List of stellar streams
This is a list of stellar streams. A stellar stream is an association of stars orbiting a galaxy. It was once a globular cluster or dwarf galaxy that has now been torn apart and stretched out along its orbit by tidal forces.[1] An exception in the list about Milky Way streams given below is the Magellanic Stream, composed of gas (mostly hydrogen), although in 2023 a population of stars has been described inside it.[2]
Local Group streams
Milky Way streams
Name | Origin | Mass (solar masses) |
Length (light-years) |
Composition | Discovery year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arcturus stream
|
Defunct dwarf galaxy | Unknown | Unknown | Old stars deficient in heavy elements | 1971[5] |
Magellanic Stream | Large and Small Magellanic Clouds | 200 million | 1 million | Hydrogen gas | 1972 |
Sagittarius Stream | Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy | 100 million | 1 million | Wide variety of stars | 1994 |
Helmi stream | Defunct dwarf galaxy | 10—100 million | Several complete loops around the Milky Way | Old stars deficient in heavy elements | 1999 |
Palomar 5 stream
|
Globular cluster Palomar 5 | 5,000 | 30,000 | Old stars | 2001 |
Virgo stream
|
Defunct dwarf galaxy | 30,000 | 2001 | ||
Monoceros ring
|
Canis Major Overdensity | 100 million | 200,000 | Intermediate age stars | 2002 |
Anticenter stream
|
Defunct dwarf galaxy | Unknown | 30,000 | Old stars | 2006 |
GD-1 | Globular cluster | Metal-poor stars | 2006[6] | ||
NGC 5466 stream 45 Degree tidal stream |
Globular cluster NGC 5466 | 10,000 | 60,000 | Very old stars | 2006[7][8] |
Orphan stream | Unknown source (hence its name) | Unknown[9] | 20,000 | Old stars | 2006 |
Acheron stream | Globular cluster | 2007[7][10] | |||
Boötes III stream | Embedded in, and possible progenitor of the Styx stream | 2007[7][10] | |||
Cocytus stream | Globular cluster | 2007[7][10] | |||
Lethe stream | Globular cluster | 2007[10] | |||
Styx stream | Defunct Boötes III )
|
2007[7][10] | |||
Cetus Polar Stream | Defunct dwarf galaxy | Unknown | Unknown | Old stars | 2009[11] |
Aquarius Stream | Defunct dwarf galaxy | Unknown | 30,000 | Old stars | 2010 |
Lamost 1
|
Disrupted globular cluster | 21,000 | Intermediate-age stars | 2015[12] | |
Phoenix Stream | Disrupted globular cluster | Unknown | 8,000 | Very old stars[13][14] | 2016[15] |
Fimbulthul stream | Globular cluster Omega Centauri | 318 | 2019[16] | ||
Pisces-Eridanus stream
|
disrupted cluster or association
|
2,000 | 1,300 | very young (~120 Myr) nearby (260 - 870 light-years) stream[17]
|
2019 [18] |
Nyx stream | remnant of a disrupted dwarf galaxy — long-ago galaxy merger | about 200 stars | 2020[19][20] | ||
Specter | disrupted ultra-faint dwarf galaxy | 2,000 | 18,000 | 2022[21] |
Andromeda Galaxy streams
Name | Origin | Mass (solar masses) |
Length (light-years) |
Composition | Discovery year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M31 Giant stellar stream[citation needed] | |||||
Andromeda NE stellar stream[22] | 2004 | ||||
Tidal Stream Northwest (Tidal Stream E and F)[23] | 2009 | ||||
Tidal Stream Southwest[23] | 2009 | ||||
East Cloud[citation needed] | |||||
North Spur[citation needed] | |||||
Stream A[citation needed] | |||||
Stream B[citation needed] | |||||
Stream C[citation needed] | |||||
Stream D[citation needed] |
Streams beyond the Local Group
Due to new deeper sky surveys, such as the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey, a large number of streams are to be expected to be discovered in the future. An initial search in 2023 by Martínez-Delgado et al. searched 389 galaxies and found 89 candidates with stellar streams (22,9%). They plan to search about 3100 galaxies, which might yield hundreds of candidates. In the pasts less sensitive surveys such as SDSS were only able to detect the brightest stellar streams.[24]
