Piacenza

Piacenza Piaṡëinsa ( Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma , in the city's main square, Piazza Cavalli
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Piacenza
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	29121-29122
Dialing code	0523
Patron saint	Antonino of Piacenza (4 July), Giustina
Website	Official website

Piacenza (Italian:

Westernmost major city of the region of Emilia-Romagna, it has strong relations with Lombardy, with which it borders, and in particular with Milan. It was defined by Leonardo da Vinci as a "Land of passage" in his Codex Atlanticus, by virtue of its crucial geographical location.^[5] This strategic location would influence the history of Piacenza significantly at several times.

Piacenza integrates characteristics of the nearby Ligurian and Piedmontese territories added to a prevalent Lombard influence, favored by communications with the nearby metropolis, which attenuate its Emilian footprint.^[6][7][8]

Piacenza is located at a major crossroads at the intersection of Route E35/A1 between Bologna and Milan, and Route E70/A21 between Brescia and Turin. Piacenza is also at the confluence of the Trebbia, draining the northern Apennine Mountains, and the River Po, draining to the east.

Piacenza hosts three universities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Polytechnic University of Milan and University of Parma.

Etymology

The etymology is long-standing, tracing an origin from the Latin verb placēre, "to please".^[9] The name means "pleasant" or (as James Boswell reported some of the etymologists of his time to have translated it) "comely abode",^[10] and it was given as a good omen.^[11]

History

Ancient history

Pre-Roman era

Before its settlement by the Romans, the area was populated by other peoples; specifically, just prior to the Roman settlement, the region on the right bank of the Po River between the Trebbia River and the Taro River had been occupied by the Ananes or Anamari, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls.^[12] Before then, according to Polybius,^[13] "These plains were anciently inhabited by Etruscans" before the Gauls took the entire Po Valley from them.

Roman age

in May 218 BC, Piacenza and

The reaction of the region's Gauls was swift; they drove the colonists off the lands. Taking refuge in Mutina, the colonists sent for military assistance. A small force under Lucius Manlius was prevented from reaching the area. The Senate then sent two legions under Gaius Atelius. Collecting Manlius and the colonists, they descended on Piacenza and Cremona and successfully placed castra there of 480 square metres (0.12 acres) to support the building of the city. Piacenza must have been walled immediately, as the walls were in place when the Battle of the Trebia was fought around the city in December. There is no evidence either textual or archaeological of a prior settlement at that exact location; however, such a site would have been obliterated by construction. Piacenza was the fifty-third colony to be placed by Rome following its foundation.^[15] It was the first among the Gauls of the Po valley.

It had to be supplied by boat after the Battle of Trebbia, when Hannibal controlled the countryside, for which purpose a port (Emporium) was constructed. In 209 BC, Hasdrubal Barca crossed the Alps and laid siege to the city, but he was unable to take it, and he withdrew.^[16] In 200 BC, the Gauls sacked and burned the city, selling the inhabitants into slavery.^[17] Subsequently, the victorious Romans restored the city and managed to recover 2,000 of its citizens. In 198 BC, a combined force of Gauls and Ligurians plundered the whole region. As the people had never recovered from being sold into slavery, in 190 BC, they complained to Senate of underpopulation; in response the Senate sent 3,000 new settlers.^[18] Construction of the Via Aemilia in the decade of the 180s made the city easily accessible from the Adriatic ports, which improved trade and the prospects for timely defense.

The

Although sacked and devastated several times, the city always recovered and by the sixth century Procopius was calling it "the principal city in the country of Aemilia".^[19]

The first Bishop of Piacenza (322–357), San Vittorio, declared

Piacenza was sacked during the course of the Gothic War (535–554). After a short period of being reconquered by the Roman emperor Justinian I, it was conquered by the Lombards, who made it a duchy seat. After its conquest by Francia in the ninth century, the city began to recover, aided by its location along the Via Francigena that later connected the Holy Roman Empire with Rome. Its population and importance grew further after the year 1000. That period marked a gradual transfer of governing powers from the feudal lords to a new enterprising class, as well to the feudal class of the countryside.

