Daugavpils municipality
|
1870 | Preserved | Construction in Neo-Gothic style | [58] | |
Kaplava parish
|
Krāslava municipality
|
1880s | Preserved |
Vidzeme
Name | Parish | Municipality | Established | Status | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grundzāle parish
|
Smiltene municipality
|
1793 | Preserved | [59] | ||
Beļava parish
|
Gulbene municipality
|
Around 1760 | Preserved | [60] | ||
Sarkaņi parish
|
Madona municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Vidriži parish
|
Limbaži municipality
|
Built between 1857 and 1860 | Preserved | Rebuilt in the beginning of the 20th century | [61] | |
Cesvaine | Cesvaine municipality
|
Built in 1896 | Preserved | Architects Hans Grisebach and August Dinklage | [62][63] | |
Ineši parish
|
Vecpiebalga municipality
|
1886 | Preserved | Renovated in 2000 | [64] | |
Dikļi parish
|
Kocēni municipality
|
1896 | Preserved | Restored and privately owned since 2000 | [65] | |
Salaspils parish
|
Salaspils municipality
|
1898 | Preserved | It currently houses the Daugava River Museum | [66] | |
Drabeši parish
|
Amata municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Dzelzava parish
|
Madona municipality
|
1767 | Preserved | [60] | ||
Dzērbene parish
|
Vecpiebalga municipality
|
Built in 18th century | Preserved | |||
Gaujiena parish
|
Ape municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Vidriži parish
|
Limbaži municipality
|
Around 1880 | Preserved | It is currently a hotel | [67] | |
Jaungulbene parish
|
Gulbene municipality
|
Completed in 1878 | Preserved | |||
Jumurda parish
|
Ērgļi municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Katvari parish
|
Limbaži municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Kocēni parish
|
Kocēni municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Liepa parish
|
Priekuļi municipality
|
During 19th century | Preserved | |||
Liezēre Parish | Madona Municipality | Preserved | ||||
Litene parish
|
Gulbene municipality
|
Built before 1850 | Preserved | It houses the Litene Elementary School | ||
Lizums parish
|
Gulbene municipality
|
Around 1850 | Preserved | It houses the Lizums Secondary School | [68] | |
Mālpils | Mālpils municipality
|
Restructured after 1750 | Preserved | The building was rebuilt from 1905 | [69][70] | |
Mazsalaca | Mazsalaca municipality
|
Built before 1780 | Preserved | It now houses the Mazsalaca School | [71] | |
Kauguri parish
|
Beverīna municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Naukšēni parish | Naukšēni municipality
|
End of the 18th century | Preserved | It houses the Naukšēni People Museum | [72] | |
Vietalva parish
|
Pļaviņas municipality
|
Around 1850 | Partly ruined | [73] | ||
Brīvzemnieki parish
|
Aloja municipality
|
End of the 18th century | Preserved | It houses the Ozolmuiža Elementary School | [74] | |
Palsmane parish
|
Smiltene municipality
|
Built in 1880 | Preserved | |||
Brīvzemnieki parish
|
Aloja municipality
|
1870s | Preserved | It houses the Puikule Primary School. | [75] | |
|
Sēja parish
|
Sēja municipality
|
Built in 1766
Renovated from 1883 to 1885 |
Ruins | [76] | |
|
Skujene parish
|
Amata municipality
|
Destroyed by fire in 1905 | Sērmūkši School built on former site in 1936 | [77] | |
|
Skrīveri Parish | Skrīveri municipality
|
Built from 1881 to 1887 | Destroyed in 1915 during the World War I. | [circular reference] | |
|
Stāmeriena parish
|
Gulbene municipality
|
Built from 1835 to 1843 | Preserved | [78][79] | |
Klintaine parish
|
Pļaviņas municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Suntaži parish
|
Ogre municipality
|
End of the 18th century | Preserved | Renovated in 1909 | [80] | |
Taurupe parish
|
Ogre municipality
|
After 1724 | Preserved | Converted into a school in 1938 | [81] | |
Trapene parish
|
Ape municipality
|
Beginning of the 1800s | Preserved | |||
Raiskums parish
|
Pārgauja municipality
|
1732 | Preserved | [60] | ||
Bebri parish
|
Koknese municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
|
Gulbene | Gulbene municipality
|
1763 | Preserved | It now houses a Spa Hotel | [82] |
Veselava parish
|
Priekuļi municipality
|
Built in the 19th century | Preserved | |||
Vestiena parish
|
Madona municipality
|
Built around 1750 | Preserved | It houses the Vestiena Elementary School | ||
Ziemeri parish
|
Alūksne municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Gaujiena parish | Ape municipality
|