Name | Location | Origin | Mass (solar masses) |
Length (light-years) |
Composition | Characteristics | Discovery year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young Blue Tidal Stream[25] | NGC 5128
|
A gas fragment or a dwarf galaxy |
2002 | ||||
NGC 4013[26] | former dwarf satellite with low inclination orbit |
large looping structure | 2008 | ||||
NGC 5907[27] | low-mass satellite accretion | multiple surrounding loops | 2009 | ||||
NGC 4651[28] | satellite accretion | narrow jet-like structure and surrounding debris shell | 2010 | ||||
NGC 3521[28] | satellite accretion | jet-like structure and surrounding debris shell | 2010 | ||||
NGC 7531[28] | satellite accretion | surrounding debris shell | 2010 | ||||
NGC 1084[28] | satellite accretion | three giant disconnected plumes of similar width | 2010 | ||||
NGC 4216[28] | satellite accretion | ongoing tidal disruption of satellite galaxies seen as long tails extending from the progenitor satellite |
2010 | ||||
NGC 1055[28] | satellite accretion | clear box shaped inner halo sprinkled with a plethora of coherent spikes | 2010 | ||||
NGC 5291[29] | galaxy interaction | two separate tidal tails to the north and south | ? | ||||
petal of the sunflower | Messier 63 (NGC 5055)[30] | dwarf satellite accretion | 4x108 | 1979/2011 | |||
NGC 5387[31] | satellite accretion | 6x108 | 11.7 kpc | young stars | enhanced star formation, metal-poor | 2014 | |
feather on the hat | Messier 104 (NGC 4594)[32] | major merger | extremely metal rich | 2021 |
See also
References
- ^ Schilling, Govert (January 12, 2022). "Stellar streams are revealing their secrets". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
- .
- S2CID 238856998.
- ^ "Twelve for dinner: The Milky Way's feeding habits shine a light on dark matter". Dunlap Institute. Retrieved 2022-01-17.
- ^ PMID 17479629.
- S2CID 8561289.
- ^ a b c d e "Rings around the galaxy". Astronomy. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- S2CID 17925570.
- S2CID 91177423.
- ^ S2CID 17328907.
- S2CID 118395419.
- S2CID 118542097.
- S2CID 220845585.
- S2CID 220845585.
- S2CID 12590274.
- ^ Malhan, Khyati (23 April 2019). "Ghostly tributaries to our galaxy: Catastrophic tale of the most massive globular cluster of the Milky Way". Nature Research Astronomy Community. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ISSN 0004-6256.
- ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ "Nyx: Stellar stream of stars discovered in Milky Way that originated in another galaxy". ScitechDaily. 8 July 2020.
- S2CID 197430957.
- S2CID 251134878.
- S2CID 16057037.
- ^ a b "New tidal streams found in Andromeda reveal history of galactic mergers". Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ISSN 0004-6361.
- S2CID 16642381.
- S2CID 14957582.
- S2CID 8387773.
- ^ S2CID 43034946.
- S2CID 5822678.
- ISSN 0004-6256.
- ISSN 0004-637X.
- ISSN 0035-8711.
Further reading
- McConnachie, Alan W.; Ibata, Rodrigo; Martin, Nicolas; et al. (20 November 2018). "The Large-scale Structure of the Halo of the Andromeda Galaxy. II. Hierarchical Structure in the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 868 (1): 55. .
- Mateu, Cecilia (2023). "galstreams: A Library of Milky Way Stellar Stream Footprints and Tracks". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 520 (4): 5225–5258. .
External links
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 5907 (19 June 2008)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 4013 (7 February 2008)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 4651 (15 April 2010)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 1055 (24 April 2010)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 3521 (15 September 2011)