Mycena chlorophos

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Mycena chlorophos
In Hachijō-jima botanical park, Japan
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Mycenaceae
Genus: Mycena
Species:
M. chlorophos
Binomial name
Mycena chlorophos
(
Sacc.
(1887)
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Agaricus chlorophos Berk. & M.A.Curtis (1860)
  • Agaricus cyanophos Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1860)

Mycena chlorophos is a species of

bioluminescent
and emit a pale green light. Fruiting occurs in forests on fallen woody debris such as dead twigs, branches, and logs. The fungus can be made to grow and fruit in laboratory conditions, and the growth conditions affecting bioluminescence have been investigated.

Taxonomy

The species was first

lectotype specimen in 2010.[2]

In 1860, Berkeley and Curtis described the species Agaricus cyanophos from the material also collected from the Bonin Islands. This material was found near the location that the original specimens of M. chlorophos were found, but a couple of weeks later. Japanese mycologists

classified in the section Exornatae of the genus Mycena. Other luminescent species in this section are M. discobasis and M. marginata.[2] Some authors have considered M. illuminans to be synonymous with M. chlorophos due to their morphological similarity, but molecular analysis has shown that they are distinct species.[5]

In Japan, the mushroom is known as yakoh-take, or "night-light mushroom".[6] In the Bonin Islands, it is called "Green Pepe".[6]

Description

Mycena chlorophos
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is conical or flat
Hymenium is free or adnexed
saprotrophic
Edibility is unknown

The

mycelia and stems have little to no luminescence.[7]

The spores are white, smooth, roughly elliptical, and have dimensions of 7–8.5 by 5–6 

cystidia on the cap edge) are 60 by 7–21 μm, hyaline, conical or ventricose (inflated). The tips of the cheilocystidia are drawn out to a point, or have a short appendage measuring 15 by 2–3 μm, which is sometimes branched, and is thin or slightly thick-walled. There are no cystidia on the gill face (pleurocystidia). Pileocystidia (cystidia on the surface of the cap) are club-shaped, measuring 25–60 by 13–25 μm. They are somewhat thick-walled, and spiny on the exposed surface with short simple outgrowths extending up to 3 μm long. The pileocystidia are joined together and form a continuous layer over the young cap, but break up as the cap expands. The caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) are conical or lance-shaped, hyaline, and smooth, with walls that are thin or slightly thickened. They measure up to 300 by 10–25 μm, but are shorter in the upper regions of the stem.[7] Clamp connections are present in the hyphae of all tissues.[2]

Similar species

The two other luminescent species of Mycena section Exornatae are similar in appearance to M. chlorophos. M. discobasis fruit bodies have paler caps; microscopically, they have larger spores measuring 9.9 by 6.7 μm, and lack the short apical appendage found on M. chlorophos cheilocystidia. M. margarita has smaller spores averaging 6.9 by 4.4 μm, smaller cheilocystidia, and loop-like clamp connections.[2]

Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies of Mycena chlorophos are found in forests, where they grow in groups on woody debris such as fallen twigs, branches, and bark.

primordia that are too wet become deformed, while conditions that are too dry cause the caps to warp and break because the delicate gelatinous membrane covering them is broken.[6]

In Asia, the species has been found in Japan, Taiwan, Polynesia, Java, and Sri Lanka.[8] In Japan, the fungus is becoming more scarce as its natural habits are decreasing.[6] Several Australian field guides have reported the species from that country. The fungus has also been recorded several times from Brazil.[2] Mycena chlorophos was one of several fungi featured in a set of postage stamps issued in Samoa in 1985.[10]

Bioluminescence studies

Since the mushroom is small, and fruits in only a limited season in a small area, researchers have investigated the conditions needed to artificially cultivate the species in laboratory conditions, in order to have more material to study the mechanism of bioluminescence, and to help preserve the species. The optimum temperature for the growth of mycelia is 27 °C (81 °F), while the optimum for the growth of primordia is 21 °C (70 °F). These temperatures are consistent with the subtropical climate in which the species is typically found. Maximum luminescence occurs at 27 °C, and about 25–39 hours after the primordia begin to form, when the cap has fully expanded. At 21 °C, luminescence persists for about 3 days, and becomes undetectable to the naked eyes about 72 hours after primordium initiation.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mycena chlorophos (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. 1887". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-09-08.
  2. ^
    S2CID 25377671
    .
  3. ^ Berkeley MJ, Curtis MA (1860). "Characters of new fungi, collected in the North Pacific Exploring Expedition by Charles Wright". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 4: 111–30.
  4. ^ Saccardo PA. (1887). "Sylloge Hymenomycetum, Vol. I. Agaricineae". Sylloge Fungorum (in Latin). 5: 301.
  5. S2CID 22546166
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 84489071
    .
  7. ^
    doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(54)80009-x
    .
  8. ^ a b Hongo T. (1977). "Higher fungi of the Bonin Islands I" (PDF). Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) (10): 31–42.
  9. PMID 21370386
    .
  10. doi:10.1016/S0007-1528(86)80020-7
    .
  11. S2CID 83627566
    .

External links

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