In 1095, the city was the site of the

In the thirteenth century, despite unsuccessful wars against Frederick I, Piacenza managed to gain strongholds on the Lombardy shore of the Po. The preliminaries of the Peace of Constance were signed in 1183 in the Saint Antoninus church. Agriculture and trade flourished in these centuries and Piacenza became one of the richest cities in Europe. This is reflected in the construction of many important buildings and in the general revision of the urban plan. Struggles for control were commonplace in the second half of the thirteenth century, similarly to the large majority of Medieval Italian communes. The Scotti family, Pallavicini family and Alberto Scoto [it] (1290–1313) in that order, held power during the period. Scoto's government ended when the Visconti of Milan captured Piacenza, which they would hold until 1447. Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti rewrote Piacenza's statutes and relocated the University of Pavia to the city. Piacenza then became a possession of the House of Sforza until 1499.

Modern era

Chiefly due to the expansion of

Piacenza was the capital city of the duchy until Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (1547–1586), moved the capital to Parma. The city underwent some of its most difficult years during the rule of Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma (1622–1646). Out of the population of 30,000 in the city between 6,000 and 13,000 Piacentini died from famine and plague. The city and its countryside were ravaged by bandits and French soldiers as well.

Between 1732 and 1859, Parma and Piacenza were ruled by the House of Bourbon. In the eighteenth century, several edifices that belonged to noble families such as Scotti, Landi, and Fogliani were built in Piacenza.

In 1802, Napoleon's army annexed Piacenza to the French Empire. Young Piacentini recruits were sent to fight in Russia, Spain, and Germany, while the city was plundered of a great number of artworks that are currently exhibited in many French museums.

The Habsburg government of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma (1816–1847), is remembered fondly as one of the best in the history of Piacenza. The duchess drained many lands, built several bridges across the Trebbia and the Nure and created educational and artistic activities.

Union with Italy

In 1858, the geologist Karl Mayer-Eymar named the Piacenzian Age of the Pliocene Epoch based on deposits close to Piacenza.

In June 1865, the first railway bridge over the Po River in northern Italy was inaugurated (in southern Italy a railroad bridge had been built across the river in 1839). In 1891, the first Chamber of Workers was created in Piacenza.^{[citation needed]}

World War II

During World War II, the city was heavily bombed by the Allies because of its strategic elements. The important railway and road bridges across the Trebbia and the Po and the railway yards were destroyed. The historic centre of city suffered collateral damage. In 1944, the bridges over the Po became vital for the supply from Austria of Field Marshal Albert Kesselring's Gothic Line, which protected the withdrawal of Kesselring's troops from Italy. Foremost among these were the railway and road bridges at Piacenza, along with supply depots and railway yards. In Operation Mallory Major, July 12–15, allied medium bombers from Corsica flew 300 sorties a day, knocking out 21 bridges east of Piacenza and then continued to the west for a total of 90 by July 20. Fighter-bombers prevented reconstruction and cut roads and rail lines. By August 4, all the cities of northern Italy were isolated and had suffered heavy bombing, especially Piacenza. Transport to Genoa to the south or through Turin to the north was impossible; nevertheless, Kesselring continued to supply his men.^[22]

On the hills and the Apennine Mountains, partisans were active. On April 25, 1945, a general partisan insurrection by the Italian resistance movement broke out and on 29 April, troops of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force entered the city. In 1996, president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro honoured Piacenza with the gold medal for Valour in Battle.

There was a prisoner of war (POW) camp located in Piacenza, Veano Camp PG 29.

Geography

Climate

Climate in this area is humid subtropical with no dry season, constantly moist. Summers are hot and sultry. The

Main sights

Piacenza boasts a great number of historical palaces, often characterized by splendid gardens.

