Mucor mucedo

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Mucor mucedo
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Mucoromycota
Order: Mucorales
Family: Mucoraceae
Genus: Mucor
Species:
M. mucedo
Binomial name
Mucor mucedo
Linnaeus (1753)
Synonyms
  • Mucor coprophilus Povah (1917)
  • Mucor griseoochraceus Naumov (1915)
  • Mucor murorum Naumov (1915)
  • Mucor vulgaris P. Micheli (1729)

Mucor mucedo, commonly known as the common pinmould,

saprotrophic fungus found world-wide with 85 known strains.[3][4] It is often mistaken for Rhizopus rots on fruits (i.e. strawberries) due to similar mould growth shape and colour.[5] Contrastingly, however, Mucor mucedo is found to grow on a wide range of stored grains and plants, including cucumber and tomato.[6][7] Discovered in Italy in 1729 by P.A. Micheli and later noted by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in the Species Plantarum, Mucor mucedo was originally classified as Mucor vulgaris by Micheli but later classified synonymous under name Mucor mucedo.[8] The species was redescribed as Ascophora mucedo by H.J. Tode in 1790 but this type resided in a stoloniferous habitat and was later made the type of new genus Rhizopus.[9][10]

Growth and morphology

Mucor mucedo has fast growing colonies and are characterized by tall, simple, unbranched

heterothallic, and both (+) and (-) mating strains are morphologically indistinguishable although isolates of the (-) strain may exhibit less vigorous mycelial growth in cultivation.[13] The zygophores are highly differentiated from sporangiophores and are known to rarely bare sporangia.[13][15] Mucor mucedo morphology and growth is influenced by temperature:[16]

  • 30 °C - No growth
  • 5-25 °C - Growth and sporulation
  • 15 °C and below - Recurved short sporangiophores,
    sporangiospores
    larger

Mucor mucedo reproduction occurs in asexual and sexual methods.

Mucor mucedo is also influenced by light, as cultures grown during the day at 20 °C mainly produced tall sporangiophores, rarely producing short sporangiophores or none at all.

anise oil that has weak antimicrobial activity with broad antimicrobial spectrum.[20]

Reproduction

haploid sporangiospores in the sporangia, on the terminal ends of the aerial sporangiophores. In the sporangia, there is an accumulation of nutrients, cytoplasm, and nuclei. An extension of the sporangiophore called the columella protrudes into the sporangium, and upon the maturation of the sporangiospores, burst of the sporangium allows for the dispersion of the spores, where wind is the primary dissemination method.[11][13] Asexual reproduction may be favoured in unfavourable environmental conditions, as this inhibits the conjugation between the two sexual strains.[13] The (-) strain loses sexual capacity faster than the (+) strain.[13]

As Mucor mucedo are

β-carotene and retinol pathways, and 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase is found to be an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of trisporic acid.[22][23]

Physiology

Mucor mucedo is sensitive to the

dimorphic fungi.[27]

Habitat and ecology

Mucor mucedo has word-wide distribution, and are commonly discovered in

rats.[32]M. mucedo grows well on cheese and produces the 'cat hair' defect, which is white mould forming on cheese with long, grey, hyphae, giving it the appearance of cat hair.[33]

Mucor mucedo has been found to degrade

carbohydrates, and humic-like substances, are responsible for the degradation.[35]

Mycotoxins

Mucor mucedo produces

water solubility. Products with high water content, notably cheese and dough, allow significant diffusion of mycotoxins. Aflatoxins have been observed to diffuse into food products without extensive mycelial growth into the food.[39]

Human disease

Mucor mucedo sometimes cause opportunistic and rapidly spreading infections called

compromised patients.[40] Mucor mucedo can cause minor infections as well, as there have been reported cases of frequent vomiting and severe purging along with prostration following the consumption of cheese contaminated with M. mucedo mould growth.[41]

Amphotericin B

sterols in the cell membrane of fungi leading to change in membrane permeability allowing leakage of intracellular components.[42]

References

  1. ^ "Taxonomy - Mucor mucedo (Common pinmould)". UniProt. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  2. ISBN 978-1-55581-958-3
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  3. JSTOR 2465497
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  4. ^ "Mucor mucedo". Global Catalogue of Microorganisms. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  5. doi:10.1094/PD-75-0373
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  6. ISBN 978-0387922072
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  7. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.25.5.549
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  8. ^
    JSTOR 2478932
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  9. ^ Tode, H. J. (1790). Fungi Mecklenburgenses Selecti (1 ed.). Lüneburg: J.F.G. Lemke. pp. 1–47.
  10. ^ Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried (1818). Sylvae mycologicae Berolinenses. Berlin: Formis Theophili Bruschcke.
  11. ^
    PMID 28154489
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  12. ^ Gray, Samuel Frederick (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 561. mucor mucedo.
  13. ^
    JSTOR 20021962
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  14. ^
    ISBN 978-0713128116
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  15. ^ Van Tieghem, P; Le Monnier, G (1872). "Sur Polymorphisme du M. Mucedo". Mptes Rendus Acad. Des Sc. 74: 997–1001.
  16. ^ a b c d Schipper, M. A. A (1975). "On Mucor mucedo, Mucor flavus and related species". Studies in Mycology. 10: 1–33. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  17. ^ Micheli, Pier Antonio (1729). Nova Plantarum Genera. Florence: B. Paperninii. p. 215.
  18. ^
    S2CID 30938976
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    doi:10.1099/00221287-130-6-1359
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  27. PMID 7123995
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  28. ^ a b "Mucor mucedo: Common Pinmould". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  29. ^ "Mucor mucedo Fresen., 1850". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  30. ^ "Search Catalogue: Mucor mucedo". UAMH. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  31. ^ Bainier, G (1883). "Sur les Zygospores des Mucorinees". Ann. Des Sc. Nat. Bot. 15: 342.
  32. ^ "Common Pinmould (Mucor mucedo)". Global Biotic Interactions. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  33. ISBN 978-1-84569-060-1
    . Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  34. doi:10.4491/eer.2015.013
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    S2CID 11635746
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  36. ISBN 9781483215907
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  37. ISBN 978-8175330160
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  38. ISBN 9781329940659
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  39. doi:10.1007/BF00499495
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  40. PMID 16020690
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  41. ^ Vaughan, Victor Clarence; Novy, Frederick George (1 January 1896). Ptomaïnes, Leucomaïnes, Toxins and Antitoxins, Or, The Chemical Factors in the Causation of Disease. Lea Brothers. p. 89. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  42. ^ a b "Amphotericin B". Drugs.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
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