Malabar whistling thrush
Malabar whistling thrush | |
---|---|
from Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra | |
Partial song | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Muscicapidae |
Genus: | Myophonus
|
Species: | M. horsfieldii
|
Binomial name | |
Myophonus horsfieldii Vigors, 1831
| |
Synonyms | |
Myiophoneus horsfieldii[2] |
The Malabar whistling thrush (Myophonus horsfieldii) is a whistling thrush in the family Muscicapidae. The bird has been called whistling schoolboy for the whistling calls that they make at dawn that have a very human quality.[3] The species is a resident in the Western Ghats and associated hills of peninsular India including central India and parts of the Eastern Ghats.
Taxonomy and systematics
This is a monotypic taxon previously considered conspecific with Taiwan whistling thrush.[4]
Description and biology
It is a large thrush measuring about 25-30 cm[4] and weighs about 101-130 g. The male has a blackish upper body with shiny metallic patches of blue on the forehead and shoulders, and glossy royal-blue scaling on back, scapulars and mid-breast to belly. The bill and legs are black. The female is very similar, but with weaker scaling below. Juveniles are black, with glossy blue shoulder patch and wing edgings. The blue becomes visible only in oblique lighting and is due to ultraviolet reflectance, a shared attribute with other whistling thrushes.[4][5][6][7]
Distribution and habitat
Malabar whistling thrushes are usually found in dark undergrowth in dense riverine forest.
Behaviour and ecology
They are usually seen singly or in pairs. Wherever there is suitable habitat, they are often found close to human habitation. The male sings its varied and melodious whistling song from trees during summer. They may sing for a long time around dawn but at other times of the day they often utter sharp single or two note high-pitched whistles. They were once popular as cage birds, with the ability to learn entire tunes. They bathe frequently in water usually in the mornings and evenings but also at midday during hot weather.[3]
Food and feeding
The species is omnivorous, feeding primarily on insects, snails, worms, crabs[17] and small frogs, as well as drupes, and wind-fallen figs and berries.[6] Occasionally they have been recorded eating small snakes[18] and rare records of eating longer snakes such as the Rat snake have been reported.[19]
Breeding
The birds breed from March to December and begin with the arrival of the monsoons.
References
- . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Delacour (1942) writes "the proper spelling is Myiophoneus Temminck and Laugier, 1822 Myophonus T. and L., 1822 is an orthographic error, as well as Myophoneus in their tables, x859, while Myiophonus Agassiz, 1846, is an unnecessary emendation."
- ^ a b c McCann, C (1931). "Notes on the Whistling School Boy or Malabar Whistling Thrush (Myiophoneus horsfieldi, Vigors)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35 (1): 202–204.
- ^ , retrieved 1 February 2022
- ^ a b Rasmussen PC & Anderton, JC (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 371.
- ^ a b c d Ali, S & Ripley, S D (1998). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 79–81.
- ISSN 0962-8452.
- ^ Vishwakarma, Anurag, Ravi Naidu2 P. Vijay Sitaram Raju, and Saurabh Singh. "Range extension of Malabar Whistling Thrush (Myophonus horsfieldii) in Chhattisgarh." Newsletter for Birdwatchers 59.6 (2019): 73.
- ^ Bharos, A M K (1996). "Range extension of the Malabar Whistling Thrush, Myiophonus horsfieldii (Vigors)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 93 (2): 295.
- ^ Panda, B., S. Pati, and B. P. Dash. "Occurrence of Malabar Whistling Thrush: Myophonus horsfieldii,(Vigors, 1831) in Similipal Biosphere Reserve of Odisha. Bird-o-soar# 05." Zoo’s Print 32.11 (2017): 37.
- ^ Ananth, G (1982). "Malabar Whistling Thrush near Madanapalle". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 22 (3&4): 10–11.
- .
- ^ Ambedkar, V C (1991). "Long distance movement of a Malabar Whistling Thrush (Myiophonus horsfieldii) (Vigors) in the Western Ghats". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 88 (1): 113.
- JSTOR 4079555.
- ^ Butler, EA (1875). "Notes on the avifauna of Mount Aboo and northern Guzerat". Stray Feathers. 3 (3): 437–500.
- ^ Sangha, Harkirat Singh; Dhirendra Devarshi (March–April 2006). "Birds of Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India" (PDF). Indian Birds. 2 (2): 26–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
- ^ McCann, Charles (1937). "Notes on the common land crab Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) guerini (M.) of Salsette Island". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 39 (3): 531–542.
- ^ kuttettan, munnar; kallettumkara, raphy. "eBird checklist from Pothamedu, Munnar". Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Sayyed, Amit; Gokulkrishnan, G; Patil, Rajgopal; Mahabal, Anil (2017). "Malabar Whistling Thrush feeding on rat snake" (PDF). Indian Birds. 14: 57–58.
- ^ Navarro, SJ (1981). "Observations of pair formation". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 21 (5): 3–7.
- ^ Betham, R M (1903). "Curious site for nesting chosen by the Malabar Whistling-Thrush Myiophoneus horsfieldi". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 14 (4): 815.
- ^ a b Anoop Das, K.S.; Vijayan L. (2003). "Nest and nest site selection of Malabar Whistling Thrush in Silent Valley". In R. Annamalai; M,. Narayanan; Juliet Vanitharani (eds.). Proc. of the 28th Conference of the Ethological Soc. of India, Mundanthurai, Tirunelveli. Dept. Zool. Sara Tucker College, Tirunelveli & Tamil Nadu Forest Dept, KMTR, Tirunelveli. pp. 83–86.
- ^ Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Edition 4. Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 119–120.
- ^ Ali, Salim (1996). The Book of Indian Birds. Edition 12. BNHS & Oxford University Press. pp. 285–286.
- ^ Hume, AO (1889). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 1. R H Porter, London. pp. 124–127.
Other sources
- Harish, B T (1977) The Malabar Whistling Thrush. Newsletter for Birdwatchers ., India. 17(11):8.
- Thakker, P S (1980) Malabar Whistling Thrush and Chestnutheaded Bee-eater. Newsletter for Birdwatchers ., India. 20(11), 3–4.
- Navarro, A (1976) The Whistling Thrush – the harbinger of the monsoon. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 16(11):5–7