Major palaces of interest

Secular buildings

• Ranuccio I
  . The Piazza is flanked by:
  • Palazzo Comunale: also known as il Gotico, built in 1281 as the town hall or Broletto. Only the northern facade was completed in the original design, with Ghibelline merlons, ground arcades made with pink marble, upper floors in brick, and a taller central bell tower. Inside, the frescoed main hall is used for meetings, lectures, and conferences.
  • Palazzo del Collegio dei Mercanti: (17th century) current town hall
  • Palazzo del Governatore: neoclassic building, and to the east by the church of San Francesco. Near the Palazzo dei Mercanti are two fascist era buildings.
• Palazzo Farnese: begun in 1568 by Ottavio Farnese and his wife, Margaret of Parma. The initial project was designed by Francesco Paciotto, and construction pursued by Giovanni Bernardo Della Valle, Giovanni Lavezzari, and Bernardo Panizzari (Caramosino). The design was modified in 1568 by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, better known as "Vignola". The Civic Museums of Palazzo Farnese contain the town art gallery (Pinacoteca) and Archaeological Museum which houses the pre-Roman bronze Liver of Piacenza, a Etruscan bronze model of a sheep's liver dating from the end of the 2nd to early 1st century BC. The model was discovered in 1877 in the Piacenza hinterland. Containing writing on its surface delineating the various parts of the liver and their significance, it was likely used as an educational tool for students studying haruspicy, or divination.
• Palazzo Costa
• Palazzo Somaglia
• Palazzo Baldini: palace located on Via San Siro
• Palazzo della Prefettura or Palazzo Scotti da Vigoleno
• Palazzo Ferrari Sacchini
• Palazzo Landi (dei Tribunali): medieval palace rebuilt in its current form in the 15th century by Lombard craftsmen. It has a Renaissance marble portal. It is now seat of the local Tribunal.
• Galleria d'arte moderna Ricci Oddi: art museum dedicated mainly to modern Italian painters.
• Collegio Alberoni: Roman Catholic seminary founded by Cardinal Giulio Alberoni in the eighteenth century. The seminary maintains a art gallery that displays Alberoni's personal collection of fine tapestries and Renaissance and Baroque paintings by notable artists such as Giordano, Antonello da Messina, and Reni.

Religious buildings

• Roman Catholic Diocese of Piacenza-Bobbio, built from 1122 to 1233 in northern-Italian Romanesque style. The façade, in Veronese pink marble and gilted stone, is parted horizontally by a gallery that dominates the three gates, and is decorated with Romanesque capitals and statues. Tripartite nave is supported by 25 large pillars. Frescoes by Camillo Procaccini and Ludovico Carracci cover the nave, while dome was decorated by Morazzone and Guercino. The presbytery as a wooden sculpture from 1479, a wooden choir by Giangiacomo da Genova (1471), and statues of Lombard school from the 15th century. The crypt, built on the Greek cross plan, has 108 Romanesque small columns and is home to the relics of St Justine, to which the first cathedral (that crumbled down in the 1117 Verona earthquake
  ) was dedicated.
• San Francesco: 12th-century Romanesque-Gothic church in Piazza Cavalli. The building assumed the role of civic sanctuary in the Middle Ages. Part of the medieval cloisters remains. Lunette in main portal has a 15th-century relief depicts the Ecstasy of St. Francis. Nave and two aisles, are divided by low and sturdy brick pillars that support high gothic arches. The church has a Latin cross layout and pentahedric apse in which the aisle apses meet; decorations include 15th-16th century frescoes. In 1848, annexion of Piacenza to the Kingdom of Sardinia was announced from this church.
• Basilica of Sant'Antonino: Romanesque style church, with a large octagonal bell-tower. It was commissioned by St. Victor, first bishop of the city, in 350 CE, and completed in 375. It contains the relics of the eponymous saint, martyred near Travo, in the Val Trebbia. In 1183, delegates of Frederick Barbarossa and of the Lombard League met in the basilica for the preliminaries of peace of Constance. The church was refurbished after damage during barbarian invasions. It has a 15th-century cloister. In the interior, the main artworks are the frescoes by Camillo Gervasetti
  (1622).
• San Savino
  : Basilica church dedicated to St. Victor's successor, begun in 903 but consecrated only in 1107. The façade and the portico are from the 17th-18th centuries. The presbytery and the crypts contain 12th century polychrome mosaics. The interior is in Lombard-Gothic style, with anthropomorphic capitals of the columns. Over the high altar is a 12th-century wooden crucifix by an unknown artist.
• San Giovanni in Canale was founded by the Dominicans in 1220, and enlarged in the mid-16th century.
• San Giuseppe in Ospedale, a Renaissance style parish church.^[29]
• Santa Maria in Campagna: Renaissance basilica church facing Piazzale delle Crociate ("Crusades Square"), so called because Pope Urban II summoned the First Crusade here in 1095. The church was built in 1522–1528 to house a miraculous wooden sculpture of the Madonna. Layout was originally in a central Greek-cross plan, but later altered into a Latin cross type. Il Pordenone
  frescoed the dome and in two chapels on the left side.
• San Sisto: Renaissance church begun in the 15th century atop a temple built in 874 by Empress Angilberga. The choir designed by Gio Pietro Pambianco da Colorno and Bartolomeo da Busseto (1512-1514). In 1513, the monks commissioned Raphael to paint the Sistine Madonna altarpiece; in 1754, the sold this masterpiece to Augustus III of Poland. It is now on display in Dresden.
• Santo Sepolcro: Church of the Holy Sepulchre is by Alessio Tramello.

