Nakhichevan uezd
39°12′58″N 45°24′38″E / 39.21611°N 45.41056°E
Nakhichevan uezd
Нахичеванскій уѣздъ | |
---|---|
Country | Russian Empire |
Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
Governorate | Erivan |
Established | 1840 |
Abolished | 1929 |
Capital | Nakhichevan (present-day Nakhchivan) |
Area | |
• Total | 4,482.87 km2 (1,730.85 sq mi) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 136,859 |
• Density | 31/km2 (79/sq mi) |
• Urban | 10.71% |
• Rural | 89.29% |
The Nakhichevan uezd[a] was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the governorate's Sharur-Daralayaz uezd to the north, the Zangezur uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate to the east, and Iran to the south. The uezd's administrative center was the city of Nakhichevan (present-day Nakhchivan).
The county was mostly mountainous and devoid of industry beyond salt plantations. Before the Russian Revolution it was home to more than 81,200 Muslims[b] who formed the majority of the population, and a significant minority of 54,200 Armenians who would later be massacred or displaced during the Armenian–Azerbaijani war of 1918–1920.
Originally formed from the
History
Background
The topography of the uezd was mainly mountainous with most of the lowland located along the
The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Nakhichevan uezd in 1913 were as follows:[2]
Name | 1912 population | Area |
---|---|---|
1-y uchastok (1-й участокъ) | 25,497 | 660.62 square versts (751.83 km2; 290.28 sq mi) |
2-y uchastok (2-й участокъ) | 28,243 | 1,253.92 square versts (1,427.04 km2; 550.98 sq mi) |
3-y uchastok (3-й участокъ) | 25,241 | 1,327.35 square versts (1,510.61 km2; 583.25 sq mi) |
4-y uchastok (4-й участокъ) | 32,651 | 697.15 square versts (793.40 km2; 306.33 sq mi) |
Russian rule and World War I
The Nakhichevan uezd, based in the city Nakhichevan,
In 1844, the Caucasus Viceroyalty was reestablished, in which the Nakhichevan uezd briefly formed part of the Tiflis Governorate before its transfer to the newly established Erivan Governorate in 1849. The new governorate in addition to Nakhichevan also included the uezds of Erivan, Alexandropol, Nor Bayazet and Ordubad, however, the latter was later abolished in 1868 and incorporated into the south of the Nakhichevan and Zangezur uezds, the latter continuing to border Nakhichevan from the east. Not long after, further administrative reforms resulted in the separation of the northern part of the Nakhichevan uezd corresponding to the present-day Sharur District of Azerbaijan and the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia to form the Sharur-Daralayaz uezd in 1870—bordering Nakhichevan from the north.[5]
On 3 March 1918, in accordance with the
Republic of Aras
As stipulated in the Mudros Armistice, the Ottoman Empire was compelled to withdraw its armies from the Erivan and Tiflis governorates, thus withdrawing to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk boundaries. One of the commanders of the occupying army, Yukub Shevki, sponsored the creation of the Republic of Aras in the occupied Erivan districts, providing it with moral support, weapons, and instructors.[7]
Following the conclusion of the 2-week Armeno-Georgian war, Armenia repositioned its forces to annex the Republic of Aras, however, their advance into the district was halted on 18 January 1919 by Captain F. E. Laughton who established a local British military governorship in the district. On 26 January 1919, the governorship was confirmed by the British military headquarters based in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi) as a means to prevent ethnic clashes between Armenian soldiers and local Muslims of up to "ten thousand well-armed men".[8]
