MACPF

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See also: Complement membrane attack complex
MAC/Perforin domain
Identifiers
SymbolMACPF
TCDB
1.C.39
OPM superfamily168
OPM protein6h04
Membranome233
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

The Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF)

pore-forming toxins (PFTs).[2] In eukaryotes, MACPF proteins play a role in immunity and development.[3]

Archetypal members of the family are

pore forming toxins previously thought to only exist in bacteria.[8][9]

Families

As of early 2016, there are three families belonging to the MACPF superfamily:

Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) Family

Proteins containing MACPF domains play key roles in vertebrate immunity, embryonic development, and neural-cell migration.[10] The ninth component of complement and perforin form oligomeric pores that lyse bacteria and kill virus-infected cells, respectively. The crystal structure of a bacterial MACPF protein, Plu-MACPF from Photorhabdus luminescens was determined (PDB: 2QP2​).[11] The MACPF domain is structurally similar to pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysins from gram-positive bacteria, suggesting that MACPF proteins create pores and disrupt cell membranes similar to cytolysin. A representative list of proteins belonging to the MACPF family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

Biological roles of MACPF domain containing proteins

Many proteins belonging to the MACPF superfamily play key roles in plant and animal immunity.

Complement proteins C6-C9 all contain a MACPF domain and assemble into the membrane attack complex. C6, C7 and C8β appear to be non-lytic and function as scaffold proteins within the MAC. In contrast both C8α and C9 are capable of lysing cells. The final stage of MAC formation involves polymerisation of C9 into a large pore that punches a hole in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Perforin is stored in granules within cytotoxic T-cells and is responsible for killing virally infected and transformed cells. Perforin functions via two distinct mechanisms. Firstly, like C9, high concentrations of perforin can form pores that lyse cells. Secondly, perforin permits delivery of the cytotoxic granzymes A and B into target cells. Once delivered, granzymes are able to induce apoptosis and cause target cell death.[5][12]

The plant protein CAD1 (TC# 1.C.39.11.3) functions in the plant immune response to bacterial infection.[13][14]

The sea anemone Actineria villosa uses a MACPF (AvTX-60A; TC# 1.C.39.10.1)protein as a lethal toxin.[15]

MACPF proteins are also important for the invasion of the

Malarial parasite into the mosquito host and the liver.[16][17]

Not all MACPF proteins function in defence or attack. For example,

Heliocidaris erythrogramma) development.[18][19] Drosophila Torso-like protein (TC# 1.C.39.15.1), which controls embryonic patterning,[20] also contains a MACPF domain.[8]
Its function is implicated in a receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that specifies differentiation and terminal cell fate.

Functionally uncharacterised MACPF proteins are sporadically distributed in bacteria. Several species of Chlamydia contain MACPF proteins.[21] The insect pathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens also contains a MACPF protein, however, this molecule appears non-lytic.[8]

Structure and mechanism

The X-ray crystal structure of Plu-MACPF, a protein from the

gram-positive pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens (which causes gas gangrene). The amino acid sequence identity between the two families is extremely low, and the relationship is not detectable using conventional sequence based data mining techniques.[8]

It is suggested that MACPF proteins and CDCs form pores in the same way (figure 1).

amphipathic β-strands that span the membrane of the target cell.[8]
Like CDC's MACPF proteins are thus β-pore forming toxins that act like a molecular hole punch.

Other crystal structures for members of the MACPF superfamily can be found in RCSB: i.e., 3KK7​, 3QOS​, 3QQH​, 3RD7​, 3OJY​

Mechanism of membrane attack by MACPF proteins
Figure 1: a) The structure of the CDC perfringolysin O [22][1] and b) the structure of Plu-MACPF [8][2]. In both proteins the two small clusters of α-helicesl that are proposed to unwind and pierce the membrane are in pink.
Figure 2: Molecular model of the pre-pore form of a MACPF protein based upon the structure of pneunolysin.[23]

Control of MACPF proteins

Complement regulatory proteins such as

MAC inhibitors and prevent inappropriate activity of complement against self cells (Figure 3). Biochemical studies have revealed the peptide sequences in C8α and C9 that bind to CD59.[24][25] Analysis of the MACPF domain structures reveals that these sequences map to the second cluster of helices that unfurl to span the membrane. It is therefore suggested that CD59 directly inhibits the MAC by interfering with conformational change in one of the membrane spanning regions.[8]

Other proteins that bind to the MAC include C8γ. This protein belongs to the lipocalin family and interacts with C8α. The binding site on C8α is known, however, the precise role of C8γ in the MAC remains to be understood.[26][27]

Proteins that bind MACPF domains
Figure 3: NMR structure of CD59.[28] [3].
Figure 3: Crystal structure of C8γ (green) with peptide from C8α (cyan).[27] [4].

Role in human disease

Deficiency of C9, or other components of the MAC results in an increased susceptibility to diseases caused by

meningococcal meningitis.[29] Overactivity of MACPF proteins can also cause disease. Most notably, deficiency of the MAC inhibitor CD59 results in an overactivity of complement and Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.[30]

lymphocytes which results in cytokine mediated organ damage.[31]

The MACPF protein DBCCR1 may function as a tumor suppressor in bladder cancer.[3][32]

Human proteins containing this domain

C6; C7; C8A; C8B; C9; FAM5B; FAM5C; MPEG1;

PRF1

References

  1. S2CID 17084919
    .
  2. PMID 1722985
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 18564372
    .
  4. S2CID 4330219
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 39504110
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 17475905
    .
  7. S2CID 22684521
    .
  8. ^
    S2CID 20372720
    .
  9. S2CID 44959101
    .
  10. PMID 18778941
    .
  11. S2CID 20372720
    .
  12. PMID 17116752
    .
  13. PMID 15799997
    .
  14. S2CID 37799485
    .
  15. PMID 15019483
    .
  16. PMID 15520375
    .
  17. S2CID 19341572
    .
  18. S2CID 206576029
    .
  19. PMID 10373306
    .
  20. S2CID 4274979
    .
  21. S2CID 7748405
    .
  22. S2CID 8345038
    .
  23. S2CID 1613454
    .
  24. PMID 16844690
    .
  25. PMID 7544344
    .
  26. S2CID 86614986
    .
  27. ^
    PMID 17692377
    .
  28. PMID 7512825
    .
  29. S2CID 3227108
    .
  30. PMID 11287977
    .
  31. S2CID 30781596
    .
  32. S2CID 3620390
    .

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