Dialect

See also:

Emilian-Romagnol language

Many inhabitants of Piacenza and the surrounding province still use Piacentino, which is a

Emilian-Romagnol language. Emilian-Romagnol is a member of a different Romance subfamily (Gallo-Italic) than Standard Italian (which is an Italo-Dalmatian language

) and its distinct grammar and phonology make it mutually unintelligible with that language.

Although there have been a number of notable poets and writers using Piacentino, the language has experienced a steady decline during the twentieth century due to the growing standardization of the Italian language in the national educational system.

Sport

Piacenza Calcio 1919 is the main and most supported football team and played in Serie A for eight seasons. They play at the Stadio Leonardo Garilli.

The city's other club,

Pro Piacenza 1919

, declared bankruptcy in 2019.

Volley Piacenza

is the main men's volleyball team and currently plays in serie A1; its palmares entails a championship, a national cup, a national supercup, and two European cups. River Volley is the main women's volleyball team and won the national championship twice.

Rugby is relatively popular compared with Italian standards and Piacenza has a number of rugby teams: Piacenza Rugby Club and Rugby Lyons Piacenza are the most important.

Cuisine

See also:

List of Italian dishes § Emilia-Romagna

Piacenza and its province are known for the production of seasoned and salted pork products. The main specialities are

coppa (seasoned pork neck, containing less fat than pancetta, matured at least for six months), and salame (chopped pork meat flavoured with spices and wine, and made into sausages

).

Bortellina (salted pancakes made with flour, salt, and water or milk) and chisulén (torta fritta in Standard Italian; made with flour, milk, and animal fats mixed together and then fried in hot strutto, or clarified pork fat) are considered the perfect coupling of pancetta, coppa, and salame, but they are also considered good with cheeses, particularly Gorgonzola and Robiola.

Parmigiano

on top.

Among the culinary specialties of the Piacenza region (although also enjoyed in nearby Cremona) is mostarda di frutta, consisting of preserved fruits in a sugary syrup that is strongly flavored with mustard. Turtlìt (tortelli dolci in standard Italian), or fruit dumplings, are filled with mostarda di frutta, mashed chestnuts, and other ingredients, and they are served at Easter. Turtlìt are popular in the Ferrara area as well. Turtéi, a similarly named Piacentine specialty, is a kind of pasta filled with spinaches and ricotta cheese, or filled with calabash. A similar Piacentine dish is the Panzerotti al Forno, which is made with pasta, ricotta cheese, and spinach.

Piacentine staple foods include corn (generally cooked as polenta) and rice (usually cooked as risotto), both of which are very common across northern Italy. Cheeses, such as Grana Padano, are produced in Piacenza although nearby Parma is more famous for its dairy products.