The British sympathy to the Aras Republic was later reversed when Major-General William M. Thomson became the highest-ranking officer in the South Caucasus—believing that Pan-Turkism was influential in the region, especially in consideration of the presence of Azerbaijani and Ottoman agents Samed Bey and Colonel Halil Bey, respectively. Thomson believed that they were scheming to "forge a bridge between the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijan and ultimately between Nationalist Turkey and Soviet Russia." Following the British announcement of the dissolution of the governorship and the plans to annex the region to Armenia, Gevorg Varshamyan was selected to become the first governor of the district.[9][10]
Armenia's formal annexation of Nakhichevan was officially declared on 3 May 1919, after which Armenian forces commanded by Drastamat Kanayan and accompanied by British representative General K. M. Davie advanced southward into the district along the railway. When the force had reached Davalu (present-day Ararat), Thomson ordered them to stop, believing that Armenia was encouraging the defiance of Zangezur in refusing to submit to British–Azerbaijani authority in a "severe breach of faith". The restriction Thomson had placed was later revoked after acting prime minister Alexander Khatisian met him in Tiflis to assure him that the Armenians of Zangezur were acting independently of the Armenian government. On 13 May 1919, when Armenian forces had advanced to Bashnorashen (present-day Sharur), Khatisian arrived in Nakhichevan and met the minister of war of the Aras Republic, Kalb Ali Khan Nakhichevansky , after which the Aras Republic effectively capitulated.[11]
Anti-Armenian uprising
Despite the apparent defeat of the Ottoman Empire, agents of the
Some months after the
The militarists in the Armenian government were strengthened by the success in Zangibasar, hence, they prepared to move against the rebels of Vedibasar (present-day southern Ararat Province) and Nakhichevan;[19] the advance into the former began on 11 July and by the next day, Armenian forces had captured the district and reached the boundary of the Erivan and Sharur-Daralayaz uezds at the mountain pass known as Volchi vorota (Russian: Волчьи ворота, lit. 'Wolf gate') and the local Muslims fled into Sharur. On 14 July, the Armenian advance continued through Volchi vorota into the Sharur district, capturing it 2 days later whilst the locals fled across the Aras river into Iran.[20] Before the Armenians could advance into the Nakhchevan uezd proper, the national council (Azerbaijani: milli şura) of Nakhichevan appealed for peace, however, the negotiations only served in delaying Armenia's advance, after which Şahtaxtı some 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of the city of Nakhichevan was captured. By this time, the 11th Army of Soviet Russia (which had previously invaded Azerbaijan) occupied southern Nakhichevan with the aim of linking with Kemalist Turkey. Colonel V. Tarkhov, the commander of the "united troops of Soviet Russia and Red Turkey in Nakhichevan", addressed the Armenians in Shahtaght, proclaiming Soviet control over the rest of the district, thus putting an end to the Armenian campaign.[21]
During the
Demographics
According to the
Language | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Tatar[d] | 64,151 | 63.66 |
Armenian | 34,672 | 34.41 |
Russian | 858 | 0.85 |
Kurdish |
639 | 0.63 |
Polish | 154 | 0.15 |
Ukrainian | 152 | 0.15 |
Georgian | 42 | 0.04 |
Greek | 18 | 0.02 |
Persian | 16 | 0.02 |
Assyrian | 9 | 0.01 |
German | 9 | 0.01 |
Belarusian | 4 | 0.00 |
Jewish | 4 | 0.00 |
Other | 43 | 0.04 |
TOTAL | 100,771 | 100.00 |
According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Nakhichevan uezd had a population of 136,859 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 74,081 men and 62,778 women, 133,343 of whom were the permanent population, and 3,516 were temporary residents:[27]
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Shia Muslims[b]
|
11,475 | 78.32 | 69,716 | 57.05 | 81,191 | 59.32 |
