Mandarin square

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Mandarin square
Hanyu Pinyin
bŭzi
Wade–Gilesputzŭ
Vietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetBổ tửChữ Hán補子Korean nameHangul흉배Hanja胸背
Transcriptions
Revised Romanizationhyungbae
Manchu nameManchu scriptᠰᠠᠪᡳᡵᡤᡳMöllendorff
sabirgiEnglish nameEnglishMandarin square/ rank badge

A mandarin square (Chinese: 補子), also known as a rank badge, was a large embroidered badge sewn onto the surcoat of officials in Imperial China (decorating hanfu and qizhuang), Korea (decorating the gwanbok of the Joseon dynasty), in Vietnam, and the Ryukyu Kingdom. It was embroidered with detailed, colourful animal or bird insignia indicating the rank of the official wearing it. Despite its name, the mandarin square (buzi) falls into two categories: round buzi and square buzi.[1]: 396  Clothing decorated with buzi is known as bufu (simplified Chinese: 补服; traditional Chinese: 補服) in China.[2] In the 21st century, the use of buzi on hanfu was revived following the Hanfu movement.

China

The history of the square-shaped buzi is unclear. However, in the Yuan dynasty encyclopaedia Shilin Guangji (事林廣記), as well as contemporary Persian paintings of the Mongol court, there are pictures showing officials wearing clothing with squares on the back, decorated with flora, animals and birds.[3] By the Yuan dynasty, the square-shaped buzi was already worn as clothing ornaments.[4]: 235 

Ming dynasty

A 15th-century portrait of the Ming minister Liu Daxia. His mandarin square indicates that he was a civil official of the first rank.

Mandarin squares were first authorized for the wear of officials in the sumptuary laws of 1391 of the Ming dynasty.[4]: 235  The use of squares depicting birds for civil officials and animals for military officials was an outgrowth of the use of similar squares, apparently for decorative use, in the Yuan dynasty.[5] The original court dress regulations of the Ming dynasty were published in 1368, but did not refer to badges as rank insignia.[6] These badges continued to be used through the remainder of the Ming and the subsequent Qing dynasty until the imperial system fell in 1912.

Ming nobles and officials wore their rank badges on full-cut red robes with the design stretching from side to side, completely covering the chest and back. This caused the badges to be slightly trapezoidal with the tops narrower than the bottom.[7] The Ming statutes never refer to the number of birds or animals that should appear on the badges. In the beginning, two or three were used. In a typical example of paired birds, they were shown in flight on a background of bright cloud streamers on a gold background. Others showed one bird on the ground with the second in flight. The addition of flowers produced an idealized naturalism.[8][9]

Qing dynasty

A Qing dynasty photograph of a government official with mandarin square on the chest.

There was a sharp difference between the Ming and Qing styles of badges: the Qing badges were smaller with a decorative border.

marquis and count had two front-facing, four-clawed dragons on square designs, whereas viscount and baron
had cranes and golden pheasants, as for mandarins of the first and second class.

Comparative table across dynasties

Adam Schall
wearing a robe with civilian mandarin badge of the first rank

The specific birds and animals used to represent rank varied only slightly from the inception of mandarin squares until the end of the Qing dynasty. Officials who held a lower position or did odd jobs used the magpie during the Ming dynasty. Supervising officials used xiezhi. Musicians used the oriole. The following tables[12] show this evolution:

Military

Rank Ming (1391–1526) Ming and Qing (1527–1662) Late Qing (1662–1911) Image
1 Lion Lion Qilin (after 1662)
2 Lion Lion Lion
3 Tiger or leopard Tiger Leopard (after 1664)
4 Tiger or leopard Leopard Tiger (after 1664)
5 Bear Bear Bear
6 Panther Panther Panther
7 Panther Panther Rhinoceros (after 1759)[13]
8 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros Rhinoceros
9 Rhinoceros Sea horse[14] Sea horse[15]