The hills surrounding Piacenza are known for their vineyards. The wine produced in the area is qualified with a denominazione di origine controllata called "Colli Piacentini" ("Hills of Piacenza"). The main wines are Gutturnio (red wines, both sparkling and still), Bonarda (a red wine, often sparkling and foamy, made from Croatina grapes), Ortrugo (a dry white wine), and Malvasia (a sweet white wine).^[30]

People

• Saint Gerard of Potenza (died 1119), Bishop of Potenza from 1111 until his death
• Placentinus (died 1192), founder of the Law School of the University of Montpellier
• Reinerius Saccho (1200s – c. 1263), a learned and zealous Italian Dominican^[31]
• Teobaldo Visconti (c. 1210–1276), elected Pope Gregory X^[32]
• Saint Conrad of Piacenza (1290–1351), medieval Franciscan hermit
• Antonio Cornazzano (c. 1432–1484), poet and humanist, courtier at Milan and Ferrara
• Cornelio Musso (1511–1574), Bishop of Bitonto (1544–1574) and prominent at the Council of Trent^[33]
• Ferrante Pallavicino (1615–1644), writer of antisocial stories and novels with biblical and profane themes^[34]
• Giulio Alberoni (1664–1752), cardinal and statesman, Bishop of Malaga and Chief Minister to Philip V of Spain from 1715 to 1719 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance^[35]
• Giovanni Paolo Panini (1691–1765), vedute painter and architect
• Casto Innocenzio Ansaldi (1710–1780), professor, theologian, and archaeologist^[36]
• Giovanni Battista Guadagnini (1711–1786), member of the Guadagnini family of luthiers
• Melchiorre Gioia (1767–1829), philosopher and political economist^[37]
• Pietro Giordani (1774–1848), writer and classical literary scholar
• Domenico Palmieri (1829–1909), a Jesuit scholastic theologian ^[38]
• Amilcare Ponchielli (1834–1886), musician and composer, began his career there in 1861
• Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi (1857–1914), Bishop of Bergamo and mentor of the future Pope John XXIII
• Luigi Illica (1857–1919), librettist, author, and co-author (with Giuseppe Giacosa) of opera librettos for Giacomo Puccini (La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly), Alfredo Catalani (La Wally), and Umberto Giordano (Andrea Chénier)
• Giuseppe Merosi (1872–1956), automobile engineer
• Alfredo Soressi (1897–1982), painter
• Luigi Corbellini (1901–1968), post-impressionist painter and sculptor
• Edoardo Amaldi (1908–1989), physicist, professor at Sapienza University of Rome (1938–1979), co-founder of CERN, ESA, and INFN
• Amedeo Guillet (1909–2010), World War II cavalry commander and diplomat, also known as "Comandante Diavolo"
• Agostino Casaroli (1914–1998), cardinal and Holy See diplomat, Cardinal Secretary of State (1979–1990)
• Mario Biaggi (1917–2015) whose parents came from Piacenza; policeman and a U.S. Congressman^[39]
• Giorgio Armani (born 1934), fashion designer, entrepreneur, and founder of Armani
• Mario Arcelli (1935–2004), economist and once minister for budget of the Italian Government (1996)
• Ettore Gotti Tedeschi (born 1945), economist and banker, former president of the Vatican Bank
• Giuseppe Orsi (born 1945), CEO of Finmeccanica (2011–2013)
• Federico Ghizzoni (born 1955), CEO of UniCredit
• Ilaria Ramelli (born 1973), Italian-born historian
• Nina Zilli (born 1980), singer-songwriter who represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012

In sports

• Giorgia Bronzini (born 1983), cyclist, World Champion of women's cycling in 2010 and 2011
• Pino Dordoni (1926–1998), 50 km walk Olympic gold medallist at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki
• Nicolò Fagioli, (born 2001), football player
• Leonardo Fornaroli (born 2004), racing driver
• Filippo "Pippo" Inzaghi (born 1973), World Cup-winning footballer and football coach
• Simone Inzaghi (born 1976), professional footballer
• Tarquinio Provini (1933–2005), twice World Champion Grand Prix motorcycle racer

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Piacenza is twinned with:

• Plasencia, Spain
• Togliatti, Russia
• Erfurt, Germany
• Placentia, California, U.S.
• Capilla de Guadalupe, Mexico

See also

• Conrad of Piacenza
• Conservatorio Statale di Musica Giuseppe Nicolini
• Piacenza railway station
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Piacenza-Bobbio

References

1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
3. ^ "Top 10 Cities of Emilia-Romagna by Population". www.top10cities.net. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
4. ^ "Comuni della Provincia di Piacenza per popolazione". Tuttitalia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-10-18.
5. ^ "L'arte della". Visit Emilia - visit the Italian food valley (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-10-18.
6. ^ "PIACENZA in "Enciclopedia Italiana"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-10-18.
7. ^ Urbano, Andrea (2020-09-14). "PIACENZA, l'eterna sposa mancata di Milano: 5 motivi per farla diventare LOMBARDA". Milano Città Stato (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-10-18.
8. ^ "Tagli alle province, la secessione di Piacenza: "Meglio Lombardia che Parma"". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
9. ^ Charnock, Richard Stephen (1859). Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names. London: Houlston and Wright. p. 209.
10. ISBN 978-0-7486-0399-2
    .
11. ^ Taylor, Isaac (1882). Words and Places: Or, Etymological Illustrations of History, Ethnology and Geography. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 322.
12. ^ Smith, William (1854). "Ananes". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood. London: Walton and Maberly; John Murray. Smith cites Polybius, Histories, Book II, sections 17 and 32.
13. ^ Histories II.17.
14. ^ Polybius III.40, Livy XXI.25.
15. ISBN 978-0-520-06975-6
    .
16. ^ Livy History of Rome XXVII.39, 43.
17. ^ Livy History of Rome XXXI.10.
18. ^ Livy History of Rome XXXVII.46-47.
19. ^ Procopius History of the Wars Book VII chapter XIII.
20. ^ Townsend, George Henry (1877). The manual of dates: a dictionary of reference to all the most important events in the history of mankind to be found in authentic records (5 ed.). London: Frederick Warne. p. 752.
21. ^ Amadasi, Giorgio. "DUCATO DI PARMA E PIACENZA E LA FAMIGLIA FARNESE". www.muet.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-04-18.
22. ISBN 9780912799032
    .
23. ^ "Piacenza Climate & Temperature".
24. ^ "Valori climatici normali in Italia". Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
25. ^ "Piacenza/S.Damiano (PC)" (PDF). Atlante climatico. Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
26. ^ "Piacenza San Damiano: Record mensili dal 1951" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
27. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for 1991–2020: PiacenzaSDamiano" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
28. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for 1981–2010: PiacenzaSDamiano" (XLS). ncei.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
29. ^ Nuovissima guida della città di Piacenza con alquanti cenni topografici, statistici, e storici, by Tipografia Domenico Tagliaferri, Piazza de' Cavalli, #55, Piacenza (1842); Pages 103-104.
30. ^ "Local Cuisine". Municipality of Piacenza. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
31. ^ Callan, Charles J. (1912). "Raineiro Sacchoni" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13.
32. ^ "Gregory (Popes)/Gregory X" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 574.
33. ^ Plassmann, Thomas Bernard (1913). "Cornelius Musso" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 16.
34. ^ "Pallavicino, Ferrante" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 638.
35. ^ "Alberoni, Giulio" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 493.
36. ^ Schwertner, Thomas (1907). "Casto Innocenzio Ansaldi" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1.
37. ^ "Gioja, Melchiorre" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 30–31.
38. ^ Ojetti, Benedetto (1911). "Domenico Palmieri" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11.
39. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (June 25, 2015). "Mario Biaggi, 97, Popular Bronx Congressman Who Went to Prison, Dies". The New York Times. p. A25. Retrieved August 15, 2016.

Bibliography

See also: Timeline of Piacenza § Bibliography

External links

• Piacenza travel guide from Wikivoyage
• "Cultura dialettale" (in Italian and Emilian). bettolapc.interfree.it. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
• Piacenza on The Campanile Project