Armenians | 2,844 | 19.41 | 51,365 | 42.03 | 54,209 | 39.61 |
Russians | 233 | 1.59 | 471 | 0.39 | 704 | 0.51 |
Kurds | 0 | 0.00 | 517 | 0.42 | 517 | 0.38 |
Georgians | 72 | 0.49 | 96 | 0.08 | 168 | 0.12 |
Other Europeans
|
14 | 0.10 | 43 | 0.04 | 57 | 0.04 |
Asiatic Christians | 7 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.00 | 7 | 0.01 |
North Caucasians
|
6 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.00 | 6 | 0.00 |
TOTAL | 14,651 | 100.00 | 122,208 | 100.00 | 136,859 | 100.00 |
Settlements
According to the 1897 census, there were 67 settlements in the Nakhichevan uezd with a population over 500 inhabitants. The religious composition of the settlements was as follows:[29]
Name | Armenian Apostolic
|
Muslim
|
Eastern Orthodox
|
Male | Female | TOTAL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Əbrəqunus (Абракунис, Abrakunis) | 804 | 395 | 412 | 807 | ||
Aza (Аза Верхняя, Aza Verkhnyaya) | 692 | 341 | 382 | 723 | ||
Çalxanqala (Азнабюрт, Aznabyurt) | 1,354 | 334 | 876 | 814 | 1,690 | |
Yuxarı Əylis (Акулис Верхний (Армянский), Akulis Verkhniy (Armyanskiy)) | 1,325 | 550 | 782 | 1,332 | ||
absorbed by Yuxarı Əylis (Акулис Верхний (Татарский), Akulis Verkhniy (Tatarskiy)) | 639 | 313 | 326 | 639 | ||
Aşağı Əylis (Акулис Нижний, Akulis Nizhniy) | 649 | 261 | 391 | 652 | ||
unknown (Алиабаш, Aliabash) | 507 | 259 | 248 | 507 | ||
Ərəfsə (Аравса, Aravsa) | 614 | 335 | 279 | 614 | ||
Ərəzin (Аразин, Arazin) | 172 | 418 | 303 | 287 | 590 | |
Badamlı (Бадамлу (Мазоп), Badamlu (Mazop)) | 761 | 252 | 526 | 487 | 1,013 | |
Bənəniyar (Бананиар, Bananiar) | 688 | 370 | 318 | 688 | ||
Biləv (Биляв, Bilyav) | 865 | 433 | 432 | 865 | ||
Bist (Бист) | 526 | 544 | 683 | 387 | 1,070 | |
Bulqan (Булган, Bulgan) | 862 | 462 | 402 | 864 | ||
Vənənd (Вананд, Vanand) | 988 | 501 | 487 | 988 | ||
Gömür (Гемур, Gemur) | 904 | 427 | 477 | 904 | ||
Ağbulaq (Гиджазур, Gidzhazur) | 628 | 295 | 333 | 628 | ||
abandoned (Горадиз, Goradiz) | 697 | 307 | 396 | 703 | ||
Kültəpə (Гюльтапа, Gyultapa) | 506 | 260 | 255 | 515 | ||
Dırnıs (Дернис, Dernis) | 499 | 303 | 196 | 499 | ||
Cəhri (Джагры (Джаук), Dzhagry (Dzhauk)) | 996 | 2,352 | 1,680 | 1,674 | 3,354 | |
Camaldın (Джамалдин, Dzhamaldin) | 690 | 369 | 325 | 694 | ||
Gülüstan (Джульф (Джульфы, Джуга), Dzhulf (Dzhulfy, Dzhuga)) | 751 | 389 | 374 | 763 | ||
abandoned (Дигин-Алмалу, Digin-Almalu) | 737 | 383 | 368 | 751 | ||
Dəstə (Доста, Dosta) | 1,863 | 981 | 882 | 1,863 | ||
Zeynəddin (Зайнадин, Zaynadun) | 724 | 407 | 317 | 724 | ||
Qahab (Кагаб, Kagab) | 615 | 358 | 257 | 615 | ||
Qazançı (Казанчи, Kazanchi) | 1,057 | 541 | 545 | 1,086 | ||
Qarabağlar (Карабагляр, Karabaglyar) | 1,711 | 949 | 762 | 1,711 | ||
absorbed by Nakhchivan (Караханбеклу, Karakhanbeklu) | 639 | 310 | 329 | 639 | ||
Qaraçuq (Карачуг, Karachug) | 994 | 552 | 442 | 994 | ||
Karchevan (Карчеван) | 489 | 225 | 264 | 489 | ||
Kolanı (Кёлани-Кишляг, Kyolani-Kishlyag) | 545 | 297 | 248 | 545 | ||
Qıvraq (Кивраф, Kivraf) | 1,281 | 697 | 584 | 1,281 | ||
Kırna (Кирна, Kirna) | 549 | 303 | 247 | 550 | ||
Güznüt (Кузнут, Kuznut) | 1,445 | 700 | 777 | 1,477 | ||
Kükü (Кюки, Kyuki) | 568 | 299 | 269 | 568 | ||
Külüs (Кюлус, Kyulus) | 515 | 315 | 200 | 515 | ||
Nahajir (Нагаджир, Nagadzhir) | 499 | 260 | 239 | 499 | ||
Nəsirvaz (Насырвах (Мисирван), Nasyrvakh (Misirvan)) | 288 | 253 | 283 | 258 | 541 | |
Nakhchivan (Нахичевань, Nakhichevan) | 2,259 | 6,170 | 4,666 | 4,124 | 8,790 | |
Nehrəm (Неграм, Negram) | 2,662 | 1,457 | 1,206 | 2,663 | ||
Göydərə (Норашен, Norashen) | 314 | 588 | 482 | 421 | 903 | |
Nursu (Норс, Nors) | 953 | 487 | 466 | 953 | ||
Ordubad (Ордубат, Ordubat) | 4,091 | 2,458 | 2,153 | 4,611 | ||
Parağa (Парага, Paraga) | 800 | 135 | 417 | 518 | 935 | |
unknown (Парадашт, Paradasht) | 692 | 330 | 362 | 692 | ||
Saltaq (Салтах, Saltakh) | 669 | 379 | 290 | 669 | ||
Bardzruni (Султан-бек, Sultan-bek) | 809 | 397 | 412 | 809 | ||