Civil

Rank Ming (1391–1526) Ming and Qing (1527–1662) Late Qing (1662–1911) Image
1 Crane or golden pheasant Crane Crane
2 Crane or golden pheasant Golden pheasant Golden pheasant
3 Peacock or wild goose Peacock
Peacock
4 Peacock or wild goose Wild goose Wild goose
5 Silver pheasant Silver pheasant Silver pheasant
6 Egret or mandarin duck Egret Egret
7 Egret or mandarin duck Mandarin duck Mandarin duck[16]
8 Oriole, quail or paradise flycatcher Oriole Quail
9 Oriole, quail or paradise flycatcher Quail Paradise flycatcher[17]

21st century

The use of the round-shaped and square-shaped buzi has been revived in China following the Hanfu movement.

Korea

Korean rank badge (흉배 in

Choson dynasty Korea (1392–1910). Made in the nineteenth century, it shows a pair of black and white leopards
, one above the other in opposing stance, surrounded by stylised cloud patterns in pink, purple and pale green upon a blue background. It would have been worn by a military official from the first to third ranks. Leopards and tigers, respected for their strength and courage in Korea, were used for the dress of military officials while civil officials wore crane motifs. This badge shows the distinctively spotted animals among rocks, waves and clouds in a pattern which remained virtually unchanged for 300 years.

  • Korean rank badge, 1850-1900, Victoria & Albert Museum (no. FE.272-1995)
    Korean rank badge, 1850-1900,
    Victoria & Albert Museum
    (no. FE.272-1995)

Vietnam

  • Annamite (Vietnamese) badge, Nguyễn dynasty (19th century), civilian 8th rank.
    Annamite (Vietnamese) badge, Nguyễn dynasty (19th century), civilian 8th rank.
  • Mandarins of the Nguyen dynasty (circa 1820). The Mandarin on the left is a "man of letters", with a stork on his chest and the one on the right is a military Mandarin, signified by a boar.[18]
    Mandarins of the Nguyen dynasty (circa 1820). The Mandarin on the left is a "man of letters", with a stork on his chest and the one on the right is a military Mandarin, signified by a boar.[18]

See also

References

  1. OCLC 893557979.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  2. ^ "Guide to Hanfu Types Summary & Dress Codes (Ming Dynasty)". www.newhanfu.com. 4 April 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  3. JSTOR 2717953
    .
  4. ^
    OCLC 40200406
    .
  5. Cammann, Schuyler
    : "Birds and Animals as Ming and Ch'ing Badges of Rank", Arts of Asia (May to June 1991), page 89.
  6. Wikidata Q117360120
    .
  7. ^ Cammann, Schuyler: "Chinese Mandarin Squares, Brief Catalogue of the Letcher Collection", University Museum Bulletin Vol 17, No 3 (June 1953), pages 8–9.
  8. ^ Cammann, Schuyler: "Chinese Mandarin Squares, Brief Catalogue of the Letcher Collection", University Museum Bulletin Vol 17, No 3 (June 1953), page 9.
  9. Wikidata Q117360120
    .
  10. ^ Cammann, Schuyler, "Birds and Animals as Ming and Ch’ing Badges of Rank", Arts of Asia (May–June 1991), page 90.
  11. ^ Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David, Ladder to the Clouds, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Chapter 15, pages 215–289.
  12. Wikidata Q117360068
    .
  13. ^ Note that the rhinoceros is depicted as a buffalo, rather than as a rhinoceros.
  14. ^ Note that the sea horse is depicted as a horse living under water, rather than as a seahorse.
  15. ^ Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David, Ladder to the Clouds, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Table 4, page 133;
  16. ^ Marcin Latka. "Portrait of a young official". artinpl. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  17. ^ Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David, Ladder to the clouds, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Table 3, page 133.
  18. ^ Crawfurd, John (1828). Journal of an embassy from the Governor-General of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin-China : exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms. London: H. Colburn. pp. 262–263.

Further reading

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