Nathalis iole
Dainty sulphur | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Family: | Pieridae |
Genus: | Nathalis |
Species: | N. iole
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Binomial name | |
Nathalis iole (Boisduval, 1836)
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Nathalis iole, the dainty sulphur or dwarf yellow, is a North American butterfly in the family Pieridae.
Description
This species is the smallest North American pierid. A rare population, known from Homestead (Smith et al., 1994), is said to have mostly white individuals. Some feel that the dainty sulphur is so unique among pierids, in shape and in several structural features, that it should belong in a separate subfamily. Its appearance is highly variable but a subset of distinctive features aid in identification. The forewings' elongated shape is distinctive. The upperside of the wings is yellow with the tip of the forewing being black. Black bars extend along the trailing edge of the forewing and the leading edge of the hindwing. Male dainty sulphurs have an oval scent patch (called an
Similar species
Similar species in the dainty sulphur's range include the barred yellow (Eurema daira) and the little yellow (Eurema lisa).
The barred yellow is larger than the dainty sulphur, and the underside of the wings is either all grayish white or brownish red.
The little yellow is also larger than the dainty sulphur, lacks the dorsal forewing and hindwing black bars, and on the underside of the forewing lacks the black spots and the yellowish-orange patch.
Habitat
The species lives in almost any open space including coastal flats, deserts, fields, roadsides, vacant lots and waste areas. It usually flies very low to the ground.
Life cycle
Males patrol just inches above the ground in search of females. If a male finds a female and is faced with rejection, males are likely to engage in an open-winged display, showing off their dorsal bars and their androconial spots. This last-resort effort to impress the female will often make her reconsider her unwise decision. Females lay their lemon-yellow or orange-yellow
Host plants
Here are a list of host plants used by the dainty sulphur:
- Spanish needles, (Bidens bipinnata)
- Beggar ticks, (Bidens species)
- Dogweed, (Dyssodia species)
- Common chickweed, (Stellaria media)
- Greenthread, (Thelesperma species)
Image gallery
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Underside of a summer form dainty sulphur
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N. iole in Mexico
References
- ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Nathalis iole Dainty Sulphur". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- Rick Cech and Guy Tudor 2005. Butterflies of the East Coast. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-09055-6
- Ernest M. Shull 1987. The Butterflies of Indiana. Indiana Academy of Science. ISBN 0-253-31292-2
- James A. Scott 1986. The Butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-2013-4
- Paul A. Opler and Vickai Malikul 1992. Eastern Butterflies. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY. ISBN 0-395-90453-6
- Thomas J. Allen, Jim P. Brock and Jeffrey Glassberg 2005. Caterpillars in the Field and Garden. Oxford University Press Inc. ISBN 0-19-514987-4
- Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman 2003. Butterflies of North America. Houghton Mifflin, New York NY. ISBN 0-618-15312-8
- Bob Stewart, Priscilla Brodkin and Hank Brodkin 2001. Butterflies of Arizona. West Coast Lady Press.