Sirab (Сураб, Surab) | 907 | 532 | 375 | 907 | ||
Babek (Тазакенд, Tazakend) | 1,486 | 385 | 879 | 992 | 1,871 | |
Tivi (Тива, Tiva) | 766 | 446 | 320 | 766 | ||
Türkeş (Тикеш, Tikesh) | 488 | 293 | 195 | 488 | ||
Tumbul (Тумбул) | 484 | 373 | 391 | 467 | 858 | |
Üstüpü (Уступи, Ustupi) | 1,131 | 630 | 501 | 1,131 | ||
Xanəgah (Ханага, Khanaga) | 591 | 310 | 281 | 591 | ||
abandoned (Хачапарах, Khachaparakh) | 535 | 316 | 219 | 535 | ||
Xok (Хок, Khok) | 1,228 | 723 | 505 | 1,228 | ||
Çənnəb (Чананаб (Цгна), Chananab (Tsgna)) | 803 | 337 | 471 | 808 | ||
Şahbuz (Шахбуз, Shakhbuz) | 804 | 453 | 351 | 804 | ||
Şahtaxtı (Шахтахты, Shakhtakhty) | 1,427 | 731 | 726 | 1,457 | ||
Şıxmahmud (Шихмахмуд, Shikhmakhmud) | 746 | 398 | 380 | 778 | ||
Şurud (Шурут, Shurut) | 723 | 116 | 406 | 433 | 839 | |
Güney Qışlaq (Юхари Ирамешин, Yukhari Irameshin) | 570 | 327 | 243 | 570 | ||
Yaycı (Яйджи, Yaydzhi) | 2,112 | 1,156 | 958 | 2,114 | ||
Yamxana (Ямхана, Yamkhana) | 656 | 325 | 360 | 685 | ||
Yarımca (Яримджа, Yarimdzha) | 633 | 352 | 312 | 664 | ||
TOTAL | 26,482 | 45,610 | 803 | 38,576 | 35,493 | 74,069 |
Notes
- ^
- Russian: Нахичева́нскій уѣ́здъ, romanized: Nakhichevánsky uyézd
- Azerbaijani: نخچوان قضاسی, romanized: Naxçıvān qaz̤āsı
- Armenian: Նախիջևանի գավառ, romanized: Naxiǰewani gavaṙ
- ^ a b Primarily Tatars.[28]
- ^ Later known as Azerbaijanis.[17]
- ^ a b Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[24][25]
References
- ^ a b Большой энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Нахичевань [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia Dictionary. Nakhichevan Uyezd] (in Russian).
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 172–179.
- ^ a b Tsutsiev 2014, p. 92.
- ^ Bournoutian 1992, p. 26.
- ^ "Административно-территориальные реформы на Кавказе в середине и во второй половине XIX века" [Administrative-territorial reforms in the Caucasus in the middle and second half of the 19th century] (in Russian).
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 27.
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 201.
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 231.
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, pp. 237–238.
- ^ Khatisian 2020.
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 245.
- ^ Hovannisian 1982, pp. 66–71.
- ^ Hovannisian 1982, p. 107.
- ^ Hovannisian 1982, pp. 236–238.
- ^ Hovannisian 1982, p. 229.
- ^ Հայաստանի զորքերը գրավում են Զանգիբասարը [այսօր՝ Մասիս]․ 23 հունիս, 1920 2021.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35.
- ^ Hovannisian 1996a, pp. 295–296.
- ^ Hovannisian 1996a, p. 306.
- ^ Hovannisian 1996a, pp. 310–313.
- ^ Hovannisian 1996a, pp. 317–318.
- ^ de Waal 2015, p. 86.
- ^ Договор о дружбе между Армянской ССР, Азербайджанской ССР и Грузинской ССР, с одной стороны, и Турцией - с другой, Заключенный при участии РСФСР в Карсе [Treaty of friendship between the Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR on one side and Turkey on the other, with the participation of the Russian SFSR in Kars] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-04-24.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 214–221.
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
- ^ Troinitsky, N. A. (1905). Населенные места Российской империи в 500 и более жителей с указанием всего наличного в них населения и числа жителей преобладающих вероисповеданий, по данным первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. [Populated areas of the Russian Empire with 500 or more inhabitants, indicating the total population in them and the number of inhabitants of the predominant religions, according to the first general population census of 1897] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Obshchestvennaya polza. pp. 52–56. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022.
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