Preserved |
Latgale
Name | Parish | Municipality | Established | Status | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vērēmi parish
|
Rēzekne municipality
|
1851 | Preserved | [83] | ||
Rožkalni parish | Vārkava municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Cibla parish
|
Cibla municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Cibla Parish | Cibla Municipality | Beginning of the 1900s | Preserved | |||
Aizkalne parish | Preiļi municipality
|
Built between 1883 and 1891 | Preserved | The manor currently houses a museum | [84] | |
Pelēči parish
|
Preiļi municipality
|
Built between 1860 and 1863 | Preserved | It housed a primary school from 1922 to 2003 | [85] | |
Aglona parish
|
Aglona municipality
|
Preserved | ||||
Krāslava | Krāslava municipality
|
Completed in 1791 | Preserved | |||
Krāslava | Krāslava municipality
|
Built in 1759 | Abandoned and ruined | [86] | ||
Lūznava parish
|
Rēzekne municipality
|
Built between 1905 and 1911 | Preserved | |||
Malnava parish
|
Kārsava municipality
|
Built in the 19th century | Preserved | The first building dates of 1784 | [87] | |
Pasiene parish
|
Zilupe municipality
|
Built in the 17th century | Preserved | Privatised in need of renovation | [88] | |
Preiļi | Preiļi municipality
|
Built in the 19th century | Partially preserved | Reconstructed between 1860 and 1865 | [89] | |
Rikava parish
|
Rēzekne municipality
|
Built in 1870 | Preserved | It currently houses the Rikava School | [90] | |
Salnava parish
|
Kārsava municipality
|
Built in 1785 | Preserved | It currently houses the Salnava Elementary School | [91] | |
Varakļāni | Varakļāni municipality
|
Built between 1783 and 1789 | Preserved | Varakļāni Regional Museum | [92] | |
Upmala Parish | Vārkava municipality
|
In the 19th century | Preserved | A new stone manor was built in 1865 | [93] |
See also
- List of castles in Latvia
- List of castles
- List of castles in Estonia
- List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia
- List of palaces and manor houses in Lithuania
- List of castles in Lithuania
References
- ^ Manor houses and palaces on Latvia map.
- ^ Danske Banka. Cīrava castle. p. 1.
- ^ Zarāns p. 28.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Kalnamuiža (Sieksātes) muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Kalnamuiža (Kalnmuiža – Kalnsētas). Saldus tehnikums". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
- ISBN 978-9955-9650-5-3.
- ^ Zarāns p. 48.
- ^ LATVIJAS PIĻU UN MUIŽU ASOCIĀCIJA. "Historical information". LATVIJAS PIĻU UN MUIŽU ASOCIĀCIJA. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Pelču muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Sasmakas muižas pils (Valdemārpils)". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Snēpeles muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Stendes (Dižstendes) muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Tāšu-Padure muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Vērgales muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Zentenes muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Aizupes muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Bēnes muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Bikstu muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Blankenfeldes muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 6 May 2004. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Bornsmindes muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 20 January 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Bramberģes muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 17 September 2004. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Bruknas muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ Tukuma Muzejs. "Durbes pils" (in Latvian). Tukuma Muzejs. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Dzimtmisas muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ Zarāns p. 108.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33125-1. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
- ISBN 998-490-987-5.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Lielauces muiža". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ^ Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. "Mercendarbe Manor". Latvijas Piļu un Muižu asociācija. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
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