Muhammad Amin Bughra
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Muhammad Amin Bughra | |
---|---|
Emir of the Khotan | |
In office 1932 – April 1934 | |
Member of the National Assembly of the Republic of China from Xinjiang province | |
In office 1943 – - | |
Personal details | |
Born | April 22, 1901 Hotan, Xinjiang, Qing China |
Died | April 29, 1965 (age 64) Turkey |
Political party | Young Kashgar Party and Committee for National Revolution[1] |
Relations | Abdullah Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra |
Muhammad Amin Bughra (also Muḥammad Amīn Bughra; Uyghur: مۇھەممەد ئىمىن بۇغرا, محمد أمين بغرا, Мухаммад Эмин Бугро; Chinese: 穆罕默德·伊敏; pinyin: Mùhǎnmòdé·Yīmǐn), sometimes known by his Han name Mao Deming (Chinese: 毛德明) and his Turkish name Mehmet Emin Buğra (1901–1965),[2] was a Uyghur Muslim leader who planned to set up a sovereign state, the First East Turkestan Republic. Muhammad Amin Bughra was a Jadidist.[3]
Life
In the spring of 1937, rebellion again broke out in Southern
At the same time, educational reforms, which attacked basic Islamic principles and the atheistic propaganda program, which was being extended into the south, were further alienating the local population from Sheng's administration. In Kashgar Mahmud Sijang, a wealthy Muslim, former leader of the Turpan uprising (1932) and one of Sheng's appointees, became the focal point for opposition to the government.
Meanwhile, in
Mahmud's flight sparked an uprising amongst his troops against provincial authorities.
In 1940, Muhammad Amin Bughra published the book Sharkiy Turkestan Tarihi (East Turkestan History) while in exile in Kashmir, which described the history of the region from ancient times to the present day and contained an analysis of the reasons for the loss of its independence in the middle of the eighteenth century.[5]
In 1940
Muhammad Amin Bughra and fellow
In 1948, Bughra's wife
There were 3 Effendis, (Üch Äpändi) (ئۈچ ئەپەندى) Aisa Alptekin, Memtimin Bughra (Muhammad Amin Bughra) and Masud Sabri.[9][10] The Second East Turkestan Republic attacked them as Kuomintang "puppets".[11][12]
Exile
Upon the approach of the Chinese People's Liberation Army to Sinkiang in September, 1949, Muhammad Amin Bughra fled to India, then to Turkey, where he joined another exiled Uyghur leader, Isa Yusuf Alptekin.
In 1954, Muhammad Amin Bughra and Isa Yusuf Alptekin went to Taiwan to try to persuade the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China of dropping its claims to Xinjiang. Their demand was rejected and Taiwan affirmed that it claimed Xinjiang as "an integral part of China".[13]
Muhammad Amin Bughra died in exile in Turkey in 1965.[citation needed]
References
- ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
- ^ Tursun, Nabijan (December 2014). "The influence of intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century on Uyghur politics". Uyghur Initiative Papers (11). Central Asia Program: 2–3. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12.
- ^ "Moslems in Chinese Turkestan in Revolt Against Pro-Soviet Provincial Authorities". The New York Times. 26 June 1937.
- ^ "Sherqi Turkistan tarixi (Doğu Türkistan tarihi)".
- ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ [1] Wei & Liu 2002, p. 181
- ^ [2] Millward 2007, p. 209
- ^ Kamalov, Ablet (2010). Millward, James A.; Shinmen, Yasushi; Sugawara, Jun (eds.). Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944-49). Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17-20th Centuries. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko. p. 260.
- ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
- ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
- ISBN 978-87-87062-62-6.
- ^ Page 52, Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id, and Mohammed Aziz Ismail. Moslems in the Soviet Union and China. Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1, 1960 (Hejira 1380); translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19, 1960.
Sources
- Mark Dickens. The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911–1949). 1990.
- Allen S. Whiting(1958) and General Sheng Shicai. Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot ?. Michigan State University Press, USA, 1958.
- Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231139243. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- C. X. George Wei; Xiaoyuan Liu, eds. (2002). Exploring Nationalisms of China: Themes and Conflicts. Vol. 102 of Contributions to the Study of World History Series. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313315124.